Wikipedia

Transport in the United Kingdom

Transport in the United Kingdomis facilitated by road, rail, air and water networks. Some aspects of transport are adevolvedmatter, with each of thecountries of the United Kingdomhaving separate systems under separate governments.

Examples of transport in the United Kingdom

A radial road network totals 29,145 miles (46,904 km) of main roads, 2,173 miles (3,497 km) of motorways and 213,750 miles (344,000 km) of paved roads. TheNational Railnetwork of 10,072 route miles (16,116 km) in Great Britain and 189 route miles (303 route km) in Northern Ireland carries over 18,000 passenger and 1,000 freight trains daily.

Urban rail networks exist in all cities and towns with dense bus and light rail networks. There are many regional and international airports, withHeathrow Airportin London being the second busiest in the world and busiest in Europe. UK ports handled486 million tonsof goods in 2019.

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Since 1952 (the earliest date for which comparable figures are available), the United Kingdom saw a growth of car use, which increased itsmodal share,while the use of buses declined, and railway use has grown.[1][2][3]However, since the 1990s, rail has started increasing its modal share at the expense of cars, increasing from 5% to 10% of passenger-kilometres travelled.[1]This coincided with theprivatisation of British Rail.In 1952, 27% of distance travelled was by car or taxi; with 42% being by bus or coach and 18% by rail. A further 11% was by bicycle and 3% by motorcycle. The distance travelled by air was negligible.

Passenger transport continues to grow strongly. Figures from theDepartment for Transportshow in 2018 people made 4.8 billion local bus passenger journeys, 58% of all public transport journeys. There were 1.8 billion rail passenger journeys in the United Kingdom. Light rail and tram travel also continued to grow, to the highest level (0.3 million journeys) since comparable records began in 1983. In 2018/19, there was £18.1bn of public expenditure on railways, an increase of 12% (£1.9bn).[4]The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transport in London and Manchester is 10 minutes.[5][6][1]

Freight transport has undergone similar changes, increasing in volume and shifting from railways onto the road. In 1953 89 billion tonne kilometres of goods were moved, with rail accounting for 42%, road 36% and water 22%. By 2010 the volume of freight moved had more than doubled to 222 billion tonne kilometres, of which 9% was moved by rail, 19% by water, 5% by pipeline and 68% by road.[7]Despite the growth in tonne kilometres, the environmental external costs of trucks and lorries in the UK have reportedly decreased. Between 1990 and 2000, there has been a move to heavier goods vehicles due to major changes in the haulage industry including a shift in sales to larger articulated vehicles. A larger than average fleet turnover has ensured a swift introduction of new and cleaner vehicles in the UK.[8]

The adoption of plug-in electric vehicles is widely supported by the British government through the plug-in car and van grants schemes and other incentives.[9]About 745,000 light-dutyplug-in electric vehicleshad been registered in the UK up until December 2021, consisting of 395,000 all-electric vehicles and 350,000plug-in hybrids.[10]In 2019, the UK had the second largest European stock of light-duty plug-in vehicles in use afterNorway.[11][12]

Greenhouse gas emissions

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A critical issue for the transport sector is its contribution to climate change emissions. Transport became the largest sector of greenhouse gas emissions in 2016.[13]Since 1990 carbon dioxide emissions from transport in the UK have reduced by just 4% compared with an economy-wide reduction of 43%.[13]Emissions from surface transport accounted for 22% of carbon dioxide emissions in the UK in 2019 with cars being responsible for over half of that.[14]TheClimate Change Committeehas suggested that transport will need to cut its emissions to zero by a mix of demand reduction, the adoption of more efficient combustion engine vehicles, changing to non-car based modes and electrification of the fleet.[15]

Air transport

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Main article:Air transport in the United Kingdom
See also:List of busiest airports in the United Kingdom
Londonhas thebusiest city airport systemin the world, with Heathrow being the world's second busiest airport byinternational passenger traffic.[16]

There are 471 airports and airfields in the UK. There are also 11heliports.Heathrow Airportis the largest airport by traffic volume in the country, is owned byHeathrow Airport Holdings,and also one of the top 10world's busiest airportsby passenger numbers.Gatwick Airportis the second largest airport, is owned byGlobal Infrastructure Partners,and the third largest isManchester Airport,which is run byManchester Airport Group,which also owns various other airports.

Other major airports includeStansted AirportinEssexandLuton AirportinBedfordshire,both about 30 miles (48 km) north of London,Birmingham AirportinSolihull,Newcastle Airport,Liverpool Airport,andBristol Airport.

Outside England,Cardiff,EdinburghandBelfast,are the busiest airports serving Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland respectively.

The largest airline in the United Kingdom by passenger traffic iseasyJet,whereasBritish Airwaysis largest by fleet size and international destinations. Others includeJet2,TUI AirwaysandVirgin Atlantic.

Rail transport

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See also:Rail transport in the Isle of ManandRail transport in Guernsey
United Kingdom and Ireland railway network

The rail network in the United Kingdom consists of two independent parts, that of Northern Ireland and that of Great Britain. Since 1994, the latter has been connected tomainland Europevia theChannel Tunnel.The network of Northern Ireland is connected to that of theRepublic of Ireland.The National Rail network of 10,072 miles (16,209 km) in Great Britain and 189 route miles (303 route km) inNorthern Irelandcarries 1.7 billion passengers and 110 million tonnes of freight annually.[17][18]

Urban rail networks are also well developed in London and several other cities. There were once over 30,000 miles (48,000 km) of rail network in the UK. The UK was ranked eighth among national European rail systems in the 2017 European Railway Performance Index assessing intensity of use, quality of service and safety.[19]

Great Britain

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Main article:Rail transport in Great Britain
The East Coast Main Line (ECML) is wide high-speed line between its southern terminus atLondon King's Cross stationandEdinburgh WaverleyviaPeterborough,Doncaster,York,Darlington,DurhamandNewcastle.

The rail network in Great Britain is the oldest such network in the world. The system consists of five high-speed main lines (theWest Coast,East Coast,Midland,Great WesternandGreat Eastern), which radiate from London and other major cities to the rest of the country, augmented by regional rail lines and dense commuter networks within cities and other high-speed lines.High Speed 1is operationally separate from the rest of the network, and is built to the same standard as theTGVsystem in France.

The world's first passenger railway running on steam was theStockton and Darlington Railway,opened on 27 September 1825. Just under five years later the world's first intercity railway was theLiverpool and Manchester Railway,designed byGeorge Stephensonand opened by the Prime Minister, theDuke of Wellingtonon 15 September 1830. The network grew rapidly as a patchwork of literally hundreds of separate companies during theVictorian era,which eventually was consolidated into just four by 1922, as the boom in railways ended and they began to lose money.

Eventually, the entire system came under state control in 1948, under theBritish Transport Commission's Railway Executive. After 1962 it came under the control of theBritish Railways Board;then British Railways (laterBritish Rail), and the network was reduced to less than half of its original size by the infamousBeeching cutsof the 1960s when many unprofitable branch lines were closed. Several stations and lines have since been reopened in England andWales.[20][21][22]

In 1994 and 1995, British Rail was split into infrastructure, maintenance, rolling stock, passenger and freight companies, which wereprivatisedfrom 1996 to 1997. The privatisation has delivered very mixed results, with healthy passenger growth, mass refurbishment of infrastructure, investment in new rolling stock, and safety improvements being offset by concerns over network capacity and the overall cost to the taxpayer, which has increased due to growth in passenger numbers. While the price of anytime and off-peak tickets has increased, the price of Advance tickets has dramatically decreased in real terms: the average Advance ticket in 1995 cost £9.14 (in 2014 prices) compared to £5.17 in 2014.[23][24]

In Great Britain, the infrastructure (track, stations, depots and signalling chiefly) is owned and maintained byNetwork Rail,a body of theDepartment for Transport.Passenger services are operated by mostly publictrain-operating companies(TOCs), with private franchises awarded by theDepartment for Transport(in England),Transport Scotland,andTransport for Wales.Examples includeAvanti West Coast,Hull Trains,East Midlands Railway.Freight trains are operated byfreight operating companies,such asDB Cargo UK,which are commercial operations unsupported by the government. Most train operating companies do not own the locomotives and coaches that they use to operate passenger services. Instead, they are required to lease these from the threerolling stock companies(ROSCOs), with train maintenance carried out by companies such asBombardierandAlstom.

Rail passenger revenue in 2018/19 increased in real terms year-on-year. In 2018/19, there was £18.1bn of public expenditure on railways, an increase of 12%.[4]There were 1.8 billion rail passenger journeys in England. Light rail and tram travel also continued to grow, to the highest level (0.3 million journeys) since comparable records began in 1983.[4]

In Great Britain there are 10,274 miles (16,534 km) of1,435 mm(4 ft8+1⁄2in)gaugetrack, reduced from a historic peak of over 30,000 miles (48,000 km). Of this, 3,062 miles (4,928 km) is electrified and 7,823 miles (12,590 km) isdoubleor multiple tracks. The maximum scheduled speed on the regular network has historically been around 125 miles per hour (201 km/h) on theInterCitylines. OnHigh Speed 1,trains are now able to reach the speeds of FrenchTGVs.High Speed 2,under construction, is a wide high-speed line connecting London withBirmingham Curzon Street.[25]The Network North programme consists of hundreds of transport projects mostly inNorthern EnglandandMidlands,including new high-speed lines linking up major cities and railway improvements.[26]To cope with increasing passenger numbers, there is a large ongoingprogramme of upgradesto the network, includingThameslink,Crossrail,electrification of lines,in-cab signalling,newinter-city trainsandhigh-speed lines.Great British Railwaysis a plannedstate-ownedpublic bodythat will overseerail transport in Great Britain.TheOffice of Rail and Roadis responsible for the economic and safety regulation of the UK's railways.[27]

Northern Ireland

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Further information:Rail transport in Ireland

In Northern Ireland,Northern Ireland Railways (NIR)both owns the infrastructure and operates passenger rail services. The Northern Ireland rail network is one of the few networks in Europe that carry no freight. It is publicly owned. NIR was united in 1996 with Northern Ireland's two publicly owned bus operators –Ulsterbusand Metro (formallyCitybus) – under the brandTranslink.In Northern Ireland there is 212 miles (341 km) of track at1,600 mm(5 ft 3 in)gauge.118 miles (190 km) of it is double track.

International rail services

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AEurostarservice atSt Pancras station

Eurostaroperates trains via theChannel Tunnelto France,BelgiumandThe Netherlands,while the jointNorthern Ireland Railways/Iarnród ÉireannEnterprisetrains link Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland as well as oneIarnród Éireanntrain per weekday in the morning fromDublintoNewry.

Rapid transit

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Rapid transit, tram, and local commuter rail systems in the United Kingdom
Main article:Rapid transit in the United Kingdom

Three cities in the United Kingdom haverapid transitsystems. The most well known is theLondon Underground(commonly known as the Tube), the oldest rapid transit system in the world which opened 1863.

Another system also in London is the separateDocklands Light Railway.Although this is more of an elevatedlight metrosystem due to its lower passenger capacities; further, it is integrated with the Underground in many ways. Outside London, there is theGlasgow Subwaywhich is the third oldest rapid transit system in the world. One other system, theTyne & Wear Metro(opened 1980), serves Newcastle, Gateshead, Sunderland, North Tyneside and South Tyneside, and has many similarities to a rapid transit system including underground stations, but is sometimes considered to belight rail.[28]

Urban rail

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Main article:Urban rail in the United Kingdom
Lumohigh-speed trains provide services fromNorthern Englandto Scotland and London.[29]

Urban commuter rail networks are focused on many of the country's major cities:

They consist of several railway lines connecting city centre stations of major cities to suburbs and surrounding towns. Train services and ticketing are fully integrated with the national rail network and are not considered separate. In London, a route forCrossrail 2has been safeguarded.

Trams and light rail

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See also:List of town tramway systems in England,Trams in London,andTrams in Europe
Manchester Metrolinkis the largest light rail system in the UK and is integrated into the city'sBee Network.

Tram systems were popular in the United Kingdom in the late 19th and early 20th century. However, with the rise of thecarthey began to be widely dismantled in the 1950s. By 1962 only theBlackpool tramwayand theGlasgow Corporation Tramwaysremained; the final Glasgow service was withdrawn on 4 September 1962. Recent years have seen a revival the United Kingdom, as in other countries, of trams together with light rail systems.

Since the 1990s, a second generation of tram networks have been built and have started operating inManchesterin 1992,Sheffieldin 1994, theWest Midlandsin 1999,South Londonin 2000,Nottinghamin 2004 andEdinburghin 2014, whilst the original trams in Blackpool were upgraded to second generation vehicles in 2012.

Coventry Very Light Railis a planned system around the city ofCoventry.Four light rapid transit lines are opening in the Welsh Capital ofCardiffas part of the currentSouth Wales Metroplan Phase 1 in 2023, which will reach as far out of the capital as Hirwaun, a town 31 miles (50 km) from Cardiff Bay, as well as three new lines planned to open by 2026.

Tram/Light Rail systems in the United Kingdom
Primary
location 		System Date
opened 		Line(s) Stations System
length 		Passenger
Revenue 		Passengers
(2018/19)[30] 		Change from
previous year
Blackpool Blackpool Tramway 1885 1 38 17 km £6.8M 5.2M 0.3%
Newcastle/Tyne & Wear Tyne & Wear Metro 1980 2 60 74 km £51.9M 36.4M 0.1%
London(East) Docklands Light Railway 1987 3[31] 45 34 km £176.5M 119.6M 2.2%
Greater Manchester Manchester Metrolink 1992 8 99 105 km £82.1M 41.2M 9.0%
Sheffield Sheffield Supertram 1994 4 50 34 km £14.0M 11.9M 3.1%
West Midlands
(BirminghamandWolverhampton) 		West Midlands Metro 1999 1 26 21 km £10.7M 5.9M 2.5%
London (South) Tramlink 2000 4 39 28 km £23.5M 28.7M 1.3%
Nottingham Nottingham Express Transit 2004 2 51 32 km £20.6M 18.8M 5.7%
Edinburgh Edinburgh Trams 2014 1 16 14 km £5.4M[32] 15.7M[33] 9.0%

Road transport

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Main article:Roads in the United Kingdom
M1 motorwayinYorkshireis an example of an urban motorway.

Theroad network in Great Britain,in 2006, consisted of 7,596 miles (12,225 km) of trunk roads (including 2,176 miles (3,502 km) of motorway), 23,658 miles (38,074 km) of principal roads (including 34 miles (55 km) of motorway), 71,244 miles (114,656 km) of "B" and "C" roads, and 145,017 miles (233,382 km) of unclassified roads (mainly local streets and access roads) – totalling 247,523 miles (398,350 km).[34][35]

Road is the most popular method of transport in the United Kingdom, carrying over 90% of motorised passenger travel and 65% of domestic freight.[35]The major motorways andtrunk roads,many of which aredual carriageway,form the trunk network which links all cities and major towns. These carry about one third of the nation's traffic, and occupy about 0.16% of its land area.[35]

The motorway system, which was constructed from the 1950s onwards.National Highways(a UKgovernment-owned company) is responsible for maintaining motorways and trunk roads in England. Other English roads are maintained bylocal authorities.In Scotland and Wales roads are the responsibility ofTransport Scotland,an executive agency of theScottish Government,and theNorth and Mid Wales Trunk Road AgentandSouth Wales Trunk Road Agenton behalf of theWelsh Governmentrespectively.[36]Northern Ireland's roads are overseen by theDepartment for Infrastructure Roads(DfI Roads).[36][37]In London,Transport for Londonis responsible for all trunk roads and other major roads, which are part of theTransport for London Road Network.

M4 motorway

Toll roadsare rare in the United Kingdom, though there are a number oftoll bridges.Road traffic congestion has been identified as a key concern for the future prosperity of the United Kingdom, and policies and measures are being investigated and developed by the government to reduce congestion.[38]In 2003, the United Kingdom's first toll motorway, theM6 Toll,opened in theWest Midlandsarea to relieve the congestedM6 motorway.[39]Rod Eddington, in his 2006 reportTransport's role in sustaining the UK's productivity and competitiveness,recommended that the congestion problem should be tackled with a "sophisticated policy mix" ofcongestion-targeted road pricingand improving the capacity and performance of the transport network through infrastructure investment and better use of the existing network.[3][40]Congestion chargingsystems do operate in the cities ofLondon[41]andDurham[42]and on theDartford Crossing.

Driving is on the left.[43]The usual maximum speed limit is 70 miles per hour (112 km/h) on motorways and dual carriageways.[44]On 29 April 2015, theUK Supreme Courtruled that the government must take immediate action to cut air pollution,[45]following a case brought by environmental lawyers at ClientEarth.[46]

Cycle infrastructure

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Main article:Cycling in the United Kingdom

TheNational Cycle Network,created by the charitySustrans,is the UK's major network of signed routes for cycling. It uses dedicated bike paths as well as roads with minimal traffic, and covers 14,000 miles, passing within a mile of half of all homes.[47]Other cycling routes such asThe National Byway,theSea to Sea Cycle Routeand local cycleways can be found across the country.

Segregated cycle paths are being installed in some cities in the UK such as London, Glasgow, Manchester, Bristol, Cardiff for example. In LondonTransport for Londonhas installed Cycleways.[48]

Road passenger transport

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Buses

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Main article:Bus transport in the United Kingdom

Bus transport is widespread and local bus services cover the whole country. Since deregulation the majority (80% by the late 1990s[49]) of these local bus companies have been taken over by one of the "Big Five" private transport companies:Arriva,FirstGroup,Go-Ahead Group,Mobico GroupandStagecoach Group.In Northern Ireland, coach, bus (and rail) services remain state-owned and are provided byTranslink.Cities and regions such asManchesterandNottinghamhave publicity owned bus networks and other transport.[50][51]

Coaches

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Main article:Coach transport in the United Kingdom

Coaches provide long-distance links throughout the UK: in England and Wales the majority of coach services are provided byNational Express.FlixbusandMegabusrun no-frills coach services in competition with National Express, the latter's services in Scotland are operated in co-operation withScottish Citylink.BlaBlaBusalso operate to France and the Low Countries from London.

Road freight transport

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In 2014, there were around 285,000 HGV drivers in the UK and in 2013 the trucking industry moved 1.6 billion tonnes of goods, generating £22.9 billion in revenue.[52]

Water transport

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Due to the United Kingdom's island location, before the Channel Tunnel the only way to enter or leave the country (apart from air travel) was on water, except at the border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland.

Ports and harbours

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Further information:List of ports in Great BritainandIreland
See also:Ports in England,Northern Ireland,Scotland,andWales
ThePort of Doveris one of theworld's busiest maritime passenger ports,with 11.7 million passengers, 2.6 million lorries, 2.2 million cars and motorcycles and 80,000 coaches passing through it yearly.[53]

About 95% of freight enters the United Kingdom by sea (75% by value). UK ports handled486 million tonsof goods in 2019.[54] As of 2022,the five major ports that handled the most freight traffic were:

There are many other ports and harbours around the United Kingdom, including:

Aberdeen,Avonmouth,Barrow,Barry,Belfast,Boston,Bristol,Cairnryan,Cardiff,Dover,Edinburgh/Leith,Falmouth,Felixstowe,Fishguard,Glasgow,Gloucester,Grangemouth,Grimsby,Harwich,Heysham,Holyhead,Hull,Kirkwall,Larne,Liverpool,Londonderry,Manchester,Oban,Pembroke Dock,Peterhead,Plymouth,Poole,Port Talbot,Portishead,Portsmouth,Scapa Flow,Stornoway,Stranraer,Sullom Voe,Swansea,Tees(Middlesbrough),Tyne(Newcastle).

Merchant marine

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See also:Maritime history of the United Kingdom

For long periods of recent history, Britain had the largest registered merchant fleet in the world, but it has slipped down the rankings partly due to the use offlags of convenience.There are 429 ships of 1,000gross tonnage(GT) or over, making a total of 9,181,284GT(9,566,275 tonnesdeadweight(DWT)). These are split into the following types:bulk carrier18,cargo ship55,chemical tanker48,container ship134,liquefied gas11,passenger ship12, passenger/cargo ship64,petroleum tanker40,refrigerated cargo ship19,roll-on/roll-off25, vehicle carrier 3.

Ferries

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Ferry at Millbay Docks inPlymouth.

Ferries, both passenger only and passengers and vehicles, operate within the United Kingdom across rivers and stretches of water. In east London theWoolwich Ferrylinks theNorthandSouthCircular Roads.GosportandPortsmouthare linked by theGosport Ferry;SouthamptonandIsle of Wightare linked by ferry and fastCatamaranferries;North ShieldsandSouth ShieldsonTynesideare linked by theShields Ferry;and the Mersey has theMersey Ferry.

In Scotland,Caledonian MacBrayneprovides passenger andRO-ROferry services in theFirth of Clyde,to various islands of theInnerandOuter HebridesfromObanand other ports.Orkney Ferriesprovides services within theOrkney Isles;andNorthLink Ferriesprovides services from the Scottish mainland to Orkney andShetland,mainly fromAberdeenalthough other ports are also used. Ferries operate to Northern Ireland fromStranraerandCairnryantoLarneandBelfast.

Holyhead,Pembroke DockandFishguardare the principal ports for ferries between Wales and Ireland.HeyshamandLiverpool/Birkenheadhave ferry services to theIsle of Man.

Passenger ferries operate internationally to nearby countries such as France, theRepublic of Ireland,Belgium,theNetherlands,and Spain. Ferries usually originate from one of the following:

More services fromRamsgate,Newhaven,Southampton,andLymingtonoperate to France, Belgium and the Isle of Wight.

Waterbusesoperate on rivers in some of the country's largest cities such as London (London River ServicesandThames Clippers),Cardiff(Cardiff Waterbus) andBristol(Bristol Ferry Boat).

Other shipping

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TheManchester Ship Canalcan accommodate ships with a length of up to 600 feet (183 m).

Cruise shipsdepart from the United Kingdom for destinations worldwide, many heading for ports around theMediterraneanandCaribbean.TheCunard Linestill offer a scheduled transatlantic service betweenSouthamptonand New York City withRMSQueen Mary 2.TheSolentis a world centre for yachting and home to largest number of private yachts in the world.[56]

Inland waterways

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Main article:Canals of the United Kingdom

Majorcanalbuilding began in the United Kingdom after the onset of theIndustrial Revolutionin the 18th century. A large canal network was built and it became the primary method of transporting goods throughout the country; however, by the 1830s with the development of the railways, the canal network began to go into decline. There are currently 1,988 miles (3,199 km) ofwaterways in the United Kingdomand the primary use is recreational. 385 miles (620 km) is used for commerce and leisure.[57]

Education and professional development

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The United Kingdom also has a well-developed network of organisations offering education and professional development in the transport and logistics sectors. A number of Universities offer degree programmes in transport, usually covering transport planning, engineering of transport infrastructure, and management of transport and logistics services. TheInstitute for Transport Studiesat theUniversity of Leedsis one such organisation.

Pupils in England and Wales can study transport and logistics in apprenticeship studies at further education and sixth form colleges.[58]Professional development for those working in the transport and logistics sectors is provided by a number ofProfessional Institutesrepresenting specific sectors. These include:

Through these professional bodies, transport planners and engineers can train for a number of professional qualifications, including:

See also

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References

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This article incorporatespublic domain materialfromThe World Factbook.CIA.

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