TheTreaty of Córdobaestablished Mexican independence fromSpainat the conclusion of theMexican War of Independence.It was signed on August 24, 1821 inCórdoba, Veracruz,Mexico.The signatories were the head of theArmy of the Three Guarantees,Agustín de Iturbide,and, acting on behalf of the Spanish government,Jefe Político SuperiorJuan O'Donojú.The treaty has 17 articles, which developed the proposals of thePlan of Iguala.[1]The Treaty is the first document in which Spanish (without authorization) and Mexican officials accept the liberty of what will become theFirst Mexican Empire,but it is not today recognized as the foundational moment, since these ideas are often attributed to theGrito de Dolores(September 16, 1810). The treaty was rejected by the Spanish government, publishing this determination in Madrid on February 13 and 14, 1822.[2]
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| Signed | 24 August 1821 |
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| Location | Córdoba, Veracruz,Mexico |
| Condition | The treaty was rejected bySpain. |
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| Language | Spanish |
Objectives
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In the treaty, New Spain is recognized as an independentempire,which is defined as "monarchical,constitutionalandmoderate."The crown of the Mexican Empire was offered first toFerdinand VII of Spain.Should he not present himself in Mexico within the time to be determined by the Mexican Cortes (parliament) to take theoath of office,the crown would then be offered in sequence to his brothers, theInfantesCarlosandFrancisco,and cousin, ArchdukeCharles[3]or another individual of aroyal house,whom the Cortes would determine. In the case that none of these accept the crown, the treaty then established that Cortes could designate a new king without specifying if the person needed to belong to a European royal house.[citation needed]
The idea in this last clause had not been considered in the Plan of Iguala, and was added by Iturbide to leave open the possibility of his taking the crown. At the same time, O'Donojú, ascaptain generalandjefe político superior,had no authority to sign such a treaty, but was interested in preserving Mexico for the Spanish royal family, and probably signed without considering that Iturbide might have designs on the crown.[4]
Signing and consequences
editOn September 27, 1821, the Army of the Three Guarantees entered triumphantly intoMexico Cityand on the following day, theDeclaration of Independence of the Mexican Empirewas widely known. Shortly after, Iturbide suggested to offer the Mexican throne to a member of theHouse of Bourbon(most likely toFerdinand VII) but all attempts and offers had failed. Therefore, the Mexican Congress elected a Mexican monarch the following year. Iturbide was proclaimed emperor of Mexico on May 18, 1822.[5]The monarchy lasted three years, and after the republicanrevolution of Casa Mata,the Congress no longer considered the Plan of Iguala or Treaty of Córdoba in effect.[6]
See also
edit- Adams–Onís Treaty,1819 U.S.–Spain treaty regarding border locations
- List of treaties
References
edit- ^Muñoz Saldaña, Rafael (2009).México Independiente: el despertar de una nación[Independent Mexico: the awakening of a nation] (in Spanish). Vol. 1. Mexico City: Televisa. pp. 140–141.ISBN978-968-5963-25-1.
- ^Riva Palacio, D. Vicente, ed. (1888).México a través de los siglos[Mexico Through the Centuries] (in Spanish). Vol. 4. Ballescá y Comp. p. 94, footnote 1.
- ^"Tratados de Córdoba"[Treaty of Córdoba](PDF)(in Spanish). Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas de la UNAM. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 14 December 2010.Retrieved12 October2009.
- ^Riva Palacio, D. Vicente, ed. (1880).México a través de los siglos: La guerra de independencia[Mexico Through the Centuries: The War of Independence] (in Spanish). Vol. 3. p. 740.
- ^Álvarez Cuartero, Izaskun (2005).Visiones y revisiones de la independencia americana: México, Centroamérica y Haití[Visions and Revisions of American Independence: Mexico, Central America, and Haiti]. Aquilafuente (in Spanish). Vol. 84. Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca. p. 266.ISBN978-84-7800-535-2.
- ^Muñoz Saldaña, Rafael (2009), p. 162
External links
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- Treaty of Córdoba and other relevant documents(English & Spanish versions)