Trier(/trɪər/TREER,[3][4]German:[tʁiːɐ̯];Luxembourgish:Tréier[ˈtʀəɪɐ]), formerly and traditionally known in English asTrèves(/trɛv/TREV,French:[tʁɛv][5][6]) andTriers(see alsonames in other languages), is a city on the banks of theMoselleinGermany.It lies in a valley between low vine-covered hills of redsandstonein the west of the state ofRhineland-Palatinate,near the border withLuxembourgand within the importantMoselle wine region.
Trier
Tréier(Luxembourgish) | |
|---|---|
      Clockwise from top:Trier skyline;Aula Palatina;Karl Marx House;Trier market place;Trier CathedralandLiebfrauenkirche, Trier;andPorta Nigra | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
Location of Trier  | |
  Trier  Trier | |
| Coordinates:49°45′24″N06°38′29″E/ 49.75667°N 6.64139°E | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Rhineland-Palatinate |
| District | Urban district |
| Founded | 16 BC |
| Government | |
| •Lord mayor(2023–31) | Wolfram Leibe[1](SPD) |
| Area | |
| • Total | 117.06 km2(45.20 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 137 m (449 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31)[2] | |
| • Total | 112,195 |
| • Density | 960/km2(2,500/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Trevian |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00(CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00(CEST) |
| Postal codes | 54290–54296 (except 54291) |
| Dialling codes | 0651 |
| Vehicle registration | TR |
| Website | www.trier.de |
Founded by theRomansin the late 1st century BC asAugusta Treverorum( "The City ofAugustusamong theTreveri"), Trier is considered Germany's oldest city.[7][8]It is also the oldestseatof abishopnorth of theAlps.Trier was one of the four capitals of the Roman Empire during theTetrarchyperiod in the late 3rd and early 4th centuries.[9]In theMiddle Ages,thearchbishop-elector of Trierwas an importantprince of the Churchwho controlled land from the French border to theRhine.The archbishop-elector of Trier also had great significance as one of the sevenelectorsof theHoly Roman Empire.Because of its significance during the Roman and Holy Roman empires, several monuments and cathedrals within Trier are listed as aUNESCOWorld Heritage Site.[9]
With an approximate population of 110,000, Trier is the fourth-largest city in its state, afterMainz,Ludwigshafen,andKoblenz.[10]The nearest major cities areLuxembourg City(50 km or 31 mi to the southwest),Saarbrücken(80 kilometres or 50 miles southeast), andKoblenz(100 km or 62 mi northeast).
TheUniversity of Trier,the administration of theTrier-Saarburgdistrict and the seat of the ADD (Aufsichts- und Dienstleistungsdirektion), which until 1999 was the borough authority of Trier, and theAcademy of European Law(ERA) are all based in Trier. It is one of the five "central places"of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate. Along with Luxembourg,Metzand Saarbrücken, fellow constituent members of theQuattroPoleunion of cities, it is central to the greater region encompassingSaar-Lor-Lux(Saarland,LorraineandLuxembourg), Rhineland-Palatinate, andWallonia.
History
editThe first traces of human settlement in the area of the city show evidence oflinear potterysettlements dating from the earlyNeolithicperiod. Since the lastpre-Christiancenturies, members of theCeltictribe of theTreverisettled in the area of today's Trier.[11]The city of Trier derives its name from the later Latin locativein Trēverīsfor earlierAugusta Treverorum.According to theArchbishops of Trier,in theGesta Treverorum,the founder of the city of the Trevians isTrebeta.German historianJohannes Aventinusalso creditedTrebetawith building settlements atMetz,Mainz,Basel,Strasbourg,SpeyerandWorms.
The historical record describes theRoman Empiresubduing theTreveriin the1st century BCand establishing Augusta Treverorum about 16 BC.[12]The name distinguished it from the empire'smany other citieshonoring the firstRoman emperor,Augustus.The city later became the capital of theprovinceofBelgic Gaul;after theDiocletian Reforms,it became the capital of theprefectureofthe Gauls,overseeing much of theWestern Roman Empire.In the 4th century, Trier was one of the largest cities in the Roman Empire with a population around 75,000 and perhaps as much as 100,000.[13][14][15][16]ThePorta Nigra( "Black Gate" ) dates from this era. A residence of theWestern Roman emperor,Roman Trier was the birthplace ofSaint Ambrose.Sometime between 395 and 418, probably in 407 the Roman administration moved the staff of the Praetorian Prefecture from Trier toArles.The city continued to be inhabited but was not as prosperous as before. However, it remained the seat of a governor and had state factories for the production ofballistaeandarmorandwoolen uniformsforthe troops,clothing for the civil service, and high-quality garments for the Court. Northern Gaul was held by the Romans along a line(līmes)from north ofCologneto the coast atBoulognethrough what is today southern Belgium until 460. South of this line, Roman control was firm, as evidenced by the continuing operation of the imperial arms factory atAmiens.
TheFranksseized Trier from Roman administration in 459. In 870, it became part ofEastern Francia,which developed into theHoly Roman Empire.Relics ofSaint Matthiasbrought to the city initiated widespread pilgrimages. The bishops of the city grew increasingly powerful and theArchbishopric of Trierwas recognized as anelectorateof the empire, one of the most powerful states of Germany. TheUniversity of Trierwas founded in the city in 1473. In the 17th century, the Archbishops and Prince-Electors of Trier relocated their residence toPhilippsburgCastle inEhrenbreitstein,nearKoblenz.A session of theReichstagwas held in Trier in 1512, during which the demarcation of theImperial Circleswas definitively established.
In the years from 1581 to 1593, theTrier witch trialswere held. It was one of the four largest witch trials in Germany alongside theFulda witch trials,theWürzburg witch trial,and theBamberg witch trials,perhaps even the largest one in European history. The persecutions started in the diocese of Trier in 1581 and reached the city itself in 1587, where it was to lead to the death of about 368 people, and was as such perhaps the biggest mass execution in Europe in peacetime. This counts only those executed within the city itself. The exact number of people executed in all the witch hunts within the diocese has never been established; a total of 1,000 has been suggested but not confirmed.
In the 17th and 18th centuries, theFrench-Habsburg rivalrybrought war to Trier.SpainandFrancefought over the city during theThirty Years' War.The bishop was imprisoned by Spain and the Holy Roman Emperor for his support for France between 1635 and 1645. In later wars between the Empire and France, French troops occupied the city during theNine Years' War,theWar of the Spanish Succession,and theWar of the Polish Succession.After conquering Trier again in 1794 during theFrench Revolutionary Wars,France annexed the city and the electoral archbishopric was dissolved. After theNapoleonic Warsended in 1815, Trier passed to theKingdom of Prussia.Karl Marx,the German philosopher and one of the founders ofMarxism,was born in the city in 1818.
As part of thePrussian Rhineland,Trier developed economically during the 19th century. The city rose in revolt during therevolutions of 1848 in the German states,although the rebels were forced to concede. It became part of theGerman Empirein 1871.
The synagogue on Zuckerbergstrasse was looted during the November 1938Kristallnachtand later completely destroyed in a bomb attack in 1944. MultipleStolpersteinhave been installed in Trier to commemorate those murdered and exiled during theShoah.[17]
In June 1940 duringWorld War IIover 60,000 British prisoners of war, captured atDunkirkand Northern France, were marched to Trier, which became a staging post for British soldiers headed for Germanprisoner-of-war camps.Trier was heavily bombed and bombarded in 1944. The city became part of the new state ofRhineland-Palatinateafter the war. Theuniversity,dissolved in 1797, was restarted in the 1970s, while theCathedral of Trierwas reopened in 1974 after undergoing substantial and long-lasting renovations. Trier officially celebrated its 2,000th anniversary in 1984. On1 December 2020,5 people were killed by an allegedly drunk driver during avehicle-ramming attack.[18] The Ehrang/Quint district of Trier was heavily damaged and flooded during the 16 July2021 floodsof Germany, Belgium, The Netherlands and Luxembourg.
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 100 | 20,000 | — |
| 300 | 80,000 | +300.0% |
| 400 | 50,000 | −37.5% |
| 1250 | 12,000 | −76.0% |
| 1363 | 10,000 | −16.7% |
| 1542 | 8,500 | −15.0% |
| 1613 | 6,000 | −29.4% |
| 1702 | 4,300 | −28.3% |
| 1801 | 8,829 | +105.3% |
| 1871 | 21,442 | +142.9% |
| 1900 | 43,506 | +102.9% |
| 1910 | 49,112 | +12.9% |
| 1919 | 53,248 | +8.4% |
| 1919 | 57,341 | +7.7% |
| 1933 | 76,692 | +33.7% |
| 1939 | 88,150 | +14.9% |
| 1950 | 75,526 | −14.3% |
| 1961 | 87,141 | +15.4% |
| 1970 | 103,724 | +19.0% |
| 1987 | 94,118 | −9.3% |
| 2011 | 105,671 | +12.3% |
| 2018 | 110,636 | +4.7% |
| source:[19][circular reference] | ||
Trier sits in a hollow midway along theMosellevalley, with the most significant portion of the city on the east bank of the river. Wooded andvineyard-covered slopes stretch up to theHunsrückplateau in the south and theEifelin the north. The border with theGrand Duchy of Luxembourgis some 15 km (9 mi) away.
| Largest groups of foreign residents | |
| Country of birth | Population (2013) |
|---|---|
 Poland |
688 |
 France |
675 |
 Luxembourg |
573 |
 Ukraine |
476 |
 Russia |
444 |
Neighbouring municipalities
editListed in clockwise order, beginning with the northernmost; all municipalities belong to theTrier-Saarburgdistrict
Schweich,KennandLonguich(all part of theVerbandsgemeinde Schweich an der Römischen Weinstraße),Mertesdorf,Kasel,Waldrach,Morscheid,KorlingenandGusterath(all in theVerbandsgemeinde Ruwer),Hockweiler,Franzenheim(both part of theVerbandsgemeinde Trier-Land),KonzandWasserliesch(both part of theVerbandsgemeinde Konz),Igel,Trierweiler,Aach,Newel,Kordel,Zemmer(all in theVerbandsgemeinde Trier-Land).
Organization of city districts
edit
The Trier urban area is divided into19 city districts.For each district there is anOrtsbeirat(local council) of between 9 and 15 members, as well as anOrtsvorsteher(local representative). The local councils are charged with hearing the important issues that affect the district, although the final decision on any issue rests with the city council. The local councils nevertheless have the freedom to undertake limited measures within the bounds of their districts and their budgets.
The districts of Trier with area and inhabitants (December 31, 2009):
| Official district number | Districtwith associated sub-districts | Area in km2 |
Inhabitants |
|---|---|---|---|
| 11 | Mitte/Gartenfeld | 2.978 | 11,954 |
| 12 | Nord (Nells Ländchen, Maximin) | 3.769 | 13,405 |
| 13 | Süd (St. Barbara, St. Matthias or St. Mattheis) | 1.722 | 9,123 |
| 21 | Ehrang/Quint | 26.134 | 9,195 |
| 22 | Pfalzel | 2.350 | 3,514 |
| 23 | Biewer | 5.186 | 1,949 |
| 24 | Ruwer/Eitelsbach | 9.167 | 3,091 |
| 31 | West/Pallien | 8.488 | 7,005 |
| 32 | Euren (Herresthal) | 13.189 | 4,207 |
| 33 | Zewen (Oberkirch) | 7.496 | 3,634 |
| 41 | Olewig | 3.100 | 3,135 |
| 42 | Kürenz (Alt-Kürenz, Neu-Kürenz) | 5.825 | 8,708 |
| 43 | Tarforst | 4.184 | 6,605 |
| 44 | Filsch | 1.601 | 761 |
| 45 | Irsch | 4.082 | 2,351 |
| 46 | Kernscheid | 3.768 | 958 |
| 51 | Feyen/Weismark | 5.095 | 5,689 |
| 52 | Heiligkreuz (Alt-Heiligkreuz, Neu-Heiligkreuz, St. Maternus) | 2.036 | 6,672 |
| 53 | Mariahof (St. Michael) | 7.040 | 3,120 |
| Totals | 117.210 | 105,076 |
Climate
editTrier has an oceanic climate (Köppen:Cfb), but with greater extremes than the marine versions ofnorthern Germany.Summers are warm except in unusual heat waves and winters are recurrently cold, but not harsh. Precipitation is high despite not being on the coast.[20]As a result of theEuropean heat wave in 2003,the highest temperature recorded was 39 °C on 8 August of that year. On 25 July 2019, a record-breaking temperature of 40.6 °C was recorded.[21]The lowest recorded temperature was −19.3 °C on February 2, 1956.[22]
| Climate data for Trier (1991–2020 normals) (1948-present extremes) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 14.7 (58.5) |
20.3 (68.5) |
24.5 (76.1) |
28.5 (83.3) |
30.7 (87.3) |
36.2 (97.2) |
40.6 (105.1) |
39.0 (102.2) |
34.8 (94.6) |
26.8 (80.2) |
20.6 (69.1) |
17.0 (62.6) |
40.6 (105.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 4.5 (40.1) |
6.1 (43.0) |
10.8 (51.4) |
15.7 (60.3) |
19.7 (67.5) |
23.0 (73.4) |
25.2 (77.4) |
24.9 (76.8) |
20.4 (68.7) |
14.6 (58.3) |
8.6 (47.5) |
5.1 (41.2) |
14.9 (58.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 2.0 (35.6) |
2.8 (37.0) |
6.2 (43.2) |
10.0 (50.0) |
13.9 (57.0) |
17.1 (62.8) |
19.1 (66.4) |
18.6 (65.5) |
14.5 (58.1) |
10.3 (50.5) |
5.8 (42.4) |
2.8 (37.0) |
10.2 (50.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −0.4 (31.3) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
2.2 (36.0) |
4.9 (40.8) |
8.6 (47.5) |
11.7 (53.1) |
13.7 (56.7) |
13.3 (55.9) |
10.0 (50.0) |
6.8 (44.2) |
3.3 (37.9) |
0.6 (33.1) |
6.2 (43.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −18.3 (−0.9) |
−19.3 (−2.7) |
−12.9 (8.8) |
−6.2 (20.8) |
−1.6 (29.1) |
1.7 (35.1) |
4.4 (39.9) |
4.2 (39.6) |
1.2 (34.2) |
−3.4 (25.9) |
−10.2 (13.6) |
−14.4 (6.1) |
−19.3 (−2.7) |
| Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 63.5 (2.50) |
53.0 (2.09) |
51.3 (2.02) |
44.2 (1.74) |
66.7 (2.63) |
66.0 (2.60) |
72.4 (2.85) |
62.0 (2.44) |
60.4 (2.38) |
65.4 (2.57) |
62.2 (2.45) |
77.6 (3.06) |
746.8 (29.40) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) | 18.2 | 16.4 | 15.3 | 13.0 | 14.7 | 13.5 | 13.9 | 13.6 | 12.6 | 15.3 | 18.1 | 18.7 | 183.7 |
| Average snowy days(≥ 1.0 cm) | 5.9 | 4.9 | 1.6 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.0 | 4.3 | 17.8 |
| Averagerelative humidity(%) | 87.2 | 82.5 | 75.1 | 69.0 | 71.0 | 70.8 | 69.9 | 71.9 | 77.9 | 84.5 | 88.5 | 89.2 | 78.1 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 48.1 | 70.3 | 130.9 | 187.1 | 213.8 | 224.7 | 235.1 | 215.3 | 159.8 | 96.3 | 44.8 | 38.7 | 1,663.4 |
| Source 1:World Meteorological Organization[23][24] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Wetterdienst.de - Wetter- und Klimaberatung | |||||||||||||
Main sights
edit| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
|---|---|
 Ruins of the Imperial Baths | |
| Includes | Amphitheater,Roman bridge,Barbara Baths,Igel Column,Porta Nigra,Imperial Baths,Aula Palatina,CathedralandLiebfrauenkirche |
| Criteria | Cultural: i, iii, iv, vi |
| Reference | 367 |
| Inscription | 1986 (10thSession) |
Trier is known for its well-preserved Roman and medieval buildings, which include:
- thePorta Nigra,the best-preserved Romancity gatenorth of theAlps;
- the hugeAula Palatina,abasilicain the original Roman sense, was the 67 m (219.82 ft) long throne hall ofRoman emperorConstantine;it is today used as aProtestantchurch;adjacent is theElectoral Palace, Trier;
- the RomanTrier Amphitheater;
- the 2nd century ADRoman bridge(Römerbrücke) across the Moselle, the oldest bridge north of the Alps still crossed by traffic;
- ruins of threeRoman baths,among them the largest Roman baths north of the Alps; including theBarbara Baths,theTrier Imperial Baths,and theForum Baths, Trier;
- Trier Cathedral(German:Trierer DomorDom St. Peter), a Catholic church that dates back to Roman times; its Romanesque west façade with an extra apse and four towers is imposing and has been copied repeatedly; the Cathedral is home to theHoly Tunic,a garment said to be the robeJesuswas wearing when he died, as well as many other relics and reliquaries in theCathedral Treasury;
- theLiebfrauenkirche(German forChurch ofOur Lady), which is one of the most important earlyGothicchurches in Germany, in some ways comparable to the architectural tradition of theFrench Gothiccathedrals;
- St. Matthias' Abbey(Abtei St. Matthias), a still-in-use monastery in whose medieval church the onlyapostlenorth of the Alps is held to be buried;
- St. Gangolf's churchis the city's 'own' church near the main market square (as opposed to the Cathedral, the bishop's church); largely Gothic;
- Saint Paulinus' Church,one of the most importantBaroquechurches in Rhineland-Palatinate and designed in part by the architectBalthasar Neumann;
- two oldtreadwheelcranes,one being theGothic"Old Crane" (Alte Krahnen) or "Trier Moselle Crane" (Trierer Moselkrahn) from 1413, and the other the 1774Baroquecrane called the "(Old) Customs Crane" ((Alter) Zollkran) or "Younger Moselle Crane" (Jüngerer Moselkran) (seeList of historical harbour cranes).
Museums
edit
- Rheinisches Landesmuseum(an important archaeological museum for the Roman period; also some early Christian and Romanesque sculpture);
- Domschatzkammer(Treasury of Trier Cathedral;with the Egbert Shrine, the reliquary of the Holy Nail, the cup of Saint Helena and other reliquaries, liturgical objects, ivories, manuscripts, etc., many from the Middle Ages);
- Museum am Dom,formerlyBischöfliches Dom- und Diözesanmuseum(Museum of theDiocese of Trier;religious art, also some Roman artefacts);
- Stadtmuseum Simeonstift(history of Trier, displaying among other exhibits a scale model of the medieval city);
- Karl Marx House;a museum exhibiting Marx's personal history, volumes of poetry, original letters, and photographs with personal dedications. There is also a collection of rare first editions and international editions of his works, as well as exhibits on the development of socialism in the 19th century;
- Toy Museum of Trier;
- Ethnological and open-air museumRoscheider Hof,a museum in the neighbouring town ofKonz,right at the city limits of Trier, which shows the history of rural culture in the northwest Rhineland Palatinate and in the area where Germany, Luxembourg and Lorraine meet;
- Fell Exhibition Slate Mine;site in the municipality of Fell, 20 km (12 mi) from Trier, containing an underground mine, a mine museum, and a slate mining trail.
Education
edit
Trier is home to theUniversity of Trier,founded in 1473, closed in 1796 and restarted in 1970. The city also has theTrier University of Applied Sciences.TheAcademy of European Law(ERA) was established in 1992 and provides training in European law to legal practitioners. In 2010 there were about 40Kindergärten,[25]25 primary schools and 23 secondary schools in Trier, such as theHumboldt Gymnasium Trier,Max Planck Gymnasium,Auguste Viktoria Gymnasium,Angela Merici Gymnasium,Friedrich Wilhelm Gymnasiumand theNelson-Mandela Realschule Plus,Kurfürst-Balduin Realschule Plus,Realschule Plus Ehrang.[26]
Annual events
edit- since 1980, the Altstadtfest is celebrated in downtown Trier on the last weekend of June, followed by the Zurlaubener Heimatfest on the baks of the Mosel river two weeks later.
- Until 2014, Trier was home to Germany's largest Roman festival,Brot und Spiele(GermanforBread and Games– a translation of the famous Latin phrasepanem et circensesfrom thesatires of Juvenal).
- Trier has been the base for theGerman roundof theWorld Rally Championshipsince 2002, with the rally's presentation held next to the Porta Nigra.
- Trier holds a Christmas street festival every year called the Trier Christmas Market on theHauptmarkt(Main Market Square) and theDomfreihofin front of theCathedral of Trier.
- The Olewiger Weinfest is an annual wine festival held in the village of Olewig, just outside of Trier, Germany. The festival takes place over three days, typically in August, and features a wide variety of activities, including wine tastings, live music and food stalls.
Culture
editTrier has a municipal theatre,Theater Trier,for musical theatre, plays and dance.
Transport
editTrier stationhas directrailwayconnections to many cities in the region. The nearest cities bytrainare Cologne, Saarbrücken and Luxembourg. Via the motorwaysA 1,A 48andA 64Trier is linked with Koblenz, Saarbrücken and Luxembourg. The nearest commercial (international) airports are inLuxembourg(0:40 h by car),Frankfurt-Hahn(1:00 h),Saarbrücken(1:00 h),Frankfurt(2:00 h) andCologne/Bonn(2:00 h). TheMoselleis an important waterway and is also used for river cruises. A new passenger railway service on the western side of the Mosel is scheduled to open in December 2024.[27]
Sports
edit
Major sports clubs in Trier include:
International relations
editTrier is a fellow member of the QuattroPole union of cities, along withLuxembourg,SaarbrückenandMetz(neighbouring countries:LuxembourgandFrance).
Twin towns – sister cities
edit
Gloucester,England, UK (1957)- Metz,France (1957)
Ascoli Piceno,Italy (1958)
's-Hertogenbosch,Netherlands (1968)
Pula,Croatia (1971)
Weimar,Germany (1987)
Fort Worth,United States (1987)
Nagaoka,Japan (2006)
Xiamen,China (2010)- Izium,Ukraine (2024)[29][30]
Namesakes
edit- New Trier Township,Illinois, US, originally settled by people from Trier.
- New Trier,Minnesota, US, settled by people from Trier about 1856.
- New Trier High School,an Illinois school named after Trier.
Notable people
edit- Eucharius(died c. 250), first bishop of Trier
- Constantius Chlorus(c. 250–306), Roman emperor
- Maximian(c. 250–310), Roman emperor
- Valerius(died 320), second bishop of Trier
- Helena(c. 250–330), saint, mother of Constantine the Great (residence in Trier by tradition)
- Athanasius of Alexandria(296/298–373), saint (in exile ca. 335)
- Paulinus(died 358), bishop of Trier
- Valentinian I(321–375), Roman emperor
- Ausonius(c. 310–395), Roman consul and poet
- Ambrose(c. 340–397), saint
- Apronia of Toul(6th century), nun and saint
- Saint Modesta(died c. 680), founder and Abbess of the monastery of Oeren
- Kaspar Olevianus(1536–1587), theologian
- Heinrich Marx(1777–1838), lawyer, father of Karl Marx
- Henriette Marx(1788–1863), mother of Karl Marx
- Johann Anton Ramboux(1790–1866), painter
- Jenny Marx(1814–1881), revolutionary, drama critic
- Karl Marx(1818–1883), social philosopher and revolutionary
- August Beer(1825–1863), scientist
- Udo Samel(born 1953), Actor
- Frederick A. Schroeder(1833–1899), American politician, mayor ofBrooklyn
- Hans am Ende(1864–1918), painter
- Ludwig Kaas(1881–1952), Catholic priest and politician (Zentrum)
- Ludwig von Westphalen(1770 –1842), father-in-law of Karl Marx
- Oswald von Nell-Breuning(1890–1991), theologian
- Charles de Gaulle(1890–1970), General and French statesman, as commander of a battalion of Chasseurs during theFrench occupation of Rhineland
- Reinhard Heß(1904–1998), painter and glass painter
- Wolf Graf von Baudissin(1907–1993), general, military planner andpeace researcher
- Peter Thullen(1907–1996), German-Ecuadorian mathematician
- Gitta Lind(1925–1974), singer
- Reinhold Bartel(1926–1996), operatic tenor
- Ernst Huberty(1927–2023), sports reporter
- Günther Steines(1928–1982), athlete
- Franz Grundheber(born 1937), baritone
- Otmar Seul(born 1943), lawyer, professor
- Helga Zepp-LaRouche(born 1948), journalist and politician
- Xavier Bout de Marnhac(born 1951), French general, former commander ofKFOR
- Robert Zimmer(born 1953), philosopher and essayist
- Ernst Ulrich Deuker(born 1954), musician
- François Weigel(born 1964), French pianist, composer and conductor
- Eric Jelen(born 1965), tennis player
- Martin Bambauer(born 1970), church musician
- Frank Findeiß(born 1971), poet
- Anja Kaesmacher(born 1974), operatic soprano
- Georg Meier (chess player)(born 1987), German grandmaster of chess
References
edit- ^Wolfram Leibe (SPD) bleibt Oberbürgermeister in Trier,SWR Aktuell, 25 September 2022.
- ^"Bevölkerungsstand 2022, Kreise, Gemeinden, Verbandsgemeinden"(PDF)(in German).Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz.2023.
- ^"Trier"(US) and"Trier".LexicoUK English Dictionary.Oxford University Press.Archived fromthe originalon 2020-03-22.
- ^"Trier".Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary.RetrievedApril 2,2019.
- ^"Trèves"(US) and"Trèves".Oxford DictionariesUK English Dictionary.Oxford University Press.[dead link]
- ^"Trèves".The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language(5th ed.). HarperCollins.RetrievedApril 2,2019.
- ^Rathaus der Stadt Trier."Stadt Trier – City of Trier – La Ville de Trèves | Website of the Municipality of Trier".Archived fromthe originalon 2002-08-08.Retrieved2015-08-26.
- ^An honor that is contested byCologne,Kempten,andWorms.
- ^ab"Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St Peter and Church of Our Lady in Trier".UNESCO World Heritage Centre.United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization.Retrieved22 May2022.
- ^"Bevölkerung der Gemeinden am 31.12.2010"(PDF).Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz(in German). 2011. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2012-01-31.
- ^See: Heinen, pp. 1–12.
- ^The City of Trier,Trier University,retrieved11 May2019
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- ^LaVerne, F.K. (1991).Europe by Eurail 2010: Touring Europe by Train.Globe Pequot Press. p. 337.ISBN9780762761630.Retrieved2015-08-26.
- ^Baker, Myron (2013).BEYOND OUR WORLD: The Exciting Story of a Treasure Hunter, Historian, and Adventurer.Dorrance Publishing Co. p. 182.ISBN9781480901872.Retrieved2021-01-04.
- ^Victor, Helena; Fischer, Svante."The Fall and Decline of the Roman Urban Mind | Svante Fischer and Helena Victor - Academia.edu".academia.edu.Retrieved2015-08-26.
- ^List of Stolperstein in Trier(in German).
- ^Trier: Five die as car ploughs through Germany pedestrian zone.bbc.com. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
- ^Einwohnerentwicklung von Trier[Population development].wikipedia.de(in German). Retrieved January 4, 2021.
- ^"Trier, Germany Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)".Weatherbase.Retrieved2019-02-02.[permanent dead link]
- ^"Neuer Hitzerekord in Rheinland-Pfalz: 40,6 Grad in Trier".welt.de(in German). 2019-07-25.Retrieved2023-10-19.
- ^"Wetterrekorde Deutschland".Wetterdienst.de(in German).Retrieved2019-02-02.
- ^"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020".World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020).National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived fromthe originalon 12 October 2023.Retrieved13 October2023.
- ^"Trier (10609) – WMO Weather Station".NOAA.RetrievedFebruary 2,2019.
- ^"Stadt Trier – Startseite | Kindergärten in Trier".trier.de, City of Trier.Retrieved2015-08-26.
- ^"Stadt Trier – Startseite – Schulen in Trier".trier.de, City of Trier.Retrieved2015-08-26.
- ^Fender, Keith (12 February 2014)."Plans approved for Trier suburban line Written by".International Railway Journal.Retrieved2014-02-25.
- ^"Städtepartnerschaften".trier.de(in German). Trier.Retrieved2021-03-17.
- ^"Stadtrat bringt Partnerschaft mit ukrainischer Stadt auf den Weg"(in German). The city administration of Trier. 2024-03-08.
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Further reading
editHeinz Monz:Trierer Biographisches Lexikon.Landesarchivverwaltung Rheinland-Pfalz, Koblenz 2000. 539 p.ISBN3-931014-49-5.
External links
edit
- Official website
(in German) - .New International Encyclopedia.1905.
- Gough, Alfred Bradley (1911)..Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 27 (11th ed.). pp. 268–269.