Wikipedia

Cycle rickshaw

(Redirected fromTrisikad)
"Pedicab" redirects here. For other uses, seePedicab (disambiguation).

Thecycle rickshawis a small-scale local means of transport. It is a type oftricycledesigned to carry passengers on afor-hirebasis. It is also known by a variety of other names such asbike taxi,velotaxi,pedicab,bikecab,cyclo,beca,becak,trisikad,sikad,tricycle taxi,trishaw,orhatchback bike.

Cycle rickshaw in Mexico City, with the design established since 2016
ABangladeshi rickshawfor display in Sweden
Typical Manila pedicabs, or "trisikad"
Recumbent style cycle taxi/pedicab in London
Cycle rickshaw inMoscow,Russia

While therickshawis pulled by a person on foot, the cycle rickshaw ishuman-poweredby pedaling. By contrast, theauto rickshawis motorized.

Overview

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Pedicab or "Becak" (in Indonesian language) inSolo,Central Java,Indonesia

The first cycle rickshaws were built in the 1880s and were first used widely in 1929 in Singapore. Six years later, they outnumbered pulled rickshaws there. By 1950, cycle rickshaws were found in every south and east Asian country. By the late 1980s, there were an estimated 4 million cycle rickshaws worldwide.[1]

The vehicle is generally pedal-driven by a driver, though some are equipped with anelectric motorto assist the driver.[2][3][4]

The vehicle is usually atricycle,though somequadracyclemodels exist, and somebicycleswithtrailersare configured as cycle rickshaws.[5]Some cycle rickshaws have gas or electric motors.[5][6]

Passenger configuration

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The configuration of driver and passenger seats varies. Generally the driver sits in front of the passengers to pedal the rickshaw. There are some designs, though, where the cyclist driver sits behind the passengers.[1][5]In manyAsiancountries, likeBangladesh,India,andChina,the passenger seat is located behind the driver, while inIndonesia,Malaysia,Cambodia,andVietnamthe cyclist driver sits behind the passenger. In thePhilippines,the passenger seats are usually located beside the driver in a side car. Similar to this, passengers sit alongside the driver in bothtrishaw,inSingapore,and thesai kaa,inBurma.[1]

Nomenclature

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See also:Rickshaw § Etymology

The cycle rickshaw is known by a variety of other names, including:

Country overview

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Not only are cycle rickshaws used in Asian countries, but they are also used in some cities in Europe and North America. They are used primarily for their novelty value, as an entertaining form of transportation for tourists and locals, but they also have environmental benefits and may be quicker than other forms of transport if traffic congestion is high. Cycle rickshaws used outside Asia often are mechanically more complex, having multiplegears,more powerful brakes, and in some caseselectrical motorsto provide additional power.[citation needed]

Africa

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Madagascar

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InMadagascarrickshaws, including cycle rickshaws orcyclo-pousse,are a common form of transportation in a number of cities. Rickshaws are known aspousse-pousse,meaningpush-push,[9]reportedly for the pulled rickshaws that required a second person to push the vehicles up hills. Cycles are more common in the hillier areas, likeToamasina.[10]

Americas

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Canada

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In Canada there are pedicabs in operation inVictoria, British Columbia,[11]andVancouver, British Columbia.They are regulated inToronto, Ontario,and Vancouver, British Columbia.[12][13]

Mexico

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See also:Rickshaws in Mexico City

InMexico,they are calledbicitaxiortaxi ecologico(literally "ecological taxi" ).[citation needed]

United States

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See also:Rickshaws in the United States
Jays Valet, Luxury Transportation & Pedicab Service in the 4th of July (Independence Day) Parade in Aspen, Colorado

In many major cities, pedicabs can be found rolling about city centers, nightlife districts, park lands, sports stadiums, and tourist-heavy areas. Myriad uses have been discovered in the states, including car-park-to-event transport at large events nationwide. Thousands of pedicabs today operate on streets in locales including Green Bay and Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Austin, Texas; Manhattan, New York; Chicago, Illinois; San Diego and San Francisco, California; Boston, Massachusetts; Miami, Florida; Washington, D.C.; Denver, Colorado; Portland, Oregon; Seattle, Washington; Charleston, South Carolina; New Orleans, Louisiana; Nashville, Tennessee; Phoenix, Arizona; Salt Lake City, Utah; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and dozens of other hot spots. Manhattan sports the largest collection of pedicabs operating within city limits, and the City of New York itself has mandated that approximately 850 pedicabs always sport operating permits issued by the city.[14]

Pedicabs in the United States seem to have gotten their start at the1962 World's FairinSeattle.[15]

Asia

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Bangladesh

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Cycle rickshaws inDhaka,Bangladesh.The city is known as the Rickshaw Capital of the World.

Cycle rickshaws (রিকশাriksha) are the most popular modes of transport inBangladeshand are available for hire throughout the country including the capital cityDhaka,known as the "Rickshaw Capital of the World".[16]They are either pedal or motor-powered. They were introduced here about 1938 and by the end of the 20th century there were 300,000+ cycle rickshaws in Dhaka.[17]

Approximately 400,000 cycle rickshaws run each day.[18]Cycle rickshaws in Bangladesh are also more convenient than the other public modes of transports in the country namely auto rickshaws, cabs and buses. They are mostlyconvertible,decorated,[19]rickshaws with folding hoods and are the only kind of vehicles that can be driven in many neighbourhoods of the city with narrow streets and lanes. However, increasing traffic congestion and the resulting collisions have led to the banning of rickshaws on many major streets in the city. Urban employment in Bangladesh also largely depend on cycle rickshaws. Because of inflation and unemployment in the rural areas, people from villages crowd in the cities to become rickshaw drivers locally called theriksha-wala(রিকশাওয়ালা).[citation needed]

See also:Rickshaw art in Bangladesh

Cambodia

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Cycle rickshaws are known ascyclo(pronounced see-clo) inCambodia,derived from the Frenchcyclo.[citation needed]

China

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A cycle rickshaw atXiyuan,Beijing, targeting at tourists from Summer Palace
Cycle rickshaw in Shenyang

Since the 1950s, when the pulled rickshaw was phased out, mid-city and large city passengers may travel using three-wheeled pedicabs, or cycle rickshaws. TheChineseterm for the conveyance issanlunche( tam luân xa ). The vehicles may be pedal- or motor-powered. InShanghai,most of the vehicles are powered by electricity.[20]

Tourists are warned to beware of over-charging vendors, especially who wear an "old fashioned costume" or are located near tourist locations.[20]

Whilst many local tourism authorities still issue licences for rickshaw drivers to carry passengers, authorities in China are tightening rules in order to alleviate cheating of tourists and to reduce traffic congestion (e.g. a typical Chinese cycle-rickshaw will travel at less than 10⁠km/h⁠and is wide enough to fill an entire motor or bicycle lane and therefore are blamed as a major cause of traffic congestion), and have been banned in many cities already.[21]

India

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A cycle rickshaw carrying shoe boxes inAgra

The first attempt of improving the existing cycle rickshaws and then converting them to electric ones was done by theNimbkar Agricultural Research Institutein the late 1990s.[22]

Service availability
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Cycle rickshaws were used in Kolkata starting about 1930[17]and are now common in rural and urban areas of India.[23]

Ecocabs and similar service
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Traction Man onFazilkaEcocab "Nano Model"

Navdeep Asijastarted a dial-a-cycle rickshaw concept known as Ecocabs,[24]Environmental friendly Ecocabs[nb 1]operate in the Punjab towns ofFazilka,[26]Amritsar.[27][nb 2]Central DelhiandKolkata.[24]Passengers may call to request transport service, similar to dial-up taxi cab operations.[26][28][nb 3]

In November 2010, Patiala GreenCABS, similar to Ecocabs, were introduced in the city by the localnon governmental organisation(NGO) the Patiala Foundation.[30]

Financing
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InWest BengaltheRotaract ClubofSeramporefinances cycle rickshaw purchases so that unemployed people can begin their own rickshaw business. The loans are repaid from the workers' earnings. When paid in full, the rickshaw workers own their rickshaw and other unemployed individuals are entered into the program.[31]

Soleckshaw
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The Soleckshaw is a battery-electric assisted cycle rickshaw. The battery is designed to be charged or exchanged at centralised solar-powered charging stations. Developed by theCouncil of Scientific & Industrial Research,it was launched inDelhiin October 2008.[2][32]However, in September 2010 it was reported that no Soleckshaws had been sold on a commercial basis, and the approximately 30 demonstration units, initially deployed in Ahmedabad, Chandigarh, Delhi, Dhanbad, Durgapur, Jaipur, and Kolkata, were "not in operation due to various local administrative and management problems", and the charging stations "are not being used at this point of time as the vehicles are not in operation at those locations".[33]

The2010 Union budget of Indiahad a concessional excise duty of 4% on solar cycle rickshaws.[34]

Indonesia

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Cycle rickshaws in Indonesia are calledbecak(pronounced[ˈbetʃaʔ]). They began being used in Jakarta about 1936.[17]Becakwere considered an icon of the capital city of Jakarta prior to its ban in the 1970s. Citing concerns of public order, the city government forbade them on the city's main streets. Scenes of the anti-becakcampaign appear in the 1971 Canadian filmWet Earth and Warm People,a documentary byMichael Rubbo.[35]Despite the attempts at eradication, however, manybecakstill operate nearslumsthroughout the city. Attempts at reinforcing the ban resulted in large-scale seizures of the vehicle in the late 1990s and in 2007.[36]In 2018, GovernorAnies Baswedanattempted to allowbecakagain because of a political contract with becak drivers during his campaign.[37]

There are two types of "becak" in Indonesia: the first type is the driver sitting behind the passenger (similar to Dutch-stylecargo bikes), the other one which mainly found in Sumatra is the driver sitting beside the passenger. "Becak" is still being used in various part of Indonesia, especially in smaller cities and town.

Malaysia

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Becafrom Parit Jawa, Muar, Johor, at theMuzium Negara

InMalaysia,pedestrian-pulledrickshawswere gradually replaced by cycle rickshaws (becainMalay,fromHokkienbé-chhiaMã xa "horse cart" ). Cycle rickshaws were ubiquitous up to the 1970s in cities. Since then, rapid urbanisation has increased demand for more efficient public transport, resulting in dwindling cycle rickshaw numbers. Today, cycle rickshaws are operated mostly as a tourist attraction, with small numbers operating inMalacca,Penang,Kelantan,andTerengganu.[citation needed]

Myanmar

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A cycle rickshaw inYangon

In Myanmar, cycle rickshaws or trishaws (Burmese:ဆိုက်ကား,romanized:saik kar,directly pronounced as in the English word 'side car') came first into wide use in 1938, when the year-1300 revolution, which originated from theChauk oil-fieldstrike, inspired the people inMandalayto have a consciousness of nationalism and to boycott British goods and services. The auto body technician Saya Nyo built the first trishaw in Mandalay by attaching a side-car to the side of an old bicycle.[38]So two passengers are on the right of the driver.

Only two forms of transportation were then available in the city; the cab and the electric train. The latter could run only on ten-kilometre (six-mile) tracks. Trishaws could reach every nook and cranny, so the spirit of nationalism plus the advantage of trishaws reaching everywhere made them so popular among Mandalayans that even the train company had to stop its business.[39][40]

Nepal

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In theTerairegion ofNepal,cycle rickshaws are still the most popular means of public transport for short-distance commuting. Most big cities in the Terai have hundreds of cycle rickshaws that carry local commuters and travellers, and are also used for carrying goods. Since the Terai region is bordered withIndia,cycle rickshaws are also popular means for shoppers, businessmen and travellers to travel in and out of the country freely. The free border between India and Nepal enable the rickshaw owners from both countries to operate across the border without any restriction.

However, inHilly regionsof Nepal, cycle rickshaws are primarily used to attract tourists who can relax and travel around the popular streets and markets at reasonable fares.[41][42]Cycle rickshaws are particularly popular among tourists to roam around the popular streets and markets ofThamel,Kathmandu.

Pakistan

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The Cycle andPulled rickshawwere banned inPakistanin November 1991.[43]

Philippines

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See also:Motorized tricycle (Philippines)
Passenger pedicab inCatarman, Northern Samar
Traysikadused for cargo transport

In the Philippines, it is called apedicab,traysikad,trisikad—or simplysikadorpadyak,from the Philippine word meaning to tramp or stamp one's feet. It is made by mounting asidecarto a regular bicycle. They are used mainly to ferry passengers short distances along smaller, more residential streets, often to or fromjeepneysor otherpublic utility vehicles.They are also used for transporting cargo too heavy to carry by hand and over a distance too short or roads too congested for motor transport, such as a live pig. Duringrainy seasons,they are useful as a way to avoid walking through flood waters. Along with thejeepney,themotorcycle-powered tricycle,and the engine-poweredkuliglig,the open-air pedicab provides shade when needed.[citation needed]

Thailand

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Rickshaw, Thailand

InThailand,any three-wheeler is calledsamlor(Thai:สามล้อ,lit. 'three wheels'), whether motorised or not, including pedicabs, motorcycles with attached vending carts orsidecars,etc. The driver is also calledsamlor.[citation needed]

Vietnam

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A lady in a traditionalÁo dàion an originally-designed xích lô, 1939
From 1976, cyclos ofHo Chi Minh Cityand other provinces are re-designed a higher carriage for both goods and passengers transport.
Xe Lôi of theMekong Delta

Cycle rickshaws are known asxích lô(pronounced sick-low, from the Frenchcyclo) in Vietnam. Cyclo was an invention of a french named P. Coupeaid, which was introduced inCambodiaandSaigonin 1939. From 2008 to 03/2012, due to the traffic obstruction, cyclos were totally forbidden inHo Chi Minh Cityand other provinces, except cyclo tours organised by tourist agencies.[44]Another similar vehicle, a pedicab calledxe lôiof theMekong Delta,are now rarely found in some provinces such asSóc Trăng,Vĩnh Long,andChâu Đốc.They are on their way to disappear.[45]

Cyclo,a 1995 film about a cyclo driver, won theGolden Lionat the52nd Venice International Film Festival.[46]

Beyond their practical utility,cyclos held cultural significance in Saigon.They appeared in literature, art, and cinema, becoming emblematic of the city’s identity. From romantic rendezvous to everyday commutes, cyclos featured prominently in the daily lives of Saigonese residents.

Despite the challenges, efforts are underway to preserve the legacy of cyclo in Saigon. Some organizations are restoring vintage models, while others are promoting eco-friendly alternatives to traditional cyclos. These initiatives aim to celebrate the cultural heritage of these iconic vehicles and ensure their continued presence in the city.

Europe

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Cycle rickshaws, also called pedicabs, are used in most large continental European cities.[47]

Denmark

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Rickshaw in Denmark in Copenhagen in 2014

CopenhagenandOdensehave pedicab service.[47][48]

Finland

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Cycle rickshaws are available for rent atKaivopuistoinHelsinki.The rental company brought the vehicles from the city ofLappeenrantain 2009.[49]

France

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Most French cities have one or more pedicabs, locally known as PussPuss or VeloTaxi. Most common inParis,Nantes,Lyon,MontpellierandValence,these cities operate one or more units. France have pedicab vendors.[47]

Germany

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AVelotaxicycle rickshaw inHamburg,Germany

Lake Constance,[47]Berlin,Frankfurt,Dresden,andHamburgoffer cycle rickshaw, also called pedicab, service.[citation needed]

Velotaxi
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In the 1990s, German-made cycle rickshaws called velotaxis were created. They are about 1/3 to 1/2 the cost of regular taxis. Velotaxis are three-wheeled vehicles with a "space-age lightweight plastic cab that is open on both sides", a space for a driver, and behind the driver, space for two passengers.[50]They have been made inBerlin,Germany, by Ludger Matuszewski, the founder of "Velotaxi GmbH" company. Velotaxis are often used for group functions like weddings. Under German traffic laws, transporting people on bicycles was forbidden.[citation needed]

Electric assist pedicabs
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Berlin's Senate, police, and taxi associations finally agreed that the "cult-flitzer" could be integrated into the city's traffic flow. Germany's highest court later ruled that transporting people on bikes was legal. It is a modern and newly designed pedicab (CityCruiser) with a 500-watt electric assist motor. Although these electric-assist pedicabs were engineered in Germany they are manufactured in theCzech Republicand some clones are now also produced in China. The Chinese clone can be purchased for about 3,000US dollars;the German original is around 6,000 US dollars (the newest version, 9000+€). The batteries last about 4 hours with a full charge. As with a few recumbent and semi-recumbent designs, some drivers may suffer with knee and joint pain due to the weight of the vehicle (145 kg).[citation needed]

Hungary

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Pedicab service is available inBudapest.[47]

Ireland

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Pedicabs operate inCorkandDublin,Ireland.[47][nb 4]

Italy

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Pedicab service is available inFlorence,Milan,[47]Rome,[citation needed]Bari.

The Netherlands

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Pedicab service is available inAmsterdam,The Hagueand in theCaribbean,atWillemstad.[47][51]

Thomas Lundy of Amsterdam adapted his battery-electric assisted cycle rickshaw to become what he terms "semi-solar powered", resulting in a video report onReuters.[52]

Norway

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Avelotaxioperating inTønsberg,Norway

Pedicab service is available inOslo,[47]Fredrikstad,Bergen,Porsgrunn,andTønsberg.[53]

Poland

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Cycle rickshaws in Warsaw duringWorld War II

DuringWorld War II,whenPolandwas underNaziGerman occupation, the German authorities confiscated most privately owned cars and many of thestreetcarsandbuses.Because of that,public transportwas partially replaced by cycle rickshaws, at first improvised and with time mass-produced by bicycle factories. Cycle rickshaws became popular inWarsawand by the start of theWarsaw Uprisingwere a common sight on the city's streets.[citation needed]

Pedicabs still can be found in most large cities in Poland fromŁódźtoWarsaw.

Spain

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Alicante,Barcelona,Zaragoza,Málaga,San Sebastian,andSevillehave pedicab service.[54]

United Kingdom

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Cycle rickshaws operate in central London, includingSoho,[17]Piccadilly,Leicester Square,andCovent Garden.Pedal Meis a pedicab company using electric cargo bikes to transport passengers and cargo across Central and Inner London. Rickshaws and pedicabs are found in the centre of Edinburgh where vendors are hired like taxis and provide tours.[55]Pedicabs and their variants are also available inOxford.[47]

Oceania

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Australia

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Two companies operate pedicabs in Sydney. Pedapod operate 'pod' styled cabs from Queen Victoria Buildings to Circular Quay. Tikki Tikki Australia operate more advanced 'classic' styled cabs from the Central Railway Station to Circular Quay and up to Kings Cross and down to Star City Casino.[citation needed]Tikki Tikki also has pedicabs and rickshaws in London and Vancouver

Pedicabs are also found in Adelaide, Brisbane, Melbourne, Darwin, Perth, Gold Coast, Cairns, Townsville, Newcastle, and Byron Bay.[56]

New Zealand

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New Zealand has had pedicabs since the early 1990s. Auckland currently has 19 bikes mainly run by Bikeman and a few owner-operators.

Queenstown also has a fleet of Danish-made rickshaws run by a local entrepreneur.

Economic, social and political aspects

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Economics

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Modern cycle rickshaw in Beijing Street

In many Asian cities where they are widely used, cycle rickshaw driving provides essential employment for recentimmigrantsfrom rural areas, generally impoverished men. One study inBangladeshshowed that cycle rickshaw driving was connected with some increases in income for poor agricultural labourers who moved to urban areas, but that the extreme physical demands of the job meant that these benefits decreased for long-term drivers.[57]InJakarta,most cycle rickshaw drivers in the 1980s were formerlandlessagricultural labourers from rural areas ofJava.[58]

In 2003, Dhaka cycle rickshaw drivers earned an estimated average ofTk143 (US$2.38) per day, of which they paid about Tk 50 (US$0.80) to rent the cycle rickshaw for a day. Older, long-term drivers earned substantially less.[57]A 1988–89 survey found that Jakarta drivers earned a daily average ofRp.2722 (US$1.57).[58]These wages, while widely considered very low for such physically demanding work, do in some situations compare favourably to jobs available to unskilled workers.[59]

In many cities, most drivers do not own their own cycle rickshaws; instead, they rent them from their owners, some of whom own many cycle rickshaws. Driver-ownership rates vary widely. InDelhi,a 1980 study found only one per cent of drivers owned their vehicles, but ownership rates in several other Indian cities were much higher, including fifteen per cent inHyderabadand twenty-two per cent inFaridabad.A 1977 study inChiang Mai,Thailand found that 44% of cycle rickshaw drivers were owners. In Bangladesh, driver-ownership is usually highest in rural areas and lowest in the larger cities. Most cycle rickshaws in that country are owned by individuals who have only one or two of them, but some owners in the largest cities own several hundred.[59]

Social aspects

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In 2012Ole Kassow,a resident ofCopenhagen,wanted to help the elderly get back on their bicycles, but he had to find a solution to their limited mobility. The answer was a cycle rickshaw, and he started offering free cycle rickshaw rides to residents of a nearbynursing home.He then got in touch with a civil society consultant at the City of Copenhagen, Dorthe Pedersen, who was intrigued by the idea, and together they bought five cycle rickshaws and launched an organisation calledCycling Without Age,which has now spread to all corners of Denmark, and since 2015 to another 50 countries around the world.[60]

Legislation

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Some countries and cities have banned or restricted cycle rickshaws. They are often prohibited incongested areasof major cities. For example, they were banned inBangkokin the mid-1960s as not fitting the modern image of the city being promoted by the government.[citation needed]In Dhaka and Jakarta, they are no longer permitted on major roads, but are still used to provide transportation within individual urban neighbourhoods.[citation needed]They are banned entirely inPakistan.[43]While they have been criticised for causing congestion, cycle rickshaws are also often hailed as environmentally-friendly, inexpensive modes of transportation.[citation needed]

In Taiwan, the Road Traffic Security Rules require pedicabs to be registered by their owners with the police before they can be legally driven on public roads, or risk an administrative fine of 300new Taiwan dollars(TWD). Their drivers must carry the police registration documents or risk a fine of 180 TWD, but no driver licence is required. The administrative fines are based on Articles 69 and 71 of the Act Governing the Punishment of Violation of Road traffic Regulations. As Taiwanese road traffic is now heavily motorised, most pedicabs have been replaced bytaxicabs,but they can still be found at limited places, such as Cijin District ofKaohsiung City.[citation needed]

Electric-assist pedicabs were banned in New York City in January 2008, the city council decided to allow pedicabs propelled only by muscle power.[citation needed]The city ofToronto, Ontario,Canada, has decided not to issue permits to electric-assist pedicabs.[citation needed]

Arts

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Decoration of a cycle rickshaw in Dhaka

As a key part of the urban landscape in many cities, cycle rickshaws have been the subject of films and other artwork, as well as being extensively decorated themselves. The cycle rickshaw in Dhaka is especially well known as a major medium for Bengali folk art, asplasticinecutouts and handpainted figures adorn many cycle rickshaws.[61]

Films featuring cycle rickshaws and their drivers includeKickboxerandSammo Hung's 1989martial arts filmPedicab Driver,which dealt with a group of pedicab drivers and their problems with romance and organised crime.Cyclo,a 1995 film byVietnamesedirectorTran Anh Hung,is centered on a cycle rickshaw driver.Tollywoodfilms with cycle rickshaw themes includeOrey Rickshaw( "Orey" literally means "Hey", in a derogatory tone), which tells a story sympathising with the downtrodden, andRickshavodu( "Rickshaw Guy" ).[citation needed]

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Wikimedia Commons has media related toCycle rickshaws.
  • An extensively decorated trishaw in Melaka
  • A trishaw and rider at theRaffles HotelinSingapore
  • A Cycle rickshaw puller inChittagong,Bangladesh
  • Abecakand its driver wait for a fare inBandung,Indonesia
  • Trishaws are used to ferrytouristsaround the city for sightseeing inSingapore
  • Cycle Rickshaw in downtown Cincinnati, Ohio
  • Cycle rickshaws inDhaka,Bangladesh
  • Cycle rickshaw parking in Bangladesh
  • A cycle rickshaw driver inPhnom Penh,Cambodia
  • Taiwanese Prohibitory Sign P9: No Pedicabs

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^In 2010, Ecocab service was introduced by the state governments ofPunjabandHaryanaupon the orders of the Honorable Punjab and Haryana High Court.[25]
  2. ^Ecocabs were introduced in Amritsar by the Punjab Heritage and Tourism Promotion Board in association with Graduates Welfare Association Fazilka (GWAF) and District Administration inAmritsar.Here in the Ecocabs[27]
  3. ^Named "Ecocabs", it is known locally as "Pushpak Sewa". the first modified light-weight low-floor rickshaw was introduced under the nameNano.[29]
  4. ^In 1994, a wine-club owner named B. McDonald started Pedicabs Ireland with twelve imported pedicab rickshaws. Sponsored pedicabs on the streets ofDublingive free rides to passengers, as the revenue generated from the advertisements on these pedicabs gives a wage to the drivers. Yellow pedicabs are available inGalway.[citation needed]

References

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  1. ^abcDavid Edgerton (2011).The Shock of the Old: Technology and Global History Since 1900.Oxford University Press. p. 46.ISBN978-0199832613.
  2. ^abKeith, Barry (11 January 2010)."Solar Rickshaws Ready for Delhi".Wired Magazine.Retrieved10 March2010.
  3. ^"Sustainable Transportation Solution for Auto Rickshaws".Illinois Institute of Technology. 2009.Retrieved10 March2010.
  4. ^"The Cycle Rickshaw's Electric Dreams".Indian Express.Retrieved14 August2010.
  5. ^abcEd Sobey (2009).A Field Guide to Automotive Technology.Chicago Review Press. p. 172.ISBN978-1556528125.
  6. ^Watson, Todd (31 July 2013)."Electric vehicles become popular in the Philippines".Inside Investor.Archived fromthe originalon 9 August 2013.Retrieved11 August2013.
  7. ^"Velotaxi",The Free Dictionary,retrieved8 June2021
  8. ^"What Is A Pedicab? - Pedicabs & The National Mall".sites.google.com.Retrieved8 June2021.
  9. ^Jay Heale; Zawiah Abdul Latif (2008).Madagascar, Volume 15 of Cultures of the World Cultures of the World - Group 15(2 ed.). Marshall Cavendish. pp. 75–76.ISBN978-0761430360.
  10. ^Madagascar Travel Guide(7 ed.). Lonely Planet. 2012.ISBN978-1743213018.Retrieved13 April2013.
  11. ^Ulysses Travel Editorial Staff, Ulysses Travel Guides (2003).Vancouver and Victoria. 4th ed.Hunter Publishing, Inc.ISBN2894645171.
  12. ^"Pedicabs, City of Vancouver".City of Vancouver.Retrieved13 April2013.
  13. ^"Rickshaw owners back in driver's seat: Toronto rickshaws can now charge unlimited fares after a judge said City Hall's price limits were chosen on a" whim. "".National Post, CanWest MediaWorks Publications Inc. (posted on Canada.com). May 9, 2007. Archived fromthe originalon May 13, 2013.RetrievedApril 13,2013.
  14. ^"New York City Department of Consumer Affairs - Pedicab Driver License".Nyc.gov.Archived fromthe originalon 9 July 2015.Retrieved13 October2017.
  15. ^"My Ballard » Ballard remembers the 1962 World's Fair".Myballard.com.Retrieved13 October2017.
  16. ^Lawson, Alastair (5 October 2002)."Dhaka's beleaguered rickshaw wallahs".BBC News.
  17. ^abcdDavid Edgerton (2011).The Shock of the Old: Technology and Global History Since 1900.Oxford University Press. pp. 46–47.ISBN978-0199832613.
  18. ^Lawson, Alastair (5 October 2002)."Dhaka's beleaguered rickshaw wallahs".BBC.Retrieved24 February2009.
  19. ^RickshawArt.orgWebsite of the social enterprise RickshawArt in Bangladesh.Archived22 April 2017 at theWayback MachineDhaka.
  20. ^abChina Travel Guide - Tiki Travel.FB Editions. pp. PT61.ISBN9791021306523.
  21. ^"Quảng châu giá ta khu vực cấm chỉ nhân lực tam luân xa thượng đạo lộ hành sử, 6 nguyệt 11 nhật khởi thi hành".Baidu.Quang minh võng.Retrieved13 May2024.
  22. ^"Electric and improved cycle rickshaw as a sustainable transport system for India"(PDF).Iisc.ernet.in.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 8 August 2017.Retrieved13 October2017.
  23. ^Good Earth Varanasi City Guide.Eicher Goodearth Limited. 1989. p. 189.ISBN8187780045.
  24. ^ab"Ecocabs".Ecocabs.org.Retrieved13 October2017.
  25. ^"Ecocab can become viable and eco-friendly means of transport".Expressindia.com.Archived fromthe originalon 15 October 2012.Retrieved13 October2017.
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