Apostles in the New Testament

Not to be confused withDisciple (Christianity).

"Twelve Apostles" redirects here. For other uses, seeTwelve Apostles (disambiguation).

For apostles in general, seeApostle.For other uses, seeApostle (disambiguation).

InChristian theologyandecclesiology,theapostles,particularly theTwelve Apostles(also known as theTwelve Disciplesor simplythe Twelve), were the primarydisciplesofJesusaccording to theNew Testament.During thelifeandministry of Jesusin the1st century AD,theapostleswere his closest followers and became the primary teachers ofthe gospelmessage of Jesus.There is also anEastern Christiantradition derived from theGospel of Lukethat there wereseventy apostlesduring the time of Jesus' ministry.

The Last Supper,a late 1490s mural painting byLeonardo da Vinci,is a depiction of the last supper of Jesus and his Twelve Apostles on the eve of his crucifixion.Santa Maria delle Grazie,Milan

Jesus and his Twelve Apostles,frescowith theChi-Rho symbol☧,Catacombs of Domitilla,Rome

Thecommissioning of the Twelve Apostlesduring the ministry of Jesus is described in theSynoptic Gospels.After hisresurrection,Jesus sent eleven of them (asJudas Iscariotby then haddied) by theGreat Commissionto spread his teachings to all nations.

In thePauline epistles,Paul,although not one of the original twelve, described himself as an apostle,saying he was called by theresurrected Jesushimself during hisroad to Damascusevent. He later describes himself as "an apostle to theGentiles".The period and associated events in timeline of early Christianity during the lifetimes of the twelve apostles is called theApostolic Age.

Etymology

Further information:Apostle § Terminology

TheSynaxisof the Twelve Apostles. Russian, 14th century, Moscow Museum

The termapostlecomes from theGreekapóstolos(ἀπόστολος) – formed from the prefixapó-(ἀπό-,'from') and rootstéllō(στέλλω,'I send, I depart') – originally meaning 'messenger, envoy'. It has, however, a stronger sense than the wordmessenger,and is closer to a 'delegate'.

Biblical narratives

Mark 6:7–13states that Jesus initially sent out these twelve in pairs (cf.Mt 10:5–42,Lk 9:1–6) to towns inGalilee.The text states that their initial instructions were toheal the sickanddrive out demons.They are also instructed to "take nothing for their journey, except a staff only: no bread, no wallet, no money in their purse, but to wear sandals, and not put on twotunics,"and that if any town rejects them they ought to shake the dust off their feet as they leave, a gesture which some scholars think was meant as a contemptuous threat.

Later in the Gospel narratives, the Twelve Apostles are described ashaving been commissioned to preachthe Gospel to "all the nations,"regardless of whetherJeworGentile.Paul emphasized the important role of the apostles in the church of God when he said that the household of God is "built upon the foundation of apostles and prophets, Christ Jesus himself being the cornerstone."

Calling by Jesus

Vocation of the Apostles,a fresco in theSistine ChapelbyDomenico Ghirlandaio,1481–82

James Tissot,The Exhortation to the Apostles

All four canonicalGospelsrecord the circumstances in which some of the disciples were recruited.According to theGospel of John,Andrew,who was the disciple ofJohn the Baptist,and another unnamed disciple of John the Baptist, traditionally believed to beJohn,upon hearing the Baptist point out Jesus as the "Lamb of God", followed Jesus and spent the day with him, thus becoming the first two disciples called by Jesus. For this reason theEastern Orthodox Churchhonours Andrew with the nameProtokletos,which means "the first called".

Despite Jesus only briefly requesting that they join him, they are all described as immediately consenting and abandoning their nets to do so. The immediacy of their consent has been viewed as an example of divine power, although this is not stated in the text. Another explanation is that some of the disciples may have heard of Jesus beforehand, as implied by the Gospel of John, which states that Andrew was a disciple ofJohn the Baptist,and that he and his brother started following Jesus as soon asJesus had been baptized.

Adriaen van de Venne'sFishing for Souls,oil on panel, 1614

Matthew describes Jesus meeting James and John, also fishermen and brothers, very shortly after recruiting Simon and Andrew. Matthew and Mark identify James and John as sons ofZebedee.Luke adds to Matthew and Mark that James and John worked as a team with Simon and Andrew. Matthew states that at the time of the encounter, James and John were repairing their nets, but readily joined Jesus without hesitation.

This parallels the accounts of Mark and Luke, but Matthew implies that the men have also abandoned their father (since he is present in the boat they abandon behind them), and Carter feels this should be interpreted to mean that Matthew's view of Jesus is one of a figure rejecting the traditional patriarchal structure of society, where the father had command over his children; most scholars, however, just interpret it to mean that Matthew intended these two to be seen as even more devoted than the other pair, or that Jesus expected the imminent coming of the kingdom.

The Synoptic Gospels go on to describe that later in Jesus'ministryhe noticed atax collectorin his booth. The tax collector, called Matthew inMatthew 9:9,and Levi inMark 2:14andLuke 5:27,is asked by Jesus to become one of his disciples. Matthew/Levi is stated to have accepted and then invited Jesus for a meal with his friends. Tax collectors were seen asvillainsin Jewish society, and thePhariseesare described as asking Jesus why he is having a meal with such disreputable people. The reply Jesus gave is now well known: "it is not the healthy who need a doctor, but the sick. I have not come to call the righteous, but sinners to repentance."

Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles

Thecommissioning of the Twelve Apostlesis an episode in the ministry of Jesus that appears in the three Synoptic Gospels. It relates the initial selection of the Twelve Apostles among thedisciples of Jesus.

In theGospel of Matthew,this event takes place shortly before themiracleof theman with a withered hand.In the gospels ofMarkand of Luke, it appears shortly after that miracle.

Then Jesus summoned his twelve disciples and gave them authority over unclean spirits, to cast them out, and to cure every disease and every sickness. These are the names of the twelve apostles: first, Simon, also known as Peter, and his brother Andrew; James son of Zebedee, and his brother John; Philip and Bartholomew; Thomas and Matthew the tax collector; James son of Alphaeus, and Thaddaeus; Simon the Cananaean, and Judas Iscariot, the one who betrayed him.

— Matthew 10:1–4

He went up the mountain and called to him those whom he wanted, and they came to him. And he appointed twelve, whom he also named apostles, to be with him, and to be sent out to proclaim the message, and to have authority to cast out demons. So he appointed the twelve:[b] Simon (to whom he gave the name Peter); James son of Zebedee and John the brother of James (to whom he gave the name Boanerges, that is, Sons of Thunder); and Andrew, and Philip, and Bartholomew, and Matthew, and Thomas, and James son of Alphaeus, and Thaddaeus, and Simon the Cananaean, and Judas Iscariot, who betrayed him.

— Mark 3:13–19

One of those days Jesus went out to a mountainside to pray, and spent the night praying to God. When morning came, he called his disciples to him and chose twelve of them, whom he also designated apostles: Simon (whom he named Peter), his brother Andrew, James, John, Philip, Bartholomew, Matthew, Thomas, James son of Alphaeus, Simon who was called the Zealot, Judas son of James, and Judas Iscariot, who became a traitor.

— Luke 6:12–16

Lists of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament

Monument of Jesus and the Twelve Apostles inDomus Galilaeae,Israel

Each of the four listings of apostles in the New Testamentindicate that all the apostles were men. Thecanonical gospelsand the book ofActsgive varying names of the Twelve Apostles. The list in the Gospel of Luke differs from Matthew and Mark on one point. It lists "Judas, the son of James" instead of "Thaddaeus".All listings appear in three groupings, always with the same four apostles in each group. Each group is always led by the same apostle, although the order of the remaining three names within the group varies. Thus,Peteris always listed first,Philipis always listed fifth, andJames, son of Alphaeusis always listed ninth.Judas Iscariotis always listed last.

Unlike the Synoptic Gospels, theGospel of Johndoes not offer a formal list of apostles. Although it refers to "the Twelve",the gospel does not present any elaboration of who these twelve actually were, and the author of the Gospel of John does not mention them all by name. There is also no separation of the terms "apostles" and "disciples" in John.

According to the New Testament there were only two pairs of brothers among the Twelve Apostles:PeterandAndrew,the sons of Jonah, as well asJamesandJohn,the sons of Zebedee. Since the father of bothJames, son of AlphaeusandMatthewis namedAlphaeus,according to the tradition of theEastern Orthodox Churchthe two were brothers as well.According to the tradition of theCatholic Churchbased on the writing of theApostolic FatherPapias of Hierapolisthe apostlesJames, son of Alphaeus,andThaddaeuswere brothers and sons ofAlphaeus(named alsoClopas) and his wifeMary of Clopaswho was the sister ofthe mother of Jesus.TheGolden Legend,compiled byJacobus de Voraginein the 13th century, adds to the two apostles alsoSimon the Zealot.

Gospel of Matthew	Gospel of Mark	Gospel of Luke	Gospel of John	Acts of the Apostles
Simon( "also known as Peter" )	Simon ( "to whom he gave the name Peter" )	Simon ( "whom he named Peter" )	Simon Peter/Cephas"which is translated Peter"	Peter
Andrew( "his [Peter's] brother" )	Andrew	Andrew ( "his [Peter's] brother" )	Andrew ( "Simon Peter's brother" )	Andrew
James( "son ofZebedee")	James ( "son of Zebedee" ) / one of the "Boanerges"	James	one of the "sons of Zebedee"	James
John( "his [James's] brother" )	John ( "brother of James" ) / one of the "Boanerges"	John	one of the "sons of Zebedee" / the "disciple whom Jesus loved"	John
Philip	Philip	Philip	Philip	Philip
Bartholomew	Bartholomew	Bartholomew	Nathanael	Bartholomew
Thomas	Thomas	Thomas	Thomas ( "also called Didymus" )	Thomas
Matthew( "thepublican")	Matthew / Levi	Matthew / Levi	not mentioned	Matthew
James( "son ofAlphaeus")	James ( "son of Alphaeus" )	James ( "son of Alphaeus" )	not mentioned	James ( "son of Alphaeus" )
Thaddaeus(or "Lebbaeus" );	Thaddaeus	Judas( "son of James," referred to asbrotherin some translations)	Judas ( "not Iscariot" )	Judas ( "son of James," referred to asbrotherin some translations)
Simon( "the Canaanite" )	Simon ( "the Cananaean" )	Simon ( "who was called theZealot")	not mentioned	Simon ( "the Zealot" )
Judas Iscariot	Judas Iscariot	Judas Iscariot	Judas ( "son of Simon Iscariot" )	(Judas replaced byMatthias)

Inner circle among the Twelve Apostles

Peter,James son of Zebedee,and James's brotherJohnformed an informaltriumvirateamong the Twelve Apostles in theGospels.Jesus invited them to be the only apostles present on three notable occasions during his public ministry: theRaising of Jairus' daughter,theTransfiguration,and theAgony in the Garden of Gethsemane.

At the time of theEarly Christian Churchas a leading trio among the apostles were recognized Peter, John andJames, brother of Jesus,known collectively as the threePillars of the Church.According to the tradition of the Catholic Church based on the writing ofJeromethis James is identified with the apostleJames, son of Alphaeus.

Two of the leading triumvirate, Peter and John, were additionally sent by Jesus into the city to make preparation for the finalPassovermeal (theLast Supper),and were also the only two sent by the collective apostles to visit the newly converted believers inSamaria.If John is to be identified with thedisciple whom Jesus loved,then it was also only Peter and John who followed behind Jesus after his capture in theGarden of Gethsemane,and who ran to the empty tomb afterMary Magdalenebore witness to theresurrection of Jesus.

Replacement of Judas Iscariot

Main article:Matthias the Apostle

After Judas betrayed Jesus (and then in guilt committed suicide before Christ'sresurrection,one Gospel recounts), the apostles numbered eleven. The group is referred to as "the eleven" inMark 16:14(part of the "longer ending" of Mark) and inLuke 24:9,33.InActs 1:26they are "the eleven apostles", inMatthew 28:16they are "the eleven disciples". When Jesus had been taken up from them, in preparation for the coming of the Holy Spirit that he had promised them, Peter advised the brethren:

Judas, who was guide to those who took Jesus... For he was numbered with us, and received his portion in this ministry... For it is written in thebook of Psalms,"Let his habitation be made desolate, Let no one dwell therein", and, "Let another take his office"... So one of the men who have accompanied us during all the time that the Lord Jesus went in and out among us, beginning from the baptism of John until the day he was taken up from us, must become with us a witness to his resurrection.

— Acts 1:15–22

So, between theAscension of Jesusand the day ofPentecost,the remaining apostles elected a twelfth apostle bycasting lots,a traditional Israelite way to determine the will of God (seeProverbs 16:33). The lot fell uponMatthiasaccording toActs 1:26.

Paul the Apostle, in hisFirst Epistle to the Corinthians,appears to give the first historical reference to the Twelve Apostles: "For I delivered to you as of first importance what I also received: that Christ died for our sins in accordance with the Scriptures, that he was buried, that he was raised on the third day in accordance with the Scriptures, and that he appeared toCephas,then to the twelve "(1 Cor 15:3–5).

Other apostles mentioned in the New Testament

Person called apostle	Where in Scripture	Notes
Barnabas	Acts 14:14	—
James the Just, the brother of Jesus	1 Corinthians 15:7, Galatians 1:19	—
AndronicusandJunia	Romans 16:7	Paul states that Andronicus and Junia were "of note among the apostles." This has been traditionally interpreted in one of two ways: That Andronicus and Junia were "of note among the apostles," that is, distinguished apostles. That Andronicus and Junia were "well knownamongthe apostles "meaning" well knowntothe apostles " If the first view is correct then Paul may be referring to a female apostle– the Greek name (Iounian) is in the accusative and could be either Junia (a woman) or Junias (a man).Later manuscripts add accents to make it unambiguously Junias; however, while "Junia" was a common name, "Junias" was not,and both options are favored by different Bible translations. In the second view, it is believed that Paul is simply making mention of the outstanding character of these two people which was acknowledged by the apostles. Historically it has been virtually impossible to tell which of the two views were correct. The second view, in recent years, has been defended from a scholarly perspective by Daniel Wallace and Michael Burer.

The seventy disciples

Main article:Seventy disciples

The "seventy disciples" or "seventy-two disciples" (known in theEastern Christiantraditions as the "Seventy Apostles" ) were early emissaries of Jesus mentioned in theGospel of Luke.According to Luke, the only gospel in which they appear, Jesus appointed them and sent them out in pairs on a specific mission which is detailed in the text.

InWestern Christianity,they are usually referred to asdisciples,whereas in Eastern Christianity they are usually referred to as apostles.Using the originalGreek words,both titles are descriptive, as anapostleis one sent on amission(the Greek uses the verb form:apesteilen) whereas adiscipleis a student, but the two traditions differ on the scope of the wordsapostleanddisciple.

Paul, Apostle of the Gentiles

Main article:Paul the Apostle

Although not one of the apostles commissioned during the life of Jesus, Paul, aJewalso named Saul,claimed a special commission from the post-ascensionJesusas "the apostle of theGentiles",to spread the gospel message afterhis conversion.In his writings, theepistlesto Christian churches throughout theLevant,Paul did not restrict the term "apostle" to the twelve, and often refers to his mentorBarnabasas an apostle.

Inhis writings,Paul, although not one of the original twelve, described himself as anapostle.He was called by the resurrected Jesus himself during hisRoad to Damascusevent. With Barnabas, he undertook the role of apostle in the church.

Since Paul claimed to have received a gospel not from teachings of the Twelve Apostles but solely and directly through personal revelations from the post-ascension Jesus,after Jesus's death and resurrection (rather than before like the twelve), Paul was often obliged to defend his apostolic authority (1 Cor. 9:1 "Am I not an apostle?") and proclaim that he had seen and was anointed by Jesus while on the road to Damascus.

Paul considered himself perhaps inferior to the other apostles because he had originally persecuted Christ's followerswhile thinking he was not in the least inferior to those "super-apostles" and not lacking in "knowledge".

Paul referred to himself as theapostle of the Gentiles.According to Paul's account in hisEpistle to the Galatians,James, Peter and John in Jerusalem accepted the "grace" given to Paul and agreed that Paul and Barnabas should go to the Gentiles (specifically those notcircumcised) and the three apostles who "seemed to be pillars" to the circumcised.Despite theLittle Commission of Matthew 10,the Twelve Apostles did not limit their mission to solely Jews asCornelius the Centurionis widely considered the first Gentile convert and he was converted by Peter, and the Great Commission of the resurrected Jesus is specifically to "all nations".

As theCatholic Encyclopediastates, "It is at once evident that in a Christian sense, everyone who had received a mission from God, or Christ, to man could be called 'Apostle'";thus extending the original sense beyond the twelve.

Deaths

Relics of the apostles in 2017, while they were in Utah during the Relic Tour

Of the Twelve Apostles to hold the title after Matthias' selection,Christian traditionhas generally passed down that all of the Twelve Apostles exceptJohnwere martyred.It is traditionally believed that John survived all of them, living to old age and dying of natural causes at Ephesus sometime after AD 98, during the reign ofTrajan.However, only the death of his brotherJameswho became the first Apostle to die inc. AD 44is described in theNew Testament.(Acts 12:1–2)

Matthew 27:5says that Judas Iscariot threw the silver he received for betraying Jesus down in the Temple, then went and hanged himself.Acts 1:18says that he purchased a field, then "falling headlong he burst open in the middle and all his bowels gushed out".

According to the 18th-century historianEdward Gibbon,early Christians (second half of the second century and first half of the third century) believed that only Peter, Paul, and James, son of Zebedee, were martyred.The remainder, or even all, of the claims of martyred apostles do not rely upon historical or biblical evidence, but only on late legends.

Relics and burial sites

Relicsof the apostles are claimed by various churches, many in Europe.

• Andrew:buried inCathedral of Saint Andrew, Patras,Greece
• Bartholomew:buried in theBasilicaofBenevento,Italy, orBasilica of St. Bartholomew on the Island,Rome, Italy
• James the Great:buried inSantiago de Compostela CathedralinSantiago de Compostela,Galicia,Spain
• James, son of Alphaeus:buried in theCathedral of St. James in Jerusalemorthe Church of the Holy Apostlesin Rome.
• John:no relics. The opening of his tomb (in theBasilica of St. John,Ephesus) duringConstantine the Great's reign yielded no bones, giving rise to the belief that his body wasassumedinto heaven.
• Judas Iscariot:buried atAkeldamanearJerusalem(per theGospel of MatthewandActs of the Apostles).
• Jude Thaddeus:buried in St. Peter's Basilica under the St. Joseph altar with St. Simon the Zealot; two bones (relics) located atNational Shrine of St. JudeinChicago;other relics claimed byReims CathedralandToulouse Cathedral.
• Matthew:buried in theSalerno Cathedral,Italy.
• Matthias:buried in theSt. Matthias' AbbeyinTrier,Germany.
• Paul:relics located in theBasilica of Saint Paul Outside the Wallsin Rome; the skull located in theArchbasilica of Saint John Lateran,alongside the skull of St. Peter.
• Peter:buried inSt. Peter's BasilicainVatican City,Rome,Italy; the skull located in theArchbasilica of Saint John Lateran,alongside the skull of St. Paul.
• Philip:buried inthe Church of the Holy Apostlesin Rome or possiblyHierapolis,modern Turkey.
• Simon the Zealot:buried in St. Peter's Basilica in Rome under theSt. Josephaltar with St. Jude.
• Thomas:buried in theSan Thome BasilicainChennai,India or in theBasilica of St. Thomas the ApostleinOrtona,Italy.

Legacy

By the2nd century AD,association with the apostles was esteemed as an evidence of authority. Churches that are believed to have been founded by one of the apostles are known asapostolic sees.

Paul's epistles were accepted asscripture,and two of the fourcanonicalgospels were associated with apostles, as were otherNew Testamentworks. Various Christian texts, such as theDidacheand theApostolic Constitutions,were attributed to the apostles.TheApostles' Creed,popular in theWest,was alleged to have been composed by the apostles themselves.

Bishopstraced their lines of succession back to individual apostles, who were said to have dispersed from Jerusalem andestablished churchesacross great territories. Christian bishops have traditionally claimed authority deriving, byapostolic succession,from the Twelve Apostles.

EarlyChurch Fatherswho came to be associated with apostles – such asPope Clement IwithSt. Peter– are referred to as theApostolic Fathers.

See also

• Apostle (Latter Day Saints)
• Apostles' Fast
• Companions of the Prophet
• Council of Jerusalem
• Council of Twelve Apostles
• Dispersion of the Apostles
• Equal-to-apostles

References

Sources

• Boring, M. Eugene (2006).Mark: A Commentary.Presbyterian Publishing Corp.ISBN978-0-664-22107-2.
• Burkett, Delbert (2002).An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity.Cambridge University Press.ISBN978-0-521-00720-7.Archived fromthe originalon 16 April 2019.Retrieved9 February2019.
• Dunn, James D. G., ed. (2003),The Cambridge Companion to St. Paul,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,ISBN0-521-78155-8
• Harrington, Daniel J. (1991).The Gospel of Matthew.Liturgical Press.ISBN978-0814658031.
• Ehrman, Bart D.(2005).Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew.Oxford University Press.ISBN978-0195182491.
• Harris, Stephen L. (2006).Understanding the Bible(7th ed.). McGraw-Hill.ISBN978-0-07-296548-3.Archived fromthe originalon 18 November 2018.Retrieved9 February2019.
• Nolland, John (2005).The Gospel of Matthew: A Commentary on the Greek Text.Eerdmans.
• Perkins, Pheme(1998)."The Synoptic Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles: Telling the Christian Story".In Barton, John (ed.).The Cambridge companion to biblical interpretation.Westminster John Knox Press.ISBN978-0-521-48593-7.
• Perkins, Pheme (2009).Introduction to the Synoptic Gospels.Eerdmans.ISBN978-0-8028-6553-3.Archivedfrom the original on 4 February 2023.Retrieved27 August2020.
• Reddish, Mitchell (2011).An Introduction to The Gospels.Abingdon Press.ISBN978-1426750083.Archivedfrom the original on 4 February 2023.Retrieved27 August2020.
• Sanders, E.P. (1995).The Historical Figure of Jesus.Penguin UK.ISBN978-0141928227.Archivedfrom the original on 29 February 2024.Retrieved15 October2020.
• Theissen, Gerd; Merz, Annette (1998) [1996].The historical Jesus: a comprehensive guide.Translated by Bowden, John. Eerdmans.

Further reading

• The Navarre Bible.(RSV, Catholic Edition), Dublin: Four Courts Press, 1999.
• Albright, W.F.and C.S. Mann. "Matthew."The Anchor Bible Series.New York: Doubleday & Company, 1971.
• Pope Benedict XVI,The Apostles.Full title isThe Origins of the Church – The Apostles and Their Co-Workers.published 2007, in the US:ISBN978-1-59276-405-1;different edition published in the UK under the title:Christ and His Church – Seeing the face of Jesus in the Church of the Apostles,ISBN978-1-86082-441-8.
• Carson, D.A. "The Limits of Functional Equivalence in Bible Translation – and other Limits Too." inThe Challenge of Bible Translation: Communicating God's Word to the World.edited by Glen G Scorgie, Mark L. Strauss, Steven M. Voth.
• Carter, Warren. "Matthew 4:18–22 and Matthean Discipleship: An Audience-Oriented Perspective."Catholic Bible Quarterly.Vol. 59. No. 1. 1997.
• Clarke, Howard W.The Gospel of Matthew and its Readers: A Historical Introduction to the First Gospel.Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2003.
• "Fishers of Men."A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature.David Lyle Jeffrey, general editor. Grand Rapids: W.B. Eerdmans, 1992.
• France, R.T.The Gospel According to Matthew: an Introduction and Commentary.Leicester: Inter-Varsity, 1985.
• Karrer, Martin. "Apostle, Apostolate." InThe Encyclopedia of Christianity,edited by Erwin Fahlbusch and Geoffrey William Bromiley, 107–08. Vol. 1. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1999.ISBN0-8028-2413-7
• Knecht, Friedrich Justus (1910)."Chapter XXXI. Jesus chooses and sends forth His Apostles".A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture.B. Herder.
• Mack, Burton L.,The Lost Gospel – The Book of Q & Christian Origins.HarperCollins 1994.
• Manek, Jindrich. "Fishers of Men."Novum Testamentum.1958, p. 138.
• Schweizer, Eduard.The Good News According to Matthew.Atlanta: John Knox Press, 1975.
• Wuellner, Wilhelm H.The Meaning of "Fishers of Men".Westminster Press, 1967.

External links

• Texts on Wikisource:
• "Apostle".Encyclopedia Americana.1920.
• "Apostle".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 2 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 196–99.
• "Apostles".The New Student's Reference Work.1914.
• Coppieters, Honoré-Joseph (1913). "Apostles".Catholic Encyclopedia.
• "Apostle".New International Encyclopedia.1905.
• "Apostle".Easton's Bible Dictionary.1897.