Wikipedia

Typhoon Ketsana

This article is about the 2009 typhoon. For other storms of the same name, seeList of storms named KetsanaandList of storms named Ondoy.

Typhoon Ketsana,known in the Philippines asTropical Storm Ondoy,was the second-most devastating tropical cyclone of the2009 Pacific typhoon season,causing$1.15 billion in damages and 665 fatalities, only behindMorakotearlier in the season, which caused 956 deaths and damages worth$6.2 billion. Ketsana was the sixteenth tropical storm, and the eighth typhoon of the season. It was the most devastating tropical cyclone to hitManila,[1]surpassingTyphoon Patsy (Yoling)in1970.

Typhoon Ketsana (Ondoy)
Ketsana prior to peak intensity on September 28
Meteorological history
FormedSeptember 24, 2009
DissipatedSeptember 30, 2009
Typhoon
10-minute sustained(JMA)
Highest winds130 km/h (80 mph)
Lowest pressure960hPa(mbar); 28.35inHg
Category 2-equivalent typhoon
1-minute sustained(SSHWS/JTWC)
Highest winds165 km/h (105 mph)
Lowest pressure955hPa(mbar); 28.20inHg
Overall effects
Fatalities665 direct
Missing439
Damage$1.15 billion (2009USD)
Areas affectedPhilippines,China,Vietnam,Laos,Cambodia,Thailand
IBTrACSEdit this at Wikidata
Part of the2009 Pacific typhoon season

Ketsana formed early about 860 km (530 mi) to the northwest ofPalauon September 23, 2009. The depression remained weak and was downgraded to a low pressure area later that day by theJapan Meteorological Agency(JMA) but after drifting through extremely favorable conditions, it intensified the next day and was categorized as Tropical Depression by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) and was given the name Ondoy after entering thePhilippine Area of Responsibility.TheJoint Typhoon Warning Center(JTWC) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert on the depression. It was then upgraded to a tropical depression by the JMA later that morning before the JTWC followed suit early on September 25, designating the depression as 17W. Soon, Ketsana was upgraded to atropical stormbefore passing over thePhilippines.As it moved into theSouth China Seathe storm intensified while moving toward the west, and was categorized as a Severe Tropical Storm by the JMA.

PresidentGloria Macapagal Arroyodeclared a "state of calamity"encompassing most of Luzon after at least 86 people were initially reported dead inlandslidesand other incidents.[2]Flood water levels reached a record 20 feet (6.1 m) in rural areas. As of October 24, 2013, at least 464 deaths in the Philippines were officially reported from the typhoon.[a]

Meteorological history

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Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
Unknown
Storm type
Extratropical cyclone,remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

On September 23, 2009, theJapan Meteorological Agency(JMA), reported that a seasonal tropical depression had formed about 860 km (530 mi) to the northwest ofPalau.[10]TheJoint Typhoon Warning Center(JTWC) then reported later that day that the depression had a developinglow-level circulation centerand was in a favorable environment with low vertical wind shear.[11]The JMA then reported that the depression had weakened into anarea of low pressure.[12]However, early the next day, as deep convection started to consolidate around the low-level circulation center, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) reported that the low-pressure area had become a tropical depression and assigned it a local name of Ondoy.[13][14]Later that morning, the JTWC issued aTropical Cyclone Formation Alertas central convection had continued to organize around a consolidating elongated but exposed low-level circulation center.[15]The JMA then re-upgraded Ondoy to a tropical depression later that morning before the JTWC followed suit early on September 25, designating it as Tropical Depression 17W when it was located about 400 nm east of Manila in the Philippines.[16][17]At this stage, the system was moving along the southern side of the subtropical ridge and had good poleward outflow into atropical upper tropospheric trough(TUTT) cell.[17]

Tropical Storm Ketsana over the Philippines on September 26

Throughout September 25 the intensification of Ondoy was hampered by the system moving into an area of moderate verticalwind shearand by an upper-level trough of pressure that was moving over the system.[18]But later that day the JTWC upgraded it to a tropical storm despite its low level circulation center being partially exposed.[19]The JMA followed suit early the next day, assigning the international name of Ketsana and the international designation of 0916 to the storm.[20]PAGASA then reported that Ketsana had made landfall on Northern Luzon near the boundary of the Philippine provinces ofAuroraandQuezon.As a result of making landfall, its low-level circulation center had become fully exposed, but as the storm moved into theSouth China Sea,it dramatically deepened and expanded while moving west and was upgraded to a severe tropical storm by the JMA early on September 27.

During September 27, Ketsana gradually developed further and was upgraded to a typhoon by the JTWC and the JMA early the next day, as multiple convective bands were continuing to consolidate more tightly around the low-level circulation center, leading to the formation of a disorganized eye. Typhoon Ketsena then intensified quickly under favorable conditions, reaching peak windspeeds later that day of 165 km/h (103 mph)(1-min winds)and 140 km/h (87 mph)(10-min winds)which made it a Category 2 typhoon on theSaffir–Simpson scale.Ketsana then made a second landfall onQuảng NaminVietnam,at 0600 UTC on September 29 at its peak intensity. It then rapidly weakened into a Severe Tropical Storm, with the JTWC issuing its last advisory later that day; however, the JMA continued to monitor Ketsana as a Severe Tropical Storm until later that day, when it downgraded it to a Tropical Storm before further downgrading it to a Tropical Depression early the next day when the center of the depression was located overLaos.The JMA monitored the storm as a weak tropical depression until late on September 30, when it released its final advisory.

Preparations

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Philippines

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PSWS Map of the Philippines during Ketsana (Ondoy) affects and strucks the Northern Philippines

On September 24, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) placed the provinces ofAurora,northernQuezon,Camarines Norte,Camarines Sur,andCatanduanesunderPublic Storm Warning Signal(PSWS) No. 1, which meant that winds of 30–60 km/h (19–37 mph) were expected to affect those areas within 36 hours. PAGASA raised PSWS No. 2 for the provinces ofCatanduanes,Camarines NorteandCamarines Sur,andPolillo IslandinQuezon.[21]On September 28, PAGASA lifted all public storm signals in the country as Ketsana left thePhilippine Area of Responsibility(PAR) the same day.[22]After thefloodsstruck, some were critical of the government's failure to predict the scale of the disaster or to lessen the damage it caused.[8]

Highest Public Storm Warning Signal

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PSWS# Luzon Visayas Mindanao
2 Pangasinan, Nueva Vizcaya, Quirino, Aurora, Nueva Ecija, Zambales, Tarlac, Pampanga, Bulacan, Northern portion of Quezon including Polillo Island None None
1 Metro Manila, Bataan, Rizal, Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Camarines Norte, Marinduque, Mindoro Provinces, Lubang Island, Ilocos Sur, La Union, Benguet, Isabela, Mt. Province, Ifugao, Southern portion of Quezon None None

China

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Late on September 27, both theHong Kong Observatoryand theMacao Meteorological and Geophysical BureauplacedHong KongandMacauunder the Standby Signal No.1.[23][24]The Bureau then considered hoisting theStrong Wind Signal 3,but decided it was not needed for Hong Kong, while Macau hoisted it early the next day. These warnings were kept in force until later that day when all warnings were lowered.[23]On September 29 it was announced that parts of southern China would be placed under an orange warning with certain regional meteorological bureaus entering a level 3 emergency response.

Vietnam

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On September 27, the Vietnam National Center for Hydro-Meteorological Forecasting[25]issued a public storm warning signal named "Number 9." The Vietnamese government evacuated some 170,000 people. The government instructed residents to secure their homes with fortified hard wood and sandbag roofs. Also, authorities mobilized several thousand military personnel and police to help residents evacuate from the typhoon's path. Fishing vessels were called to return to their ports.[26]This caused thousands of crops to fail.

Impact

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Philippines

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Typhoon Ketsana casualties in the Philippines
NDCCdeath tally[27]
Region Deaths
CAR 4
Region III 56
NCR 448
Region IV-A 160
ARMM 3
Total 671
Damages[27]
Amount
Agriculture ₱6,766,046,143.00
($143,805,444.06)
Infrastructure ₱4,391,462,577.60
($93,336,080.29)
Total damages[n 1] ₱11,157,508,720.60
($237,141,524.35)
Tropical Storm Ondoy (Ketsana) Rainfall Distribution over Philippines
Measurement
station 		Precipitation Date Pre-Post(mm)
(mm) (in)
PAGASA Science Garden, Quezon City, NCR 454.9 mm 17.91 inches September 26, 2009 94.0 mm
Tanay, Rizal, CALABARZON 331.7 mm 13.06 inches September 26, 2009 41.5 mm
Manila, Metro Manila, NCR 258.6 mm 10.18 inches September 26, 2009 41.4 mm
Ambulong, Batangas/Laguna, CALABARZON 234.4 mm 9.23 inches September 26, 2009 49.5 mm
Bagasbas, Daet, Camarines Norte, Bicol 204.5 mm 8.05 inches September 25, 2009 5.8 mm
Infanta, Quezon, CALABARZON 176.2 mm 6.94 inches September 26, 2009 98.6 mm
(PSW), Barrio Barretto, Zambales, Central Luzon 159.3 mm 6.27 inches September 26, 2009 75.2 mm
Subic,W.S., Zambales, Central Luzon 127.8 mm 5.03 inches September 26, 2009 50.3 mm
Clark AFB, Angeles City, Pampanga, Central Luzon 109.0 mm 4.29 inches September 26, 2009 25.4 mm
Iba, Zambales, Central Luzon 103.9 mm 4.09 inches September 26, 2009 39.9 mm
Metro Manilaexperienced the highest rainfall in history, which brought heavy flooding.

Ketsana caused widespreadflash floodingin the cities ofManila,Caloocan,Marikina,Malabon,Muntinlupa,Quezon,Makati,Pasay,Pasig,Taguig,Valenzuela,andSan Juan.Flooding also occurred in the nearby provinces ofBulacan,Rizal,Laguna,and otherCalabarzonareas. Major roads were rendered impassable because of huge flood currents and clogged cars.[28]Air flights were canceled because of heavy rains.

Earlier,power interruptionswere reported inCamarines Norte,and minorlandslidesoccurred inCamarines Sur.[28]

EDSAwas closed because of heavy flooding.Defense SecretaryandNational Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council(NDCC) chairmanGilbert Teodoroasked theDOTCto keepMRTandLRTlines operational to accommodate stranded passengers.[29]

Landslide at Barangay San Juan Bano,Arayat,Pampanga

On the afternoon of September 26, Gilbert Teodoro declared an overallstate of calamityinMetro Manilaand the nearby 25 provinces in Luzon hit by the typhoon, allowing officials to utilize emergency funds for relief and rescue. Army troops, police, and civilian volunteers were deployed to rescue victims.[30]ThePhilippine National Red Crossand thePhilippine Coast Guarddispatched teams to rescue stranded and trapped people.[31]At that time, the average height of flooding was from two feet to waist high, and in some areas above six feet.[32] EvenMalacañang Palacewas opened to those who were in need. Thelandslidesand severefloodingleft at least 246 people dead and 38 others missing.[8][27]Public and private roads were clogged by vehicles stuck in floodwater.[8]Thousands of motorists and more than 500 passengers were stranded at theNorth Luzon Expressway(NLEx). Distress telephone calls and emails from thousands of Metro Manila residents and their worried relatives flooded television and radio stations overnight as most of the power supply, communication, and water supply were lost.[33]Ketsana also causedNinoy Aquino International Airport(NAIA) to close for almost a day.[34]

The economic region ofMetro Manilaand many adjoining provinces incurred damages to bothinfrastructureandagriculture.As of September 28, 2009, total damages from Ketsana were estimated at $100 million.[3][4][8]Internet cafés,entertainment plazas, banks, food stores, building agencies, and stores were soaked with water and mud.[8][35]Many people were warned ofleptospirosis.

Flooding near theSM City Marikina
Flooding atRiverbanks Center

Marikina,part of Metro Manila, was the most devastated region in the Philippines: almost all of the city's area was submerged in water up to ten feet deep and tons of knee-deep mud. During the typhoon, theMarikina Riverbroke its banks and transformed streets into rivers.[36]Marikina residential areas, particularly Provident Village, were badly affected by flooding; at least eight people were found dead.[37]Marikina itself recorded 78 deaths, the highest among Metro Manila cities.[38]

At the height of the flooding, around 100,000 liters of bunker oil from the paper manufacturing firm Noah's Paper Mill in Marikina spilled. Most of the oil battered the city'sbarangays,and a relatively small amount was washed into the basement of theSM City Marikinashopping mall. The spill later complicated rescue efforts in the city.[39]Over two days starting on September 29, theNational Power Corporation Flood Forecasting and Warning Systemreleased 500 cubic meters per second of stored water from theAngat DaminBulacan.The dam had accumulated 100 cubic meters per second when Ketsana hit the province.[40]Mandaluyongalso recorded more than 6 feet (1.8 m) of flooding, especially in Gen. Kalentong St., where flooding was more than 10 feet (3.0 m) deep,[41]badly affectingthe local campus of Arellano University.The street recorded the highest flooding outside the Marikina area.

InMindanao,several towns inCotabato Cityand nearbySultan Kudaratmunicipalities were submerged. The closing of the national highway in Bulalo, Cotabato City led to the isolation of connecting towns for several days.[42]

Vietnam

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Flooding inHuế,Vietnam, from Typhoon Ketsana

Ketsana's maximum winds were reported at 167 km/h (104 mph) with gusts as strong as 204 km/h (127 mph) as it crossed over theSouth China Seaand approached land.[43]Two persons were killed by falling trees and electric lines.[citation needed]

Heavy rains and strong winds lashed a 400 km (250 mi) stretch of coastline fromThừa Thiên–HuếtoQuảng Ngãi,with rainfall causing massive flood surges inHuế,Bình Định,andKon Tumprovinces. Record high water levels were reported in rivers of Quảng Ngãi, Kon Tum, andGia Lai.[44]Airports, schools, communications, and electricity in the affected area were shut down. Strong winds also destroyed parts of the north–south high voltage powerline, the backbone of Vietnam's electricity grid. In total the typhoon killed 179 people in Vietnam, 23 during the first hours after landfall; 8 people were missing and 1,140 injured.[45][26][46][47][48]Total economic losses caused by Ketsana were 16.07 trillionVND(US$896.1 million).[n 2][45][49]

Cambodia

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The weakening typhoon struck northeasternCambodiaas one of the most severe storms ever to lash the country, with the worst damage inKampong Thom Provincein central Cambodia. Death tolls reached 43 people.[50]More than 66,000 families were forced from their homes by floodwaters.

Laos

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There was major flooding in the southern and central provinces ofLaos,and much of the country experienced heavy rain and light flooding. Water was up to knee height in the province ofSaravane,and at least 26 people died. The cities ofSavannakhetandPaksewere worst affected since they were directly on the pathway of the typhoon and directly on theMekong River.In theSi Phan Donarea inChampassak Province,some people took refugee on the roofs of their houses. The floods devastated rice fields and homes.Attapeuwas the worst hit province, with nearly 90% of the province affected.

Thailand

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As the weakening Ketsana moved through the country, widespread heavy rainfall and flash flooding were reported in 40 provinces.[51]The heavy rainfall also helped to fill up natural reservoirs within the country.[51]The depression partially damaged 4680 houses and destroyed 44, as well as 820,000 acres (330,000 ha) of agricultural land.[51]Ketsana also injured one person and killed two before moving out of the country as an area of low pressure and dissipating on October 3 over theAndaman Sea.[51]Total damages were estimated at just over$20,000,000.[51]Three dams in Chai-ya-poom were damaged by the heavy rainfall, while inPattayanine boats were sunk waves reported to be over two metres high.[52]

Aftermath

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State of Calamity declared
State of Calamity declared together with confirmed deaths.
A small plantation in the Philippines flooded by the typhoon.

ThePhilippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration(PAGASA) documented a record-high amount of rainfall in 24 hours at 455 millimetres (17.9 in). They also reported that Ketsana's rainfall was recorded from 8am PST/ 0000 (UTC) of Saturday (September 26) to 8am PST/ 0000 (UTC) of Sunday (September 27). The amount of rainfall recorded for six hours, which was 341.3 millimetres (13.44 in), was comparable to the 24-hour rainfall in 1967.[53]The damage to property was estimated to beP6 billion, including P4.1 billion in damage to infrastructure, P1.9 billion in damage to schools, and P882.525 million in damage to agriculture.[54][55]

According to theBureau of Agricultural Statisticsof theDepartment of Agriculture(DA), an estimated 126,721 hectares of rice-farming land were destroyed, which would affect almost 3% of the country's annual expected rice production. Added to this, Ketsana devastated some 1,374 hectares of corn plantations.[56]

Some 48 hours after Ketsana struck Metro Manila, the Philippine government appealed to the international community and theUnited Nationsfor help.[57]Various United Nations agencies, theUnited States,thePeople's Republic of China,andJapanprovided emergency assistance to typhoon victims in the Philippines.[58]The United States donated $50,000, while China and Japan gave $10,000 and $20,000 respectively.AustraliaprovidedA$1 million, andThailandalso provided humanitarian services.[59][60]Germanydonated €500,000,[61]andTaiwandonated $50,000.[62]The United States also deployedMarinesto help rescue victims in theCaintaandPasigareas, as well as for search and retrieval operations for dead bodies.[63][64][65]Special Forces Operatorsand other U.S. service members attached toJoint Special Operations Task Force Philippinesalso assisted in aid efforts.[66]An additional 3,000 U.S. troops were expected to arrive to assist in relief efforts.[67]U.S. Nonprofit international disaster relief organizationAmeriCaresshipped $3.2 million of medical aid for Ketsana survivors.[68]AnIsraelisearch and rescue party, doctors, nurses, and paramedics were sent to the Philippines.[69]

In the Philippines, the National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC) headed the rescue and relief operations for the citizens affected by Ketsana's flooding. There was also a counterpart private-sector effort among companies andNGOsto provide and coordinate relief activities in various areas.

ThePhilippine Armydeployed about 1,000 soldiers in Metro Manila and surrounding provinces to help in operations.[70]ThePhilippine Red Crossand thePhilippine Coast Guardalso deployed teams in rubber boats to rescue people stranded in their homes.[8][71]On the Internet, citizens turned to social networks likeTwitter,Facebook,Plurk,andMultiplyto share news updates and forward cries for help from people trapped in the floods.Google Mapswas used to pinpoint the locations of stranded people, while various blogs and websites shared information on donating money and in-kind goods.[72]Donations arrived from all over the world and were sorely needed.

After Typhoon Ketsana andTyphoon Parma,the government ofJapangave the Philippines a P1.7-billion (3.350 billion yen) grant to improve the country's weather monitoring and information dissemination system.[73][74]

International Aid to the Philippines

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Humvees of the United States Armed Forces deliver family food packs donated by local businesses and private organizations to aid communities affected by Tropical Storm Ketsana.

Paracel Islands incident

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Vietnamese officials and media reported that Chinese naval forces mistreated Vietnamese fishermen who tried to take shelter from the typhoon in the disputedParacel Islands.The Chinese Navy allegedly fired on Vietnamese fishing boats when they tried to take shelter at Tru Cau island to escape Typhoon Ketsana and after being allowed to stay on the island for several days, they were robbed and beaten by Chinese forces before leaving.[85]Vietnam and China have an agreement that fishermen from either country can ride out storms in the other's territory.

Nguyen Viet Thang, chairman of the Vietnam Fishery Association, said his organization was preparing an official protest to China over the incidents. Colonel Bui Phu Phu, vice chief of the border guard forces of the fishermen's home province ofQuảng Ngãi,confirmed the accusations and said the Ministry of Foreign Affairs should send a protest to China.[86]

An official at the Chinese embassy in Hanoi said China had no comment on the accusations.

Retirement

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Due to the damage and deaths caused by the storm, the namesKetsanaandOndoywere later retired. The committee selected the nameChampito replaceKetsanaon the Western Pacific basin name lists beginning in 2011. It was first used in the2015 season. In June 2012, PAGASA chose the nameOdetteto replaceOndoy,which was first used in2013.But later in 2021, the nameOdettewas retired after itsusagedue to the number of deaths and damages it caused.

Removal of Prisco Nilo

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WhenPresidentBenigno Aquino IIItook office in June 2010, PAGASA Chief AdministratorPrisco Nilowas fired and removed from his post on August 6.[87]The agency accused Nilo of having a supposedly fool-proof forecast of Typhoon Ketsana as the typhoon struck overMetro Manila.Aquino adds lack of disaster preparedness and slow installation ofDoppler weather radarand other equipment, and slow voluntary response that left the agency unmodernized.

Nilo left PAGASA after Graciano Yumul, Jr., took Nilo's vacant seat. This similar accusation also happened on the aftermath ofTyphoon Conson(Basyang) in July 2010. Nilo was inAustraliafor his new post as weather forecaster of theBureau of Meteorology(BOM).

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^Attributed to multiple references.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9]
  1. ^Total damagesfigure includes agriculture, infrastructure, casualties, etc. damages.
  2. ^2009 statistics

References

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