Wikipedia

U.S. Route 23 in Michigan

This article is about the section of highway in Michigan. For the entire length of highway, seeU.S. Route 23.

US Highway 23(US 23) is a north–southUnited States Numbered Highwaythat runs fromJacksonville, Florida,toMackinaw City, Michigan.In the US state ofMichigan,it is a major, 362-mile-long (583 km), north–southstate trunkline highwaythat runs through theLower Peninsula.The trunkline is afreewayfrom the Michigan–Ohiostate line nearLambertvilleto the city ofStandish,and it follows theLake Huronshoreline from there to its northern terminus. Serving the cities ofAnn ArborandFlint,US 23 acts as a freeway bypass of theMetro Detroitarea. Overall, the highway runs through rural areas of the state dominated by farm fields or woodlands; some segments are urban in character in the Ann Arbor, Flint andTri-Citiesareas. The section from Flint north to Standish also carriesInterstate 75(I-75) along aconcurrencythat includes a segment that carries almost 70,000 vehicles on a daily basis.

US Highway 23 marker
US Highway 23
Map
US 23 highlighted in red
Route information
Maintained byMDOT
Length362.152 mi[1](582.827 km)
ExistedNovember 11, 1926(1926-11-11)[2]–present
Tourist
routes		Lake Huron Circle Tour
Huron Shores Heritage Route
Major junctions
South endUS 23/US 223nearLambertville
Major intersections
North endI-75nearMackinaw City
Location
CountryUnited States
StateMichigan
CountiesMonroe,Washtenaw,Livingston,Genesee,Saginaw,Bay,Arenac,Iosco,Alcona,Alpena,Presque Isle,Cheboygan,Emmet
Highway system
←M-22→
Bus. US 23

The first transportation routes along what is now US 23 in the state were sections of twoIndiantrails. In the early 20th century, four differentauto trailnames were applied to roads now a part of the highway. These roads were included as part of two state highways in the initial state highway system in 1919. When the United States Numbered Highway System was first designated on November 11, 1926, the new US 23 replaced the other designations along its route. Since creation, the road has been moved and realigned several times. Through the 1930s and 1940s, the lakeshore routing was created to replace a path that ran further inland through thenorthern portionof the state. Starting in the early 1950s, various sections in the southeastern and central areas of the Lower Peninsula were upgraded to freeways, bypassing several major cities in the area. These improvements were completed by the end of the 1960s. Since then a new crossing of theSaginaw RiveratZilwaukeewas built to replace a drawbridge that carried the I-75/US 23 freeway over a shipping channel.

Various memorial or tourist route designations have been applied to US 23 in the state since the 1980s. The highway has been a part of theLake Huron Circle Toursince the creation of theGreat Lakes Circle Toursin 1986. The non-freeway section was designated theSunrise Side Coastal Highwayby theMichigan Department of Transportation(MDOT) in 2004 as a part of what is now thePure Michigan BywayProgram. Since 2009, it has been called theHuron Shores Heritage Route.The highway has also carried two memorial designations related to war veterans and a third related to local civic leaders since a 2001 consolidation of related legislation in the state. MDOT has listed two of the highway's bridges on its historic bridge list, one of which is also on theNational Register of Historic Places(NRHP). Future improvements to the route of US 23 include a proposed northerly extension of the freeway from Standish to one of several locations along the Lake Huron shoreline. Another freeway has been proposed in the Flint area that could connect US 23 directly to the south end ofI-475.

Route description

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US 23 runs for 362.152 miles (582.827 km) through the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, serving as a freeway bypass to the west ofMetro Detroitand a scenic highway through thenorthern portionof the state along Lake Huron. BetweenFlintandStandish,US 23runs concurrentlywithI-75;[3]the combined freeway section from Flint toBay Citycan contain between six and eight lanes total while the rest of the US 23 freeway is mostly four lanes. Non-freeway segments of US 23 in the state are two lanes.[4]Like other state trunkline highways, it is maintained by theMichigan Department of Transportation(MDOT). All of US 23 in the state south of theM-32junction inAlpenahas been listed on theNational Highway System,[5]a network of roads important to the country's economy, defense, and mobility.[6]From the Standish area north, the highway is also a part of theLake Huron Circle Tourand the Huron Shores Heritage Route, aPure Michigan Byway.[3]

Southeastern Michigan

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Freeway approaching exit 3 in southern Monroe County

US 23 enters Michigan on a freeway northwest ofToledo, Ohio,concurrent withUS 223.This freeway runs north through farm fields in rural westernMonroe CountynearLambertville.About five miles (8.0 km) north of the state line, US 223 leaves the freeway and turns west onto St. Anthony Road; US 23 continues northward on the freeway. South ofDundee,US 23 crosses theRiver Raisinbefore coming to an interchange withM-50next to theCabela'sstore west of town. North of town, the freeway passes near an industrial area.[3][4]Farther north, it crosses a line of theAnn Arbor Railroad[7]nearAzaliaas the trunkline runs to the east ofMilanat the Monroe-Washtenawcounty line.[3][4]North of Milan, the freeway crosses a line of theNorfolk Southern Railway.[7]

The landscape takes on a more suburban residential character as the freeway approaches the Ann Arbor area. There are separate interchanges forUS 12(Michigan Avenue) andI-94on the southeast side of the city. Between I-94 and Washtenaw Avenue, US 23 carries theBusiness Loop I-94(BL I-94) moniker as well. That secondary designation leaves the freeway and runs west on Washtenaw Avenue into downtown Ann Arbor and the campus of theUniversity of Michigan.At the same interchange, aBusiness US 23(Bus. US 23) designation also follows Washtenaw Avenue to the west; east of US 23, M-17 follows Washtenaw Avenue and connects the freeway with Ypsilanti. North of this interchange, US 23 crosses theHuron Rivernear the campus ofthe local community collegeand continues north to a junction with theM-14freeway. The two merge and run westward along the north side of the city before US 23 turns north and M-14 curves south.[3][4]

North of Ann Arbor, the freeway runs through woodlands and near several lakes and features aflex routesystem allowing traffic to use the inner shoulder during peak times.[8]In the community ofWhitmore Lake,US 23 crosses intoLivingston Countynear the city's namesake body of water. East ofBrighton,the freeway intersectsI-96and continues north to an intersection withM-59south ofHartland.The highway turns northeasterly by Runyon Lake and runs toward the city ofFenton.The trunkline passes through town and bends back toward the northwest, running between lakes Ponemah and Fenton. Continuing north, the environment around US 23 transitions to rural farm fields as the freeway approaches the south side of the Flint area.[3][4]

Flint and the Tri-Cities area

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I-75/US 23 northbound approaching the Zilwaukee Bridge near Saginaw

West ofGrand Blanc,US 23 meets I-75, and the two freeways merge near theBishop International Airportand continue along the west side of the Flint metro area.[3][4]I-75/US 23 has an interchange withI-69near the crossing with theCanadian National Railwayline.[7]Continuing northwards through suburban residential areas, the highway crosses theFlint Riverwhile running along the west side of the city. InMount Morris Township,the freeway intersects the northern end ofI-475before meetingM-57nearClio.[3][4]The highest traffic totals along US 23 in the state of Michigan were recorded by MDOT near the M-57 interchange; in 2009 an average 68,800 vehicles used that section of freeway daily.[9]These traffic counts are expressed in terms ofannual average daily traffic(AADT), which is a statistical calculation of the average daily number of vehicles on a segment of roadway.

NearBirch Run,the highway turns northwesterly next to alarge outlet mall.Between here and the Saginaw area, the freeway runs through more wooded lands, crossing theCass RivernearBridgeport.I-75/US 23 enters theTri-Cities(named forSaginaw,Bay City andMidland) when it bypasses Saginaw to the east. The freeway intersectsM-46inBuena Vista Townshipsouth of the junction withI-675.North of downtown Saginaw, the freeway crosses theSaginaw Riveron theZilwaukee Bridge,[3][4]a "post-tensioned,segmental, [concrete]box girder bridge"[10]that is "infamous" for a series of "construction mishaps, cost overruns, and government foibles."[11]

Northern end of the freeway near Standish

Past the bridge, I-75/US 23 meets the northern end of I-675 and continues through fields and woods to the Bay City area. At exit 162, the freeway meets the eastern terminus ofUS 10and the western terminus ofM-25west of downtown. The next interchange north is with theConnector M-13(CONN M-13) freeway, which was the previous northern end of US 23's freeway in Michigan. The connector runs due northward, and I-75/US 23 turns northwesterly to bypass aroundKawkawlin.The highway veers north, crosses theKawkawlin Riverand the Pinconning Creek before coming to an interchange southwest of Standish. There, US 23 curves east, separating from I-75. US 23 continues for about three miles (4.8 km) as a freeway which ends at the intersection withM-13south of Standish.[3][4]The lowest AADT along any freeway section of US 23 in Michigan is the section immediately east of I-75; here the traffic levels drop from 20,763 to 4,466 vehicles per day after US 23 separates from I-75.[9]

Northern Michigan

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US 23 runs north from the end of its freeway along Huron Road through the community of Standish. The trunkline turns northeasterly through lakeshore woodlands after the intersection withOld M-76.[3][4]Northeast of this intersection, the highest, non-freeway AADT level on US 23 was recorded by MDOT at 16,757 vehicles daily.[9]Running throughOmer,the highway crosses theRifle River[3][4]and a line of theLake State Railway.[7]In between the two crossings, it curves due east on its way out of town. At Hale Road, US 23 meets the southern end ofM-65before it continues east toAu Gres,where it runs along theSaginaw Bayand crosses theAu Gres River.Huron Road meanders northward along the lakeshore, staying inland near Point Lookout. US 23 runs through woods as it follows the Saginaw Bays shoreline northeasterly throughAlabastertoTawas City.The highway intersects the eastern terminus ofM-55,runs north and east aroundTawas BaytoEast Tawasand follows the Lake Huron shoreline toOscoda.[3][4]Through this area, US 23 runs parallel to the Lake State Railway and crosses into theHuron National Forest.[7][12]

Welcome sign at Omer

Oscoda is the location of the eastern termini of both theRiver Road National Scenic Bywayand County RoadF-41.In between those two junctions, the highway crosses theAu Sable Rivernear its mouth, and the trunkline passes by the formerWurtsmith Air Force Base.Huron Road continues north, running next to Van Etten Lake as it leaves the national forest. Further north, it runs along Cedar Lake when it crosses intoAlcona County.[4][12]The highway meets the eastern termini ofF-30andM-72inGreenbushandHarrisvillerespectively. It also passesHarrisville State Parkin the latter community. The highway shifts a bit further inland north of Harrisville, continuing to parallel the railroad through theMackinaw State Forest.NearOssineke,the trunkline turns back toward the lake, running along the shoreline ofThunder Bay.[3][4]

When US 23 enters Alpena, it follows State Street through town and turns northwesterly on Chisholm Street. The intersection of Chisholm and Washington streets marks the eastern terminus of M-32. Chisholm Street runs along theThunder Bay Riverand crosses the river near Lake Besser. The highway leaves town and runs through rural woodlands to the south shore of Long Lake, curving around the eastern side of the lake. Near the northern end of the lake, US 23 crosses intoPresque Isle Countyand runs along the west shore of Grand Lake. At the north end of that lake, the highway turns west along the Lake Huron shoreline nearThompson's Harbor State Park.The trunkline continues toRogers Citywhere it bypasses town to the south and west, intersectingF-21andM-68in the process;Bus. US 23runs through downtown. On the other side of Rogers City, US 23 runs along the lake pastHoeft State Parkand along Hammond Bay before crossing intoCheboygan County.[3][4]This area had the lowest AADT levels in 2009 at 1,097 vehicles per day.[9]

Sign where US 23 crosses the45th parallel north

US 23 follows the Lake Huron shoreline through Cheboygan County through woodlands pastCheboygan State Parkand Duncan Bay. On the eastern edge ofCheboyganthe highway intersectsF-05before following State Street through a commercial district. State Street crosses theCheboygan Riveron theCheboygan Bascule Bridgenear the mouth of the river and the dock for theUSCGCMackinaw.On the west side of the river, US 23 meets the northern terminus ofM-27at the intersection with Main Street. State Street continues westerly asC-66as US 23 turns north on Main Street for a block before resuming west on Mackinaw Avenue. The highway continues along the lake towardMackinaw City.As it approaches the village, it passesHistoric Mill Creek State Parkand several motels. At Nicolet Street in town, the highway crosses intoEmmet Countyfor the short distance to the highway's national northern terminus at I-75's exit 338.[3][4]

History

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Early history

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Highway markers for the Dixie Highway (left) and Theodore Roosevelt International Highway (right), both of which predate the modern highway

Before Michigan became a state, the first land transportation corridors were theIndiantrails.[13]The original Shore Trail ran roughly parallel to the route of the modern-day US 23 from theBay Cityarea to Cheboygan. Another section of the current highway followed theSaginaw Trailbetween Flint and Saginaw.[14]

Later, during theauto trailera, the modern-day US 23 also coincided with the east branch of theDixie Highwayand part of the Lower Peninsula section of theTheodore Roosevelt International Highway.The Dixie Highway was created by William S. Gilbreath after he developed theLincoln Highway.The highway was designed to link the Great Lakes with theGulf of Mexico,and to commemorate a half century of peace between the North and the South after theAmerican Civil War.At the urging of GovernorWoodbridge N. Ferris,the northern terminus was located at the Straits of Mackinac. The highway had two branches in the Lower Peninsula; the eastern branch followed what later became US 23 north of Standish.[15]The Theodore Roosevelt International Highway was named for former US presidentTheodore Rooseveltafter his death in 1919. Overall, this highway ran fromPortland, Oregon,toPortland, Maine,by way of Michigan and the Canadian province ofOntario.In Michigan, it also followed US 23 north of Standish.[16]

The highway was also part of the East Michigan Pike, designed to be a counterpart of the West Michigan Pike on the other side of the Lower Peninsula. The original route of the East Michigan Pike included a section along the coast ofThe Thumbbetween Bay City andPort Huronand used the same route as the Dixie Highway north of Bay City. Backers of this auto trail lost out in terms of name recognition to the Dixie Highway, relegating the East Michigan Pike to the list of failed auto trails.[17]The southern part of what is now US 23 in the state was also part of the auto trail craze. The Top of Michigan Trail was designated in 1917 from the state line north to the Bay City area, before turning inland along other roadways. The name faded from shortly after the time theMichigan State Highway Department(MSHD)[a]assigned the first highway numbers in the state.[20]

The first state highways along the US 23 corridor were numberedM-65from the Ohio line north to the Flint area andM-10from Flint north to Mackinaw City by July 1, 1919.[21][b]When originally designated, M-65 was in two sections: the southern segment ran from the Ohio state line north to the Dundee area; the northern section ran between Ann Arbor and Flint by way of Brighton and Fenton.[21]The gap between the two segments was eliminated by the middle of 1926.[23]

United States Numbered Highways

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US 23 was commissioned on November 11, 1926, with the debut of the United States Numbered Highway System.[2][24]The MSHD removed the M-10 and M-65 designations from the highway at the time. As it was originally designated, US 23 crossed into Michigan from Ohio south ofTemperanceand ran north toYpsilantiviaIdaandMaybee.Once the highway entered Ann Arbor, it followed the roads that preceded the modern-day freeway up to Flint. From Flint to Saginaw, US 23 ran concurrently with US 10. On the way north to Bay City, the highway ran on the west side of the Saginaw River before turning north to the Standish area. From Standish to Mackinaw City, US 23 initially took a more inland route through the northeastern Lower Peninsula.[25]

Original 1920s routing of US 23 between Cheboygan and Alpena highlighted in red

Starting in 1929, MSHD started updating the route that US 23 followed through the Lower Peninsula. Late that year, the routing was moved to the east side of the Saginaw River, andM-47was extended along the former course on the west side of the river.[26][27]During 1930, a set of changes realigned the highway's route through the southeast corner of the state. NearIda,US 23 was rerouted along M-50 to Dundee and north through Milan to Ann Arbor, bypassing Maybee andWhittaker.[28]US 23 was moved from its inland routing between Omer and Tawas City viaWhittemoreto follow a shoreline alignment by way of Au Gres along Saginaw Bay around 1932; the former route throughTwiningand Whittemore became an extension of M-65 and the section from Whittemore east to Tawas City was added to M-55 as a part of these changes.[29][30]

In 1932, US 23 was moved closer to the lakeshore betweenSpruceand Alpena; the former routing was redesignatedM-171.[30]The highway was also moved to a route closer to the lakeshore between Tawas City and Oscoda, with part of the old inland route taking the designation Old US 23.[31][32]A few years later in 1936, US 23 replaced M-72 between Oscoda and Harrisville and followed a new roadway north to the Spruce area. The M-171 designation was removed from its original routing and applied to the 1932 routing of US 23 by way ofMikadoandLincoln.[33][34]In the middle of 1937,US 27was extended concurrently along US 23 between Cheboygan and Mackinaw City.[35][36]Around the end of the decade, US 23's routing was moved in another location to follow the lakeshore; this time the highway was rerouted between Alpena and Rogers City. M-65 was extended northwards from Lachine through Posen to terminate over the former US 23 routing.[37][38]

US 23 was moved to its current lakeshore routing between Rogers City and Cheboygan in 1940, andM-33was extended westerly from Onaway to Afton and north to Cheboygan over the former US 23 roadway while M-68 was extended eastward through Onaway to Rogers City.[39][40]In early 1941,a bridgeacross the Saginaw River connecting Salzburg and Lafayette avenues in Bay City was added to the route of US 23 in the city; at the same time the former routing was redesignatedBus. US 23.[41][42]The highway was also realigned between Hartland and Fenton in 1941.[43][44]By 1945, the northernmost segment of M-65 in downtown Rogers City was redesignatedBus. US 23,and M-65 was truncated to its junction with US 23 southeast of town, removing the concurrency that existed since 1940.[45]North of Dundee, a more direct alignment toAzaliawas added to US 23, turning the former routing back to local control in late 1947 or early 1948; at the same time, the last gravel section of the highway was paved near Hammond Bay in northwestern Presque Isle County.[46][47]

Freeway conversion

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Rest area and welcome center near Samaria in Monroe County

One of the first pieces of what would later become part of US 23'sfreewayroute was completed in late 1951 or early 1952, when a two-lane bypass was built around the eastern side ofMilan.[48][49]Two years later, a similar bypass was built from Bridgeport to M-81 on the east side of Saginaw, with the old route becoming a Bus. US 23 designation.[50][51]Both bypasses would later be upgraded to four-lane freeways by 1961, with the Saginaw one later incorporated into the route of I-75.[52]When theMackinac Bridgeopened on November 1, 1957, US 23, US 27 and US 31 were extended along the access roadways to the foot of the bridge.[53]

The first future freeway portion of US 23 was built in 1957 from north of Ann Arbor to Whitmore Lake as a divided highway.[54][55]On June 30, 1958, the first stretch of the "Fenton–Clio Expressway" opened, stretching from Fenton to Birch Run.[56]The freeway connection from Dundee south to Ohio was opened on October 1, 1959.[57]In late 1959, the portion from Flint to Birch Run also gained the I-75 designation.[58]

In late 1960 or early 1961, a new I-75/US 10/US 23 freeway was built from the north end of the Saginaw bypass to Kawkawlin, utilizing the Zilwaukee drawbridge (later replaced by theZilwaukee Bridge) over theSaginaw River;when it opened, MSHD extended M-13 along the former route of US 23 from the northside of Saginaw into Bay City to the end of the freeway at Kawkawlin. Another section connected the Whitmore Lake area with Brighton in the same timeframe.[52][59]General Motorswas bidding in 1961 to construct anelectronic highway.US 23 between Ann Arbor and Toledo was under consideration to be the location of this project;[60]the testing for such a roadway was ultimately done atOhio State Universityinstead.[61]By the end of the year, freeway sections opened to bypass Saginaw south and ran south to Birch Run, another connected south from Fenton to Hartland, and a third connected Milan with Dundee.[62]The remaining gaps were eliminated with additional freeway openings in 1962: Brighton to Hartland opened in September,[63]and Milan to Ann Arbor opened in November.[64]The I-75/US 23 freeway north of the Kawkawlin area to Standish opened in 1967, and M-13 was shown on maps following US 23's former route through Linwood and Pinconning after the change.[65][66]

Northern terminus in Mackinaw City

The MSHD requested additional Interstate Highway mileage in 1968 under theFederal-Aid Highway Act of 1968including a freeway along US 23 between Standish and Mackinaw City.[67]This extension was rejected by Congress on December 13, 1968; instead, Michigan was allotted additional mileage for an extension of I-69 to Flint.[68]Once the last piece of I-75 was completed along theM-76corridor in November 1973,[69]the I-75 designation was extended north of Bay City on US 23.[70]

The MSHD first proposed a realignment of US 223 in 1965; this change would reroute that highway to replace M-151 in southern Monroe County, and use the US 23 freeway to connect to Sylvania, Ohio.[71]The rerouting change was made in 1977 when Michigan shifted its segment of US 223 as proposed twelve years prior. Instead of running south throughOttawa Lake,US 223 continued east to the US 23 freeway and south into Ohio.[72][73]

The original bridge across the Saginaw River at Zilwaukee was built in 1960 as abascule bridgeto allow shipping traffic to use the river. Opening the drawbridge would back traffic up on I-75/US 10/US 23 for upwards of four hours on holiday weekends.[74]Approved in 1974, construction on the replacement bridge started in October 1979. A major construction accident in August 1982 delayed completion of the new Zilwaukee Bridge; a bridge pier partially collapsed when contractors overloaded a section under construction. The affected 300-foot (91 m) deck segment tilted to rest three feet (0.91 m) higher on one end and five feet (1.5 m) lower on the other.[10]The structure was originally supposed to cost $76.8 million with a 1983 completion date; in the end it cost $131.3 million (equivalent to $292 million in 2023[75]) when the southbound span finally opened on September 19, 1988.[76]The structure is the largest segmental concrete bridge in the country.[77]

While that construction was being done, MDOT truncated US 10 at Bay City in 1986; this removed the concurrency between US 10 and US 23 that existed since 1926.[78][79]A few years later in 1992, the freeway concept for the northeastern LP was revived again when MDOT initiated plans to study and build a new US 23 freeway from Standish northerly to Tawas City, Oscoda or Alpena. This proposal was brought up due to a high level oftouristtraffic along the current routing since the mid-1960s.[80]The FHWA mandated additional environmental studies for the project in 2000, and MDOT withdrew the proposals two years later.[81]

External videos
US-23 Ann Arbor, Michigan - Flex Lanesat YouTube

In November 2016, construction work on a $92 million project began on the freeway between Ann Arbor andWhitmore Lake.This construction includes replacement of bridges and reconstruction of off ramps.[82][83]A year later, theflex routesystem opened, using intelligent traffic management and electronic signs to monitor and redirect traffic. The system can open a temporary travel lane on the inner shoulder during rush hour.[8]The flex route project was nationally recognized byAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials(AASHTO) in 2018 for Operations Excellence.[84]A $150 million extension to the interchange with I-96 is scheduled to begin in 2023 and be completed the following year.[83]

In March 2022, construction work began at the northern end of the freeway portion of US 23 just south of the city ofStandish.This will remove a bridge and on-ramp at the end of the freeway, replacing it with a roundabout.[85]

Future

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Officials in the Flint area have proposed extending a freeway to directly connect I-475 to US 23. Such an extension, if built, would "include a new freeway coming out of I-475, which would snake across Fenton and Cook roads before connecting into US 23 at Baldwin Road".[86]Proposals for the freeway connection have been around since the late 1990s,[87]but they were indefinitely postponed in 2011.[88]

Memorial highway designations and tourist routes

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Most of US 23, along withUS 2in theUpper Peninsula,has been designated the United Spanish War Veterans Memorial Highway. The designation was conferred in Public Act 207 of 1945, with companion legislation for US 2 in 1949. Signs marking the highway were not erected until 1968 when GovernorGeorge W. Romneyhad them installed.[89]

North of Standish, US 23 is a part of theLake Huron Circle Tour(LHCT).[3]This tour was created in May 1986 as part of the overall Great Lakes Circle Tour through a joint effort between MDOT and its counterparts inWisconsin,MinnesotaandOntario.[90]

When theMichigan State Legislatureconsolidated the statutes defining the various memorial highways in 2001, they included the Veterans of World War I Memorial Highway in the law. Defined along I-75/US 23 between Saginaw and Bay City, the designation was included in Public Act 142.[91]That act also affected another previously designated moniker between the two cities. The Roberts-Linton Highway was named in 1931 for local leaders who championed the construction of a highway along theSaginaw River.This name was applied to the original highway routing between Saginaw and Bay City (now a part of M-13). After the 2001 change, the name was moved to the US 23 freeway.[92]

In May 2004, the highway north of Standish was named the Sunrise Side Coastal Highway, a scenic highway designation through what is now called thePure Michigan BywayProgram.[93]Since 2009, they local committee that manages the byway designation has started using the Huron Shores Heritage Route name for the corridor.[94]At the end of 2011, the Northeast Michigan Council of Governments (NEMCOG) was working on funding a tourist promotion called "Telling Stories of the Sunrise Coast" through the US 23 Heritage Route Interpretive Program. Past efforts by NEMCOG included print media, logos, and other marketing efforts.[95]

Historic bridges

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MDOT maintains a listing of the historic bridges in the state; along US 23, the department has listed two structures. The bridge over theOcqueoc RiverinOcqueoc Townshipin Presque Isle County was built in 1937. The 106-foot-long (32 m) structure is one of the last threedeck truss bridgesin the state.[96]The roadway on the bridge is 38 feet (11.6 m) wide and carries two lanes of traffic. The bridge was reconstructed in 1994.[97]

The drawbridge that carries US 23 across the Cheboygan River

The second bridge is theCheboygan Bascule Bridgein Cheboygan. Thisbascule bridgewas built in 1940 over the Cheboygan River as the last of its kind beforeWorld War II.It was built as a "two-leaf bridge in a place where a single-leaf bridge probably would have sufficed."[98]The initial construction of the structure was delayed when the contractor died, but it was completed in December 1940. It was the second moveable bridge on the site, replacing an ironswing bridgebuilt in 1877.[98]The structure is 155 feet (47 m) long, composed of two 42-foot (13 m) spans on either side of the central 70-foot (21 m) span; the roadway is 40 feet (12 m) wide with four lanes for vehicle traffic. There are also pedestrian sidewalks on either side of the roadway. When the bridge is opened to allow river traffic to pass, boats have a 60-foot-wide (18 m) channel for navigation.[99]The bridge was added to theNational Register of Historic Placeson December 1, 2000,[100]and reconstructed in 2003.[98]

Exit list

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CountyLocationmi[1]kmExitDestinationsNotes
MonroeWhiteford Township0.0000.000

US 23south /US 223south –Toledo		Ohio state line
1.4872.3931Sterns Road
2.9804.7963Ottawa Lake,LambertvilleConnects to Consear Road
5.0988.2045
US 223north –Blissfield,Adrian		Northern end of US 223 concurrency
Summerfield Township8.71114.0199Summerfield Road
13.7522.1313Petersburg,IdaConnects to Ida West Road
Dundee Township14.563–
15.315		23.437–
24.647		15Lloyd RoadNorthbound exit and southbound entrance via Dixon Road
Dundee16.68526.85217M-50–Dundee,Monroe
Milan Township21.88835.22522Cone Road –Azalia
Milan25.13340.44825Plank Road
Washtenaw26.67442.92827Carpenter Road
York Township30.63849.30731Willis Road
Pittsfield Township34.02654.76034US 12(Michigan Avenue) –Saline,YpsilantiYpsilanti signed northbound only
Ann Arbor35.371–
35.382		56.924–
56.942		35I-94–Detroit,Chicago

BL I-94west		Southern end of BL I-94 concurrency; both directions usecollector-distributor lanes;exit 180 on I-94
37.39560.18137


BL I-94west /Bus. US 23north – DowntownAnn Arbor

M-17east –Ypsilanti		Northern end of BL I-94 concurrency; western terminus of M-17; signed as exits 37A (M-17, Ypsilanti) and 37B (BL I-94 and Bus. US 23, Ann Arbor); BL I-94 and Bus. US 23 signed northbound only
38.90162.60539Geddes Road
41.28666.44341Plymouth Road
42.411–
42.856		68.254–
68.970		42
M-14east –Plymouth,Livonia		Eastern end of M-14 concurrency; exit 8 on M-14
Ann Arbor Township44.873–
45.402		72.216–
73.067		45


Bus. US 23south /M-14west –Downtown Ann Arbor		Western end of M-14 concurrency; no exit number on M-14
Northfield Township49.13779.07849NorthTerritorial Road
50.23980.852506 Mile Road
52.21784.03552Barker RoadNorthbound exit and southbound entrance
Washtenaw–Livingstoncounty lineNorthfield–Green Oaktownship line52.65684.74253Hamburg,Whitmore LakeHamburg signed northbound only; connects to 8 Mile Road
LivingstonGreen Oak Township53.83586.63954
M-36west –South Lyon,Pinckney		Signed as exits 54A (South Lyon) and 54B (M-36, Pinckney) northbound; eastern terminus of M-36
55.54989.39755Silver Lake Road
58.20993.67858Lee Road –BrightonBrighton signed northbound only, Lee Road signed southbound only
Brighton59.452–
59.643		95.679–
95.986		60I-96–Detroit,Brighton,LansingSigned as exits 60A (east) and 60B (west); exit 148 on I-96
Hartland Township67.387108.44967M-59–Howell,Pontiac
70.464113.40170Clyde Road –Clyde
Tyrone Township74.625120.09775Center Road
76.949123.83777White Lake Road
GeneseeFenton78.550126.41478Owen Road –Fenton
79.673128.22179Silver Lake Road –Fenton,LindenFormerBus. US 23
79.847128.50180Torrey Road, North RoadNorthbound ramps connect to Torrey Road; southbound ramps connect to North Road
Fenton Township83.888135.00584Thompson Road
Mundy Township87.678141.10488Grand Blanc,RankinConnects to Grand Blanc Road
89.710144.37490Hill RoadConnector toI-475;access to southbound I-75
90.225–
90.446		145.203–
145.559		115
I-75south –Detroit		Southern end of I-75 concurrency; US 23 follows I-75 exit numbers; southbound exit and northbound entrance
Flint91.763147.678116Bristol RoadSigned as exits 116A (east) and 116B (west) southbound; formerM-121;exit toBishop International Airport
Flint Township92.650–
93.091		149.106–
149.815		117I-69/ Miller Road –Port Huron,LansingSigned as exits 117A (I-69) and 117B (Miller Road); exit 133 on I-69
94.185151.576118M-21(Corunna Road) –Owosso
Mount Morris Township97.397156.745122Pierson Road –Flushing
100.620–
101.275		161.932–
162.986		125
I-475south – DowntownFlint
101.421163.221126Mt. MorrisConnects to Mt. Morris Road
Vienna Township105.507169.797131M-57–Clio,Montrose
SaginawBirch Run111.588179.583136

M-54south /M-83north –Birch Run,Frankenmuth		Northern terminus of M-54, southern terminus of M-83
Bridgeport Township119.991193.107144Frankenmuth,BridgeportSigned as exits 144A (Frankenmuth) and 144B (Bridgeport) northbound; connects to Dixie Highway
Buena Vista Township124.714200.708149M-46(Holland Avenue) –Sandusky,Buena VistaSigned as exits 149A (Sandusky) and 149B (Buena Vista)
125.022201.203150
I-675north – DowntownSaginaw
127.194204.699151M-81–Caro,Reese
128.406206.649153M-13(East Bay City Road) –Saginaw
Saginaw River128.041–
129.573		206.062–
208.528		Zilwaukee Bridge
Zilwaukee129.351208.170154ZilwaukeeConnects to Adams Street
Zilwaukee Township130.278–
130.304		209.662–
209.704		155
I-675south – DowntownSaginaw
BayFrankenlust Township134.647216.693160M-84(Saginaw Road)
Monitor Township138.128–
138.140		222.295–
222.315		162
US 10west –Midland

M-25east (BS I-75) – DowntownBay City		Eastern terminus of US 10; western terminus of BS I-75/M-25; signed as exits 162A (east) and 162B (west); exit 140 on US 10
139.412224.362164

Conn. M-13north –Kawkawlin		Northbound exit and southbound entrance; southern terminus of Conn. M-13
140.204225.636164Wilder RoadSouthbound exit and northbound entrance
Kawkawlin Township144.374232.347168Beaver Road
Fraser Township149.341240.341173Linwood Road –Linwood
Pinconning Township157.353253.235181Pinconning Road –Pinconning
ArenacLincoln Township163.906263.781188
I-75north –Mackinac Bridge		Northern end of I-75 concurrency
Standish Township166.288267.615—

M-13south /LHCTsouth –Pinconning		Southern end of LHCT concurrency; northern end of freeway; northern terminus of M-13; converted from interchange to roundabout in 2022[85]
Standish168.672271.451
M-61west –Gladwin		Eastern terminus of M-61
169.066272.085OldM-76–Sterling
Arenac–Au Grestownship line177.138285.076
M-65north –Whittemore,Hale		Southern terminus of M-65
IoscoTawas City204.565329.215
M-55west –West Branch		Eastern terminus of M-55
Oscoda220.181354.347River Road National Scenic BywaywestEastern terminus of the River Road National Scenic Byway
221.046355.739
F-41north –Oscoda–Wurtsmith Airport		Southern terminus of F-41
AlconaGreenbush Township232.193373.678
F-30west –Mikado		Eastern terminus of F-30
Harrisville236.989381.397
M-72west –Curran		Eastern terminus of M-72
Caledonia Township252.168405.825
F-41south (Barlow Road) –Lincoln		Northern terminus of F-41
AlpenaAlpena267.740–
267.829		430.886–
431.029
M-32west –Atlanta,Gaylord		Eastern terminus of M-32; M-32 follows a one-way pairing along Second (eastbound) and Third (westbound) avenues
Presque IslePulawski Township296.960477.911
M-65south –Posen		Northern terminus of M-65
Rogers Township302.806487.319


Bus. US 23north /LHCTnorth (Petersville Road) – DowntownRogers City		Southern terminus of Bus. US 23; Petersville Road signed southbound only
Rogers City305.128491.056
F-21south –Hillman		Northern terminus of F-21
305.398491.490M-68(Erie Street) –Onaway,DowntownRogers City
306.320492.974


Bus. US 23south /LHCTsouth (Third Street) – DowntownRogers City		Northern terminus of Bus. US 23
CheboyganBenton Township–Cheboyganline344.183553.909
F-05south (Eastern Street)		Northern terminus of F-05
Cheboygan346.327557.359
M-27south –Indian River

C-66west (State Street)		Northern terminus of M-27; eastern terminus of C-66
Cheboygan–Emmetcounty lineMackinaw City361.682582.071

ToI-75south (Nicolet Street)		FormerM-108on the county line; access to southbound I-75
Emmet361.881–
362.152		582.391–
582.827
I-75north /GLCT–Mackinac Bridge		Northbound exit and southbound entrance; northern end of LHCT concurrency; exit 338 on I-75
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

See also

edit

Notes

edit
  1. ^The Michigan State Highway Department was reorganized into the Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation on August 23, 1973,[18]and the name was later shortened to its current form in 1978.[19]
  2. ^The first state highways in Michigan were signed in 1919.[22]

References

edit
  1. ^abMichigan Department of Transportation(2021).Next Generation PR Finder(Map). Michigan Department of Transportation.RetrievedOctober 11,2021.
  2. ^abMcNichol, Dan (2006).The Roads that Built America.New York: Sterling. p. 74.ISBN1-4027-3468-9.OCLC63377558.
  3. ^abcdefghijklmnopqMichigan Department of Transportation (2010).Uniquely Michigan: Official Department of Transportation Map(Map). c. 1:975,000. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. §§ D10–N12.OCLC42778335,639960603.
  4. ^abcdefghijklmnop"Overview Map of US 23 in Michigan"(Map).Google Maps.RetrievedApril 18,2011.
  5. ^Michigan Department of Transportation (April 23, 2006).National Highway System, Michigan(PDF)(Map). Scale not given. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on October 4, 2012.RetrievedOctober 7,2008.
  6. ^Natzke, Stefan; Neathery, Mike & Adderly, Kevin (June 20, 2012)."What is the National Highway System?".National Highway System.Federal Highway Administration.RetrievedJuly 1,2012.
  7. ^abcdeMichigan Department of Transportation (April 2009).Michigan's Railroad System(PDF)(Map). Scale not given. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on September 4, 2012.RetrievedSeptember 14,2010.
  8. ^abMoran, Darcie (November 15, 2017)."New US 23 Flex Route Is Open North of Ann Arbor—But Not All of It".MLive.Booth Newspapers.RetrievedNovember 18,2017.
  9. ^abcdBureau of Transportation Planning (2008)."Traffic Monitoring Information System".Michigan Department of Transportation.RetrievedApril 19,2011.
  10. ^abHyde, Charles K. (1993).Historic Highway Bridges of Michigan.Detroit:Wayne State University Press.p. 168.ISBN0-8143-2448-7.OCLC27011079.RetrievedSeptember 7,2019– viaArchive.org.
  11. ^Banas, Teri (September 15, 1987)."Bridge Makes City Famous: Residents Say Life is Good in Zilwaukee".Argus-Press.Owosso, Michigan.Associated Press.p. 29.OCLC36134862.
  12. ^abRand McNally(2008). "Michigan" (Map).The Road Atlas(2008 ed.). 1:1,267,200. Chicago: Rand McNally. pp. 50–51. §§ F8–T11.ISBN0-528-93981-5.OCLC226315010.
  13. ^Morrison, Roger L. (Autumn 1937). "The History and Development of Michigan Highways".Michigan Alumnus Quarterly Review.Vol. 39, no. 54. Ann Arbor:University of MichiganBureau of Alumni Relations. pp. 59–73.OCLC698029175.
  14. ^Mason, Philip P. (1959).Michigan Highways From Indian Trails to Expressways.Ann Arbor, Michigan: Braun-Brumfield. p. 18.OCLC23314983.
  15. ^Barnett, LeRoy (2004).A Drive Down Memory Lane: The Named State and Federal Highways of Michigan.Allegan Forest, Michigan: The Priscilla Press. pp. 74–5.ISBN1-886167-24-9.OCLC57425393.
  16. ^Barnett (2004),pp. 211–2.
  17. ^Barnett (2004),p. 80.
  18. ^Kulsea, Bill & Shawver, Tom (1980).Making Michigan Move: A History of Michigan Highways and the Michigan Department of Transportation.Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. p. 27.OCLC8169232.RetrievedJanuary 18,2021– viaWikisource.
  19. ^Kulsea & Shawver (1980),pp. 30–1.
  20. ^Barnett (2004),p. 213.
  21. ^abMichigan State Highway Department(July 1, 1919).State of Michigan(Map). Scale not given. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. Lower Peninsula sheet.OCLC15607244.RetrievedOctober 17,2019– via Michigan History Center.
  22. ^"Michigan May Do Well Following Wisconsin's Road Marking System".The Grand Rapids Press.September 20, 1919. p. 10.OCLC9975013.
  23. ^Michigan State Highway Department (September 1, 1926).Official Highway Condition Map(Map). [c. 1:823,680]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department.
  24. ^Bureau of Public Roads&American Association of State Highway Officials(November 11, 1926).United States System of Highways Adopted for Uniform Marking by the American Association of State Highway Officials(Map). 1:7,000,000. Washington, DC:United States Geological Survey.OCLC32889555.RetrievedNovember 7,2013– viaWikimedia Commons.
  25. ^Michigan State Highway Department (December 1, 1926).Official Highway Condition Map(Map). [c. 1:823,680]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department.
  26. ^Michigan State Highway Department (May 1, 1929).Official Highway Service Map(Map). [c. 1:810,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department.OCLC12701195,79754957.
  27. ^Michigan State Highway Department &H.M. Gousha(January 1, 1930).Official Highway Service Map(Map). [c. 1:810,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department.OCLC12701195,79754957.
  28. ^Michigan State Highway Department & H.M. Gousha (November 1, 1930).Official Highway Service Map(Map). [c. 1:810,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department.OCLC12701195,79754957.
  29. ^Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (October 1, 1931).Official Highway Service Map(Map). [c. 1:840,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ H12–I12.OCLC12701053.
  30. ^abMichigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (October 1, 1932).Official Michigan Highway Map(Map). [c. 1:840,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ H12–I12.OCLC12701053.
  31. ^Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (May 1, 1933).Official Michigan Highway Map(Map). [c. 1:840,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ G13–H13.OCLC12701053.Archived fromthe originalon May 10, 2017.RetrievedDecember 18,2016– via Archives of Michigan.
  32. ^Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (September 1, 1934).Official Michigan Highway Map(Map). [c. 1:850,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ G13–H13.OCLC12701143.
  33. ^Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (June 1, 1936).Official Michigan Highway Map(Map). [c. 1:850,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ G13–H13.OCLC12701143.
  34. ^Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (December 15, 1936).Official Michigan Highway Map(Map) (Winter ed.). [c. 1:850,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ G13–H13.OCLC12701143,317396365.RetrievedOctober 17,2019– via Michigan History Center.
  35. ^Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (May 15, 1937).Official Michigan Highway Map(Map) (Summer ed.). [c. 1:850,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § E10.OCLC12701143.RetrievedOctober 17,2019– via Michigan History Center.
  36. ^Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (December 1, 1937).Official Michigan Highway Map(Map) (Winter ed.). [c. 1:850,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § E10.OCLC12701143.RetrievedOctober 17,2019– via Michigan History Center.
  37. ^Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (December 1, 1939).Official Michigan Highway Map(Map) (Winter ed.). [c. 1:850,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ E12–F12.OCLC12701143.RetrievedOctober 17,2019– via Michigan History Center.
  38. ^Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (April 15, 1940).Official Michigan Highway Map(Map) (Spring ed.). [c. 1:850,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ E12–F12.OCLC12701143.
  39. ^Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (July 15, 1940).Official Michigan Highway Map(Map) (Summer ed.). [c. 1:850,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ F11–F12.OCLC12701143.RetrievedOctober 17,2019– via Michigan History Center.
  40. ^Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (December 1, 1940).Official Michigan Highway Map(Map) (Winter ed.). [c. 1:850,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ F11–F12.OCLC12701143.
  41. ^Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (December 1, 1940).Official Michigan Highway Map(Map) (Winter ed.). Scale not given. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. Bay City inset.OCLC12701143.
  42. ^Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (March 21, 1941).Official Michigan Highway Map(Map) (Spring ed.). Scale not given. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. Bay City inset.OCLC12701143.
  43. ^Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (March 21, 1941).Official Michigan Highway Map(Map) (Spring ed.). [c. 1:850,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § L12.OCLC12701143.
  44. ^Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (July 1, 1941).Official Michigan Highway Map(Map) (Summer ed.). [c. 1:850,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § L12.OCLC12701143.Archived fromthe originalon April 22, 2017.RetrievedJanuary 2,2017– via Archives of Michigan.
  45. ^Michigan State Highway Department (October 1, 1945).Official Highway Map of Michigan(Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § E12.OCLC554645076.
  46. ^Michigan State Highway Department (May 1, 1947).Official Highway Map(Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ E11, N12.OCLC12701120,494733404.
  47. ^Michigan State Highway Department (April 15, 1948).Michigan Official Highway Map(Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ E11, N12.OCLC12701120.
  48. ^Michigan State Highway Department (July 1, 1951).Official Highway Map(Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § N12.OCLC12701120.RetrievedOctober 17,2019– via Michigan History Center.
  49. ^Michigan State Highway Department (April 15, 1952).Official Highway Map(Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § N12.OCLC12701120.RetrievedOctober 17,2019– via Michigan History Center.
  50. ^Michigan State Highway Department (April 15, 1953).Official Highway Map(Map). Scale not given. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. Saginaw inset.OCLC12701120.
  51. ^Michigan State Highway Department (October 1, 1953).Official Highway Map(Map). Scale not given. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. Saginaw inset.OCLC12701120.RetrievedOctober 17,2019– via Michigan History Center.
  52. ^abMichigan State Highway Department (1961).Official Highway Map(Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § J12.OCLC12701120,51857665.RetrievedOctober 17,2019– via Michigan History Center.(Includes all changes through July 1, 1961)
  53. ^"World's Costliest Wonder Bridge Opens Today, Links Michigan's Two Peninsulas: Williams Leads First Caravan Across Bridge".Ludington Daily News.Associated Press. November 1, 1957. p. 1.OCLC27033604.RetrievedJuly 13,2018– viaNewspapers.com.
  54. ^Michigan State Highway Department (April 1, 1957).Official Highway Map(Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § M12.OCLC12701120.RetrievedOctober 17,2019– via Michigan History Center.
  55. ^Michigan State Highway Department (October 1, 1957).Official Highway Map(Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § M12.OCLC12701120,367386492.
  56. ^"Fenton–Clio X-Way Big Time Saver".The Owosso Argus-Press.Associated Press. June 28, 1958. p. 9.OCLC9802802.RetrievedApril 20,2011– viaGoogle News.
  57. ^"Formal opening of US 23 strip set for October 1".Toledo Blade.September 23, 1959. p. 37.OCLC12962635.RetrievedFebruary 11,2010– via Google News.
  58. ^"Michigan Delays Road Number System".Toledo Blade.June 4, 1959. p. 11.OCLC12962635.RetrievedNovember 21,2010– via Google News.
  59. ^Michigan State Highway Department (1960).Official Highway Map(Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ K12–L12, M12.OCLC12701120,81552576.RetrievedOctober 17,2019– via Michigan History Center.(Includes all changes through July 1, 1960)
  60. ^"Electronic Wonder: State Seeks Highway".The Michigan Daily.University of Michigan,Ann Arbor. July 13, 1961. p. 3.ISSN0745-967X.OCLC923790299.RetrievedAugust 25,2013– via Google News.
  61. ^"Driverless Auto Being Developed: Could Be Ready in 15 Years, Ohio Researcher Says".The New York Times.December 11, 1966. p. 132.ISSN0362-4331.OCLC1645522.
  62. ^Michigan State Highway Department (1962).Official Highway Map(Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ J12–K12, L12, N12.OCLC12701120,173191490.RetrievedOctober 17,2019– via Michigan History Center.
  63. ^"US 23 Link Opens North of Ann Arbor".The Blade.Toledo, Ohio. September 29, 1962. p. 13.OCLC12962717.RetrievedApril 20,2011– via Google News.
  64. ^"Freeway Section from Milan Opens".The Blade.Toledo, Ohio. Associated Press. November 2, 1962. p. 1.OCLC12962717.RetrievedApril 20,2011– via Google News.
  65. ^Michigan Department of State Highways(1967).Michigan Water-Winter Wonderland: Official Highway Map(Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan Department of State Highways. §§ I12–J12.OCLC12701120.RetrievedOctober 17,2019– via Michigan History Center.
  66. ^Michigan Department of State Highways (1968).Official Highway Map(Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan Department of State Highways. §§ I12–J12.OCLC12701120.RetrievedOctober 17,2019– via Michigan History Center.
  67. ^"Highway Additions Requested By State".The Owosso Argus-Press.Associated Press. November 14, 1968. p. 7.OCLC9802802.RetrievedDecember 5,2010– via Google News.
  68. ^Weingroff, Richard (July 16, 2013) [1998]."Part I: History".The Dwight D. Eisenhower System of Interstate and Defense Highways.Federal Highway Administration.RetrievedAugust 18,2013.
  69. ^"Around the State: West Branch".Traverse City Record-Eagle.United Press International.November 2, 1973. p. 3.OCLC30098364.RetrievedJuly 11,2018– via Newspapers.com.
  70. ^Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation(1974).Michigan, Great Lake State: Official Transportation Map(Map). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation. §§ H10–J12.OCLC12701177,83138602.RetrievedOctober 17,2019– via Michigan History Center.
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  72. ^Ohio Department of Transportation(1977).Ohio Transportation Map(PDF)(Map). 1:554,400. Columbus: Ohio Department of Transportation. §§ E2–F3.OCLC5673562,49061100.RetrievedDecember 31,2010.
  73. ^Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation (1978).Michigan, Great Lake State: Official Transportation Map(Map) (1978–1979 ed.). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation. § N12.OCLC12701177.
  74. ^Hyde (1993),p. 166.
  75. ^Johnston, Louis & Williamson, Samuel H. (2023)."What Was the U.S. GDP Then?".MeasuringWorth.RetrievedNovember 30,2023.United StatesGross Domestic Product deflatorfigures follow theMeasuringWorthseries.
  76. ^Staff writer (September 19, 1988)."Zilwaukee Bridge Now Open North, South—Partly".The Blade.Toledo, Ohio. p. 1.OCLC12962717– via Google News.
  77. ^"A Brief History of Paving".The Grand Rapids Press.March 1, 2010. p. A8.OCLC9975013.
  78. ^Michigan Department of Transportation (1986).Yes Michigan: Official Transportation Map(Map). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. §§ J12–K12.OCLC12701177.RetrievedOctober 17,2019– via Michigan History Center.
  79. ^Michigan Department of Transportation (1987).Yes Michigan: Official Transportation Map(Map). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. §§ J12–K12.OCLC12701177.RetrievedOctober 17,2019– via Michigan History Center.
  80. ^Michigan Department of Transportation (February 1999)."Final Environmental Impact Statement and Section 4(f) Evaluation for the Proposed US 23 Freeway Extension Project Phase I: Arenac and Iosco Counties, Michigan (Executive Summary)"(PDF).Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation.RetrievedApril 18,2011– via Michigan Highways.
  81. ^"Road Closed US 23 Freeway Plan Takes Right Turn into History".Editorial.Detroit Free Press.June 14, 2002. p. A12.RetrievedJuly 13,2018– via Newspapers.com.
  82. ^Knake, Lindsay (November 4, 2016)."Major Overhaul of US 23 North of Ann Arbor Begins Monday, Nov. 7".MLive.Booth Newspapers.RetrievedJune 5,2017.
  83. ^abTimar, Jennifer (July 28, 2020)."MDOT reveals US-23 Flex Route extension plans in Livingston County".Livingston Daily.RetrievedAugust 8,2020.
  84. ^Afana, Dana (April 1, 2019)."US 23 Flex Route to Get 7-Mile Extension to I-96".MLive.Booth Newspapers.RetrievedOctober 4,2019.
  85. ^abFrench, Caitlyn (March 28, 2022)."Roundabout Replacing US-23 Bridge over M-13 in Arenac County, Says MDOT".MLive.Booth Newspapers.RetrievedMay 1,2022.
  86. ^Bush, Allison (December 8, 2010)."Officials Reveal Plans for Possible Extension of I-475 to US 23; Residents Share Concerns".The Flint Journal.RetrievedApril 18,2011.
  87. ^"I-475–US 23 Link Would Unify Community, Spur Growth in Area". Editorial.The Flint Journal.June 7, 1998. p. H2.OCLC9974225.
  88. ^"I-475 Extension Shelved".The Flint Journal.May 20, 2011. p. A2.OCLC9974225.
  89. ^Barnett (2004),pp. 216–7.
  90. ^Davis, R. Matt (May 1, 1986). "Signs to Mark Lake Circle Tour".The Daily Mining Gazette.Houghton, Michigan. p. 16.OCLC9940134.
  91. ^Barnett (2004),p. 229.
  92. ^Barnett (2004),pp. 189–90.
  93. ^"US 23 Heritage Route Gets Official Designation".Iosco County News-Herald.East Tawas, Michigan. May 12, 2004.RetrievedJuly 14,2012.
  94. ^Northeast Michigan Council of Governments; East Central Michigan Planning and Development Regional Commission (2009).US 23 Huron Shores Heritage Route Management Plan.Northeast Michigan Council of Governments.
  95. ^Jankoviak, Shawna (November 25, 2011). "Board Votes To Support US 23 Tourism Promotion".Cheboygan Daily Tribune.p. A3.ISSN0746-665X.OCLC849664529.
  96. ^Hyde (1993),p. 85.
  97. ^Federal Highway Administration (2010)."71171073000B020".National Bridge Inventory.Federal Highway Administration.RetrievedDecember 30,2011.
  98. ^abcFriday, Matthew (December 7, 2011)."Bridging Our Local History".Mackinac Journal.Archived fromthe originalon April 26, 2012.RetrievedDecember 30,2011.
  99. ^Leslie, Joyce (September 5, 2003). "State Street Bridge Wasn't Site for a Walk in 1877".Cheboygan Daily Tribune.Features section.ISSN0746-665X.OCLC849664529.
  100. ^Web, Brenda (December 1, 2000). "Drawbridge Listed as Historic Place".Cheboygan Daily Tribune.News section.ISSN0746-665X.OCLC849664529.
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