Upper Chinook,endonymKiksht,[2]also known asColumbia Chinook,andWasco-Wishramafter its last surviving dialect, is a recently extinct language of the USPacific Northwest.It had 69 speakers in 1990, of whom 7 were monolingual: five Wasco[3]and two Wishram. In 2001, there were five remaining speakers of Wasco.[4]
| Upper Chinook | |
|---|---|
| Kiksht | |
| Native to | United States |
| Region | Columbia River |
| Extinct | 11 July 2012, with the death of Gladys Thompson[1] |
Chinookan
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | wac |
| Glottolog | wasc1239 |
| ELP | Wasco-Wishram |
The last fully fluent speaker of Kiksht, Gladys Thompson, died in July 2012.[1]She had been honored for her work by the Oregon Legislature in 2007.[5][6][7] Two new speakers were teaching Kiksht at theWarm Springs Indian Reservationin 2006.[8]The Northwest Indian Language Institute of theUniversity of Oregonformed a partnership to teach Kiksht andNumuin the Warm Springs schools.[9][10] Audio and video files of Kiksht are available at the Endangered Languages Archive.[11]
The last fluent speaker of the Wasco-Wishram dialect was Madeline Brunoe McInturff, and she died on 11 July 2006 at the age of 91.[12]
Dialects
edit- Multnomah,once spoken onSauvie Islandand in thePortlandarea in northwestern Oregon
- Kiksht
- Watlalaor Watlalla, also known asCascades,nowextinct(two groups, one on each side of the Columbia River; the Oregon group were called Gahlawaihih [Curtis]).
- Hood River, now extinct (spoken by the Hood River Band of the Hood River Wasco in Oregon, also known as Ninuhltidih [Curtis] or Kwikwulit [Mooney])
- White Salmon, now extinct (spoken by the White Salmon River Band of Wishram in Washington)
- Wasco-Wishram(the Wishram lived north of the Columbia River in Washington and the kin Wasco lived south of the same river in Oregon)
- Clackamas,now extinct, was spoken in northwestern Oregon along theClackamasandSandyrivers.
Kathlamethas been classified as an additional dialect; it was notmutually intelligible.
Phonology
edit| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | sibilant | lateral | plain | labial | plain | labial | |||||
| Nasal | m | n | |||||||||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
plain | p | t | ts | tɬ | tʃ | k | kʷ | q | qʷ | ʔ |
| ejective | pʼ | tʼ | tsʼ | tɬʼ | tʃʼ | kʼ | kʷʼ | qʼ | qʷʼ | ||
| voiced | b | d | ɡ | ɡʷ | |||||||
| Continuant | voiceless | s | ɬ | ʃ | x | xʷ | χ | χʷ | h | ||
| voiced | w | l | j | ɣ | ɣʷ | ||||||
Vowels in Kiksht are as follows: /u a i ɛ ə/.
References
edit- ^abKristian Foden-Vencil (2012-07-17)."Last Fluent Speaker Of Oregon Tribal Language 'Kiksht' Dies".Oregon Public Broadcasting.Archived fromthe originalon 2019-10-10.Retrieved2013-02-26.
- ^Leonard, Wesley Y.; Haynes, Erin (December 2010)."Making" collaboration "collaborative: An examination of perspectives that frame linguistic field research".Language Documentation & Conservation.4:269–293.hdl:10125/4482.ISSN1934-5275.
- ^Culture: Language.The Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs Reservation of Oregon.2009 (retrieved 9 April 2009)
- ^"Lewis & Clark—Tribes—Wasco Indians".National Geographic.Archived fromthe originalon December 22, 2002.Retrieved2013-02-25.
- ^ Last Fluent Speaker of Kiksht Dies
- ^"Honors Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs elder Gladys Miller Thompson for her contribution to preserving Native languages of Oregon".74th OREGON LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY--2007 Regular Session.Retrieved2013-02-26.
- ^"Zelma Smith, 1926-2010".Spilyay Tymoo, Coyote News, the Newspaper of the Warm Springs Reservation.Retrieved2013-02-25.
- ^Keith Chu (2006-07-30)."New speakers try to save language".The Bulletin.Bend, OR.Retrieved2013-02-25.
- ^Joanne B. Mulcahy (2005)."Warm Springs: A Convergence of Cultures"(Oregon History Project).Retrieved2013-02-26.
- ^Aaron Clark."USA: Tribes Strive to Save Native Tongues".GALDU, Resource Centre for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.Retrieved2013-02-26.
- ^ Nariyo Kono."Conversational Kiksht".Endangered Languages Archive.Retrieved2013-02-25.
- ^"Holy road: Speaker of Wasco language dead at 91 - Indian Country Media Network".indiancountrymedianetwork.com.Retrieved2017-05-24.
Bibliography
edit- Sapir, Edward; Curtin, Jeremiah (1909).Wishram texts, together with Wasco tales and myths.E.J. Brill. ASIN: B000855RIW.
- Dyk, Walter (1933).A Grammar of Wishram.New Haven: Yale University: Yale University Press.
External links
edit- Nariyo Kono."Conversational Kiksht".Endangered Languages Archive.Retrieved2013-02-25.
- Kiksht - Washco Wishram - Upper Chinook videos,YouTube
- Wasco-Wishram Indian Language (Upper Chinook, Kiksht, Clackamas)at native-languages.org
- Digital Kiksht,video about digitizing Kiksht language materials
- Audio of spoken Kiksht