Veii(alsoVeius;Italian:Veio) was an important ancientEtruscancity situated on the southern limits ofEtruriaand 16 km (9.9 mi) north-northwest ofRome,Italy.It now lies in Isola Farnese, in thecomune of Rome.Many other sites associated with and in the city-state of Veii are inFormello,immediately to the north. Formello is named after the drainage channels that were first created by the Veians.
Veio | |
 Ruins of the temple of Veii | |
  Shown within Italy | |
| Alternative name | Veius |
|---|---|
| Location | Isola Farnese,Province of Rome,Lazio,Italy |
| Region | Latium |
| Coordinates | 42°01′24″N12°23′23″E/ 42.02333°N 12.38972°E |
| Type | Settlement |
| Area | 190 ha (470 acres) |
| History | |
| Events | Battle of Veii |
| Site notes | |
| Condition | Ruined |
| Ownership | Public |
| Management | Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici dell'Etruria Meridionale |
| Public access | Yes |
| Website | Area archeologica di Veio(in Italian) |
Veii was the richest city of theEtruscan League.It was alternately at war and in alliance with theRoman Kingdomand laterRepublicfor over 300 years. It eventually fell in theBattle of Veiito Roman generalCamillus's army in 396 BC. Veii continued to be occupied after its capture by the Romans.
The site is now a protected area, part of the Parco di Veio established by the regional authority of Lazio in 1997.[1]
Site
editCity of Veii
editThe city of Veii lies mainly on atuffplateau 190 hectares (470 acres) in area.[2]
The Valchetta flows a few miles eastward to join theTiber Riveron the south side ofLabaroalong theVia Flaminiaand Veii's territory included this area.
Its proximity to the Tiber and the trade route to the interior, which became the Via Flaminia, augmented its prosperity. The Veiians were known to trade with nearby Greece, as well as with the Phoenicians that made up the Levant region. Many Grecian pottery shards have been found throughout the site, dating from as far back as the 8th century BC.[3]Although the river brought wealth and affluence to Veii, it also placed it in competition with Rome for the domination ofLatium.
The temple ofJunowas the greatest and most honoured in the city.[4]
The largest visible monument is thesanctuary of Minervafrom the 7th c. BC, situated along an important route just outside the city (at modern Portonaccio). Prior to their influx of wealth around the 7th century BC, the people of Veii preferred to worship their gods and goddesses in the open air. Early "temples" consisted of small shrines surrounded by foliage. Due to their affinity to the stars, many Veiians preferred to worship under the night sky. Once the city began to prosper, an official temple was built of wood and stone. The sanctuary was one of the oldest and most revered in Etruria, standing out for its sumptuous polychrome terracotta decorations, many of which can be seen today in theVilla Giulia.The sanctuary included the temple of Apollo of about 510 BC to which belonged theApollo of Veii(now in the National Etruscan Museum).
The impressive thermal baths and the forum built underAugustushave been partially excavated in recent years.
Many richTumuliandchamber tombshave been found. The most famous is theGrotta Campanauncovered in 1843, a chamber tomb with the oldest known Etruscanfrescoes.
There are also long tunnels leading into the plateau of the city, which may corroborateLivy's account of the Roman victory in the Battle of Veii.
The walls of Veii, of which small sections remain, bordered the two intersecting streams using the streambeds as a ditch, with a wall across the plateau closing the triangle.[5]
Piazza d'Armi
editEvery Etruscan stronghold was built on an elevation, and Veii was no exception. Itsarx,or citadel, was placed on a bluff delineated by cliffs within the angle of confluence of the two streams, nearly separated from the main ridge by a gully, through which ran a road in the Roman period. An archaeological site, Piazza d'Armi ( "military square" ), marks the location today.
Etruscan League
editDespite the many mysteries surrounding theEtruscan League,it is well documented that the league was one of the most influential organizations in the Mediterranean. Because the Etruscan civilization was split into a federation of city-states, the league allowed the leaders of each to come together and discuss a variety of topics. LikeCongressor theUnited Nations,the statesmen would discuss issues regarding laws, taxes, and territorial disputes. Although little is known about the league itself, scholars have found that the city-states shared a common religion, as well as different variations of the same language. The leaders met on a yearly basis at the Fanum Volumnae Sanctuary nearOrvieto.[3]
Art
editVeii's sculptures and statues were made ofterracotta.Most ceramic vessels were decorated with intricate details. Depictions of the everyday life of Etruscans were very common.[6]Many uncovered vases and bowls portray images of farmers harvesting crops and raising animals, as well as blacksmiths in the midst of working in a raging fire. Battle victories, as well as other accomplishments, were very popular subjects in funerary ceramics.
As population and wealth flourished within the city, the use of bronze became more and more common. The people of Veii first used metal for horse harnesses, weapons, fans, jewelry, and mirrors.
Burial practices
editThe use of burial and cremation altered depending on the stability of the settlement. In the early years, most citizens were cremated. As affluence increased, individuals were freer to bury their loved ones close by in order to visit them regularly. Burial sites dating back to the 9th century BC have been uncovered. As inhumation became more and more popular, thesarcophagibecame more and more intricate. Through the use of terracotta, local sculptors began using their talents to add adornments around the coffins, creating detailed accounts of the deceased's life, as well as the deities that meant the most to them. Tombs were commonly decorated with sentimental objects, as well as items they may need in the afterlife.
During times of war or economic difficulty, the use of cremation rose. Unlike their ancestors, however, the people of Veii continued the tradition of burial by keeping the urns of their loved ones in miniature tombs. Like the sarcophagi, the urns were made of terracotta and depicted varying scenes important to the diseased individual. Items were still placed in the small tombs; however, the value of the objects steadily dropped as times of financial crisis continued.
Etruscan language
editOver 10,000 Etruscan written pieces are known. Varying examples of Etruscan script have been uncovered all over the ancient world.
History
editEarly history
editThe earliest evidence of occupation by demographic analysis, including that of the cemeteries, dates from the 10th century BC in the Late Bronze Age.[2]Small settlements were scattered over a wider area than the plateau, and the population of the plateau at Veii is estimated to have been stable at about 1,000.[2]In the 9th century BC, the Early Iron Age (Villanovan culture), the finds are localized to the plateau but appear to be associated with independent settlements, each with its own cemetery. Occupation gradually intensified in the 8th (remainder of Villanovan) and 7th (Orientalising period) centuries BC, by conurbation of the settlements as the site assumed an urban appearance with city blocks in a grid pattern arranged around a central square containing a water cistern. That evidence suggests that the city of Veii was shaped into its classical form in the 7th century BC by a population, presumably Etruscan, first settling there in the 10th century BC. During the settlement's early years, many homes were built in spherical shapes out of wood over a shallow trench and topped with a thatched roof. Up until the 7th century BC Veii had to depend on itself for the majority of its resources and goods. Many artisans found work in the textile industry, creating intricate wool designs for clothes and blankets. Further supporting their self-sufficiency, many yarn spools and loom weights have been discovered in the area.[3]
The population of the early Veii practiced both inhumation and cremation within the same family. The proportion was 50% in the 9th century BC, after a predomination of cremation (90%) earlier. In the 8th century, inhumation rose to 70%, which may be attributable to an influence fromLatium,where inhumation prevailed in the 9th century BC.
During the 9th and 8th centuries BC, the population density and grave goods were on the increase: more and wealthier people and also more of a disparity in wealth: the rise of a wealthier class. In the 8th century BC, both the potter's wheel and writing were introduced from Greece. During the entire period, the settlements translocated around the plateau; however, a settlement (Casale del Fosso) maintained a cemetery to the north of the plateau continuously from the late 9th century BC to the early 6th century BC.
Conflict with Rome
editThe documented history of Veii, like that of all Italian cities in their early centuries, is sparse and unreliable.
According to Livy (writing 700 years later) theFidenatesand the Veientes weredefeatedin a war with Rome during the reign ofRome'smythical first king,Romulus,in the 8th century BC.[7]
Plutarch(writing even later in the 1st C. AD)[8]says of them:
The first (to oppose Romulus) were the Veientes, a people of Tuscany (the site is now inLazio), who had large possessions, and dwelt in a spacious city; they took occasion to commence a war, by claiming Fidenae as belonging to them....[9]
Fidenae and Veii were said to have again beendefeatedby Rome in the 7th century BC during the reign of Rome's third kingTullus Hostilius.
In the 6th century BC Rome's sixth kingServius Tulliuswarredagainst Veii (after the expiry of an earlier truce) and the Etruscans. He is said to have shown valour in the campaign, and to have routed a great army of the enemy. The war helped him to cement his position at Rome.[10]
In 509 BC, after the overthrow of the Roman monarchy, the family of Tarquinius Superbus went into exile inCaerein Etruria. Tarquin sought to regain the throne, at first by theTarquinian conspiracyand, when that failed, by force of arms. He convinced the cities ofTarquiniiand Veii to support him, and led their armies against Rome in theBattle of Silva Arsia.The Roman army was victorious, and it is recorded byLivythat although the forces of Tarquinii fought well on the right wing, initially pushing back the Roman left wing, the Veientes on the left wing faltered and fled the battle, because they were accustomed to defeat at the hands of the Romans. After the loss of the battle the forces of Veii returned home.[11]Livywrites that later in 509 BC, consulPublius Valerius Publicolareturned to fight the Veientes.[12]
In the 5th century BC, the Fabians, an aristocratic Roman family, moved into an Etruscan town just outside of Fidenae. Due to the sudden increase of wealth in the community, many Etruscan citizens began to worry about the impending fall of the economy. Soon, battles broke out on both sides, eventually leading to war. The sequence of events following the initial conflicts is widely considered to be a legend; it is said that the Veiian warriors murdered 300 Fabii, leaving all but one dead in order to incite fear in the rest of the community.[13]
The most famous king of Veii wasLars Tolumnuswhose family was part of the Veientine aristocracy[14]and who instigated a war with Rome in 438 BC.[15]The nearbyRoman colonyofFidenaerevolted against Rome and allied itself with Veii, giving Tolumnus control of the Fidenate army. The Romans sent four envoys to demand an explanation but they were murdered. Rome declared war against Veii and sentLucius Sergiuswith an army who won thebattle of Fidenaebut the Roman losses were so high that a state of emergency was declared. A subsequent fiercely-fought battle with Veii in 437 BC reinforced by a contingent fromFaleriiwas indecisive until the tribuneAulus Cornelius Cossusunhorsed Tolumnus and killed him with his spear.
In 406 BC, Rome declared war against Veii, still powerful and well-fortified, and her allies Falerii andCapenawhich required the Romans to commence a siege lasting many years.[4]As Plutarch says:
Veii had been the capital of Etruria, not inferior to Rome, either in number of arms or multitude of soldiers, so that relying on her wealth and luxury, and priding herself upon her refinement and sumptuousness, she had engaged in many honourable contests with the Romans for glory and empire.......... as the city was furnished with all sorts of weapons, offensive and defensive, likewise with corn and all manner of provisions, they cheerfully endured a siege
After ten years, in 396 BC, the Romans appointedCamillusasdictator.After defeating both Falerii and Capena atNepete,Camillus commanded the final strike against Veii (Battle of Veii). He dug into the soft tuff rock below the walls whilst distracting the Veiians with attacks on the walls and infiltrated the city's drainage system to emerge in the citadel, leading to their defeat.[16]Not interested in surrender but only in Veii's complete destruction, the Romans slaughtered the entire adult male population and made slaves of all the women and children. The plunder was very rich and extensive including the statue ofJunotaken to Rome.
Camillus supported the patricians in opposing the plebeian plan to populate Veii with half of the city of Rome designed to resolve poverty and space issues. Camillus deliberately protracted the project until its abandonment.[17]
Roman and later history
editThe city was soon assimilated under Roman control and is termed "Roman Veii" as opposed to "Etruscan Veii" by scholarly literature. Under the empire the Romans called the city theMunicipium Augustum Veiens.The city never recovered its former wealth or its population after the Roman conquest. Nevertheless, after Rome's defeat in thebattle of the Allia,many Roman soldiers fled there, and a project was proposed for abandoning Rome for Veii; this project was successfully opposed byCamillus.[16]
The Romans built wealthy villas in the region andLiviahad an estate there, according toSuetonius.
Veii was eventually abandoned after Roman times, and everything of value or utility was removed by anyone with access to the site. Finally it was filled and smoothed for ploughland and was forgotten until its rediscovery in the 17th century by the antiquarianRaffaello Fabretti.
Ager Veientanus
editThe territory of a city-state anywhere within the Roman domain was, in Roman legal terminology, anager.The law made a number of fine distinctions, but byagerit meant primarilyager publicus,"public territory", the land belonging to the state, which in those times was primarily agricultural (ageris "field" ).[18] Theager Veientanus(i.e. of Veii) covered the entire region between the right bank of the lowerTiber riverand the coast; that is all of southernEtruria.The northwest border was probably as far west as theMonti SabatiniandLake Braccianoin the north.[19] In Etruscan times theager Veiantanusshared the countryside with theSilva Ciminia,the remnant of an ancient forest, of which the Romans stood in superstitious dread.
Theager Veiantanusremained for the most part agrarian until it became evident afterWorld War IIthat the city ofRomewas going to expand into and develop that area as a suburb. Moreover, a new method of ploughing was turning over the soil a metre deep, destroying all surface evidence.John Bryan Ward-Perkins,then Director of theBritish School at Rome,set into motion the South Etruria Survey (1954–1968), which cataloged all the visible antiquities in theager Veientanus.It was published in 1968.[20]
Nearly 30 years later, in 1997, the Italian government moved to protect a part of that area, creating the Veio Regional Natural Park of 14,984 hectares (37,030 acres) between theVia Cassiaon the west, theVia Flaminiaon the east, the Via Campagnanese on the north and the city of Rome on the south.[21]Within the park are the comuni ofCampagnano di Roma,Castelnuovo di Porto,Formello,Magliano Romano,Mazzano Romano,Morlupo,Riano,Sacrofanoand Municipio XX of the city ofRome.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^"Parco di Veio".Nature, History and Archaeology in the Heart of Rome.Retrieved14 January2012.
- ^abcBernardinetti, Alessandra; Santis, Anna de; Drago, Luciana (1997). "Burials as Evidence for Proto-Urban Development in Southern Etruria: the Case of Veii". In Andersen, Helle Damgaard (ed.).Urbanization in the Mediterranean in the 9th to 6th centuries BC(illustrated ed.). Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. pp. 317–342.ISBN978-87-7289-412-6.
- ^abc"Veii".
- ^abPlutarch: Camillus
- ^Torelli, Mario (2000). "The Etruscan City-State". In Hansen, Mogens Herman (ed.).A comparative study of thirty city-state cultures.Copenhagen: Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. p. 195.ISBN978-87-7876-177-4.
- ^"Etruscan Art | Essay | the Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History".
- ^Livy,Ab urbe condita,1:14–15
- ^Plutarch: Romulus
- ^However this account differs fromLivy's who refers to at least one war fought by Rome prior to the dispute with Veii, being the war with the Sabines and others arising out of theRape of the Sabine Women
- ^LivyAb urbe condita1.42
- ^Livy,Ab urbe condita,2.6–7
- ^Livy,Ab urbe condita2.8
- ^"Veii and the Etruscans | UNRV.com Roman History".www.unrv.com.Retrieved9 April2023.
- ^C. J. Smith, The Roman Clan: The Gens from Ancient Ideology to Modern Anthropology, Cambridge University Press,ISBN978-0-521-85692-8,pp. 161 ff
- ^Livy, iv. 17
- ^abChisholm, Hugh,ed. (1911)..Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 969.
- ^Boatwright, Mary (2006).A Brief History of the Romans.Oxford University Press.
- ^William Smith, ed. (2009) [1875]."Ager".A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities.London, Chicago: John Murray, University of Chicago.
- ^Rich, John; Andrew Wallace-Hadrill (1992).City and country in the ancient world(reprint, illustrated ed.). Routledge. p. 198.ISBN978-0-415-08223-5.
- ^Kahane, Anne; Threipland, Leslie Murray; Ward-Perkins, John Bryan (1968).The Ager Veientanus, North and East of Rome.the British School at Rome.
- ^"Veio Regional Natural Park".Parks and Protected Areas in the Lazio Region.agrinet. Archived fromthe originalon 1 July 2002.Retrieved15 June2009.
Bibliography
edit- Dennis, George (2009) [1848]."Chapter I Veii – The City".The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria.London, Chicago: John Murray, LacusCurtius.
- "The Park of Veio: Our concern"(PDF).Parco Regionale di Veio. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 22 July 2011.Retrieved15 June2009.
- Hemphill, Patricial (Winter 1970)."An Archaeological Survey of Southern Etruria"(PDF).Expedition.Retrieved18 June2009.
- Quilici, L., S. Quilici Gigli, R. Talbert, T. Elliott, S. Gillies (3 May 2021)."Places: 423116 (Veii)".Pleiades.Retrieved7 March2012.
{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Further reading
edit- Boitani, Francesca, and Ugo Fusco. 2015. "A New Mithraic Relief from Veii."Archeologia Classica66: 519–546.
- Cascino, Roberta, Helga Di Giuseppe, and Helen L. Patterson, eds. 2012.Veii: The Historical Topography of the Ancient City: A Restudy of John Ward-Perkins’s Survey.Archaeological Monographs of the British School at Rome 19. London: British School at Rome.
- Neils, Jenifer. 2008. "Niobe (?) on the Portonaccio Temple at Veii."Etruscan Studies11, no. 1: 35–48.doi:10.1515/etst.2008.11.1.35
- Potter, T. W. 1979.The Changing Landscape of South Etruria.London: Paul Elek.
- Saviano, Giovanna, Luciana Drago, Ferdinando Felli, and Maurizio Violo. 2002. "Architectural Decorations, Ceramics and Terracottas from Veii (Etruria): A Preliminary Study."Periodico Di Mineralogia71: 203–215.
- Scullard, H. H. 1967.The Etruscan Cities and Rome.Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press.
- Ward-Perkins, John Bryan. 1961. "Veii: The Historical Topography of the Ancient City."Papers of the British School at Rome29, no. 16: 1–123.
External links
edit
- Official websiteArchived11 April 2022 at theWayback Machine(in Italian)
- Parco di Veio(in Italian)