Vikram Samvat

Vikram Samvat(ISO:Vikrama Saṁvata;abbreviated VS), also known as theVikrami calendaris aHindu calendarhistorically used in theIndian subcontinentand still used in severalstates.^[1]^[2]It is asolar calendar,using twelve to thirteen lunar months each solarsidereal years.The year count of the Vikram Samvat calendar is usually 57 years ahead of theGregorian calendar,except during January to April, when it is ahead by 56 years.

The Vikram Samvat (called Bikram Sambat in Nepal) calendar should not be confused with theNepal Sambat,a much more recent innovation.

History

A number of ancient and medieval inscriptions used the Vikram Samvat. Although it was reportedly named after the legendary kingVikramaditya,the term "Vikrama Samvat" does not appear in the historical record before the 9th century; the same calendar system is found with other names, such as Krita and Malava.^[3]In colonial scholarship, the era was believed to be based on the commemoration of King Vikramaditya expelling theSakasfromUjjain.However, later epigraphical evidence and scholarship suggest that this theory has no historical basis. During the 9th century, epigraphical artwork began using Vikram Samvat (suggesting that the Hindu calendar era in use became popular as Vikram Samvat); Buddhist and Jain epigraphy continued to use an era based on the Buddha or the Mahavira.^[4]

Vikramaditya legend

The Jain monk Kalakacharya and the Saka king (Kalakacharya Kathamanuscript,Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya,Mumbai)

According to popular tradition, KingVikramadityaofUjjainestablished the Vikrama Samvat era after defeating theŚakas.

Kalakacharya Kathanaka(An account of the monk Kalakacharya), by theJainsage Mahesarasuri, gives the following account: Gandharvasena, the then-powerful king of Ujjain, abducted a nun called Sarasvati, who was the sister of the monk. The enraged monk sought the help of the Śaka ruler King Sahi inSistan.Despite heavy odds but aided by miracles, the Śaka king defeated Gandharvasena and made him a captive. Sarasvati was repatriated, although Gandharvasena himself was forgiven. The defeated king retired to the forest, where he was killed by a tiger. His son, Vikramaditya, being brought up in the forest, had to rule fromPratishthana(modern Paithan inMaharashtra). Later on, Vikramaditya invaded Ujjain and drove away from the Śakas. To commemorate this event, he started a new era called the "Vikrama era". The Ujjain calendar started around 58–56 BCE, and the subsequent Shaka-era calendar was started in 78 CE at Pratishthana.^{[full citation needed]}

Historical origins

The association of the era beginning in 57 BCE with Vikramaditya is not found in any source before the 9th century CE; earlier sources call the era "Kṛṭa" (343 and 371 CE), "Kritaa" (404), "the era of theMalava tribe"(424), or simply" Samvat ".^[5]^[6]The earliest known inscription which calls the era "Vikrama" is from 842. This inscription, from theChauhanaruler Chandamahasena, was found atDholpurand is dated "Vikrama Samvat 898,Vaishakha Shukla2, Chanda "(20 April 842). The earliest known inscription which associates the era with a king called Vikramaditya is dated 971, and the earliest literary work connecting the era to Vikramaditya isSubhashita-Ratna-Sandoha(993-994) by the Jain author Amitagati.^[6]

A number of authors believe that the Vikram Samvat was not started by Vikramaditya, who might be a legendary king or a title adopted by a later king who renamed the era after himself.V. A. SmithandD. R. Bhandarkarbelieved thatChandragupta IIadopted the title of Vikramaditya, and changed the era's name to "Vikrama Samvat". According toRudolf Hoernlé,the king responsible for this change wasYashodharman.Hoernlé believed that he conquered Kashmir and is the "Harsha Vikramaditya" mentioned inKalhana'sRajatarangini.^[6]

Some earlier scholars believed that the Vikram Samvat corresponded to theAzes eraof the Indo-Scythian (Śaka) kingKing Azes.This was disputed by Robert Bracey after the discovery of an inscription ofVijayamitra,which is dated in two eras.^[7]The theory was discredited by Falk and Bennett, who place the inception of the Azes era in 47–46 BCE.^[8]

Popularity

The Vikram Samvat has been used byHindus,Sikhs,^[9]andPashtuns.^[10]One of several regional Hindu calendars in use on theIndian subcontinent,it is based on twelvesynodiclunar months and 365solar days.^[9]^[11]The lunar year begins with the new moon of the month ofChaitra.^[12]This day, known as Chaitra Sukhladi, is a restricted (optional) holiday in India.^[13]^{[failed verification]}

The calendar remains in use by people inNepalserving as its national calendar where the first month is Baisakh and the last month is Chaitra. It is also symbolically used by Hindus of north, west and central India.^[3]In south India and portions of east and west India (such as Assam, West Bengal and Gujarat), theIndian national calendaris widely used.^[14]

With the arrival of Islamic rule, theHijri calendarbecame the official calendar ofsultanatesand theMughal Empire.DuringBritish colonial ruleof the Indian subcontinent, theGregorian calendarwas adopted and is commonly used in urban areas of India.^[15]The predominantly-Muslim countries ofPakistanandBangladeshhave used the Islamic calendar since 1947, but older texts included the Vikram Samvat and Gregorian calendars. In 2003, the India-based SikhShiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committeecontroversially adopted theNanakshahi calendar.^[9]AlongsideNepal Sambat,Vikram Samvat is one of two official calendars used in Nepal.^[16]

Calendar system

Like the Hebrew and Chinese calendars, the Vikram Samvat islunisolar.^[9]In common years, the year is 354 days long,^[17]while a leap month (adhik maas) is added in accordance to theMetonic cycleroughly once every three years (or 7 times in a 19-year cycle) to ensure that festivals and crop-related rituals fall in the appropriate season.^[9]^[11]Early Buddhist communities in India adopted the ancientHindu calendar,followed by the Vikram Samvat and localBuddhist calendars.Buddhist festivals are still scheduled according to a lunar system.^[18]

The Vikram Samvat has two systems. It began in 56 BCE in the southern Hindu calendar system (amaanta) and 57–56 BCE in the northern system (purnimaanta). The Shukla Paksha, when most festivals occur, coincides in both systems.^[14]^[5]The lunisolar Vikram Samvat calendar is 56.7 years ahead of the solarGregorian calendar;the year 2081 BS begins mid-April 2024 CE, and ends mid-April 2025 CE.

TheRana dynastyof Nepal made the Bikram Sambat the official Hindu calendar in 1901 CE, which began as 1958BS.^[19]The new year in Nepal begins with the first day of the month ofBaisakh,which usually falls around 13–15 April in the Gregorian calendar and ends with the last day of the monthChaitra.The first day of the new year is apublic holidayin Nepal.Bisket Jatra,an annual carnival inBhaktapur,is also celebrated on Baishakh 1. In 2007,Nepal Sambatwas also recognised as a national calendar alongside Bikram Sambat.

In India, the reformulatedSaka calendaris officially used (except for computing dates of the traditional festivals). In the Hindi version of the preamble of theconstitution of India,the date of its adoption (26 November 1949) is presented in Vikram Samvat as Margsheersh Shukla Saptami Samvat 2006. A call has been made for the Vikram Samvat to replace the Saka calendar as India's official calendar.^[20]

New Year

Chaitra Navaratri:the second most celebrated, named aftervasantawhich means spring. It is observed in the lunar month ofChaitra(post-winter, March–April). In many regions the festival falls after spring harvest, and in others during harvest. It also marks the first day of the Hindu calendar, hence also known as theHindu Lunar New Yearaccording to Vikram Samvat calendar.^[21]^[22]
Vaisakhi:
- Vaisakhi marks the beginning ofHindu Solar New YearinPunjab,Northern, Eastern, North-eastern and Central India according to the solar Vikram Samvat calendar.^[23]^[24]and marks the first day of the month ofVaisakha,which is usually celebrated on 13 or 14 April every year and is a historical and religious festival inHinduism.
- Baisakh (Nepal):The first day of Baisakh is celebrated as Nepalese New Year^[25]because it is the day which marks Hindu Solar New Year^[26]as per the solar Nepali Bikram Sambat.
Varsha Pratipada orBestu Varas:It is considered an auspicious day celebrated in the Indian state of Gujarat to mark the New Year according to the Vikram Samvat Hindu calendar. It falls on the first day of the bright fortnight of the month of Kartika. The day is significant as it symbolizes the beginning of the agricultural year, and farmers traditionally start their new accounting books on this day.^[27]

Divisions of a year

The Vikram Samvat uses lunar months and solarsidereal years.Because 12 months do not match a sidereal year, correctional months (adhika māsa) are added or (occasionally) subtracted (kshaya masa). A lunar year consists of 12 months, and each month has twofortnights,with a variable duration ranging from 29 to 32 days. Thelunar daysare calledtithis.Each month has 30tithis,which vary in length from 20 to 27 hours. Thewaxing phase,beginning with the day after the new moon(amavasya),is calledgauraorshukla paksha(the bright or auspicious fortnight). The waning phase is calledkrishnaorvadhya paksha(the dark fortnight, considered inauspicious).^[28]

Lunar metrics

Atithiis the time it takes for thelongitudinalangle between the Moon and the Sun to increase by 12°.^[29]Tithisbegin at various times of the day, and vary in duration.
Apaksha(orpakṣa) is a lunar fortnight and consists of 15tithis.
Amāsa,orlunar month(about 29.5 days), is divided into twopaksas.
Aritu(season) is twomāsas.^[29]
Anayanais threeritus.
A year is twoayanas.^[29]

Months

The classical Vikram Samvat is generally 57 years ahead of Gregorian Calendar, except during January to April, when it is ahead by 56 years. The month that the new year starts varies by region or sub-culture.

Upto 12 April 2024, it will be 2080 BS in the BS calendar. The names of months in the Vikram Samvat in Sanskrit and Nepali,^[30]^[31]with their roughly corresponding Gregorian months, respectively are:

S.No	Vikram Samvat months	Gregorian months	Days
1	Vaiśākhaor Baisakh	April–May	30/31
2	Jyēṣṭhaor Jestha or Jeth	May–June	31/32
3	Āṣāḍhaor Asar or Asadh	June–July	31/32
4	Śrāvaṇaor Sawan or Shrawan	July–August	31/32
5	Bhādrapadaor Bhādra or Bhado	August–September	30/31/32
6	Āśvinor Asoj or Ashwin or kwar	September–October	30/31
7	Kārtikaor Kattik or Kartik	October–November	29/30
8	Agrahāyaṇaor Mangsir/Mārgaśīrṣa or Aghan	November–December	29/30
9	Pauṣaor Paush or Poush	December–January	29/30
10	Māghaor Magh	January–February	29/30
11	Phālgunaor Falgun	February–March	29/30
12	Caitraor Chait or Chaitra	March–April	30/31

References

^Masatoshi Iguchi (2015).Java Essay: The History and Culture of a Southern Country.TPL. p. 135.ISBN 978-1-78462-885-7.
^Edward Simpson (2007).Muslim Society and the Western Indian Ocean: The Seafarers of Kachchh.Routledge. pp. 113–114.ISBN 978-1-134-18484-2.
^^a ^bRichard Salomon (1998).Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages.Oxford University Press. pp. 182–183.ISBN 978-0-19-509984-3.
^Richard Salomon (1998).Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages.Oxford University Press. pp. 182–183, 194–195.ISBN 978-0-19-509984-3.
^^a ^bAshvini Agrawal (1989).Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas.Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 174–175.ISBN 978-81-208-0592-7.
^^a ^b ^cM. Srinivasachariar (1974).History of Classical Sanskrit Literature.Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 94–111.ISBN 9788120802841.
^Alf Hiltebeitel (2011).Reading the Fifth Veda: Studies on the Mahābhārata.BRILL. p. 103.ISBN 978-90-04-18566-1.
^Falk and Bennett (2009), pp. 197-215.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^eEleanor Nesbitt (2016).Sikhism: a Very Short Introduction.Oxford University Press. pp. 122–123.ISBN 978-0-19-874557-0.
^Jazab, Yousaf Khan.An Ethno-Linguistic Study of the Karlanri Varieties of Pashto.Pashto Academy, University of Peshawar. pp. 342–343.
^^a ^bChristopher John Fuller (2004).The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India.Princeton University Press. pp. 109–110.ISBN 978-0-69112-04-85.
^Davivajña, Rāma (1996) Muhurtacintāmaṇi. Sagar Publications
^India.gov.in
^^a ^bRichard Salomon (1398).Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages.Oxford University Press.pp. 181–183.ISBN 978-0-19-535666-3.
^Tim Harper;Sunil Amrith(2014).Sites of Asian Interaction: Ideas, Networks and Mobility.Cambridge University Press. pp. 56–57.ISBN 978-1-316-09306-1.
^Bal Gopal Shrestha (2012).The Sacred Town of Sankhu: The Anthropology of Newar Ritual, Religion and Society in Nepal.Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 13–14.ISBN 978-1-4438-3825-2.
^Orazio Marucchi (2011).Christian Epigraphy: An Elementary Treatise with a Collection of Ancient Christian Inscriptions Mainly of Roman Origin.Cambridge University Press. p. 289.ISBN 978-0-521-23594-5.,Text: "...the lunar year consists of 354 days..."
^Anita Ganeri (2003).Buddhist Festivals Through the Year.BRB. pp. 11–12.ISBN 978-1-58340-375-4.
^Crump, William D. (25 April 2014).Encyclopedia of New Year's Holidays Worldwide.McFarland.ISBN 978-0-7864-9545-0.
^"Vikram Samvat should be declared national calendar".The Free Press Journal.15 February 2012. Archived fromthe originalon 26 April 2014.Retrieved28 March2012.
^"Chaitra Navratri 2020: Significance, history behind the nine-day festival and how will it be different this year".The Hindustan Times.30 March 2020.Retrieved12 February2021.
^Desk, India TV News (21 March 2015)."Difference between Vasanta and Sharad Navaratri - India TV".www.indiatvnews.com.Retrieved11 October2020.
^Rinehart, Robin; Rinehart, Robert (2004).Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice.ABC-CLIO.ISBN 978-1-57607-905-8.
^Kelly, Aidan A.; Dresser, Peter D.; Ross, Linda M. (1993).Religious Holidays and Calendars: An Encyclopaedic Handbook.Omnigraphics, Incorporated.ISBN 978-1-55888-348-2.
^International Commerce.Bureau of International Commerce. 1970.
^Fodor's; Staff, Fodor's Travel Publications, Inc (12 December 1983).India, Nepal and Sri Lanka, 1984.Fodor's Travel Publications.ISBN 978-0-679-01013-5.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^"Gujarati New Year 2021: Significance and all you need to know about special occasion".Firstpost.5 November 2021.Retrieved15 November2023.
^"What Is the Hindu Calendar System?".Learn Religions.Archivedfrom the original on 6 May 2019.Retrieved15 September2019.
^^a ^b ^cBurgess, EbenezerTranslation of the Sûrya-Siddhânta: A text-book of Hindu astronomy, with notes and an appendixoriginally published:Journal of the American Oriental Society,vol. 6, (1860), pp. 141–498, Chapter 14, Verse 12
^Nilsson, Usha (1997).Mira Bai (Rajasthani Poetess).Sahitya Akademi.ISBN 978-81-260-0411-9.
^Chatterjee, SK (1990).Indian Calendric System.Government of India. p. 17.

External links

Kyoto University Gregorian – Saka – Vikrami Calendar Converter Tool, version 3.14,Prof. Michio Yano and M. Fushimi. For Kartikadi Vikram used in North India to AD, select Try,Vikram Purnimanta.

[1] Masatoshi Iguchi (2015).Java Essay: The History and Culture of a Southern Country.TPL. p. 135.ISBN 978-1-78462-885-7.

[2] Edward Simpson (2007).Muslim Society and the Western Indian Ocean: The Seafarers of Kachchh.Routledge. pp. 113–114.ISBN 978-1-134-18484-2.

[Salomon1998p182-3] Richard Salomon (1998).Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages.Oxford University Press. pp. 182–183.ISBN 978-0-19-509984-3.

[4] Richard Salomon (1998).Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages.Oxford University Press. pp. 182–183, 194–195.ISBN 978-0-19-509984-3.

[AA_1989-5] Ashvini Agrawal (1989).Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas.Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 174–175.ISBN 978-81-208-0592-7.

[MS_1974-6] M. Srinivasachariar (1974).History of Classical Sanskrit Literature.Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 94–111.ISBN 9788120802841.

[7] Alf Hiltebeitel (2011).Reading the Fifth Veda: Studies on the Mahābhārata.BRILL. p. 103.ISBN 978-90-04-18566-1.

[8] Falk and Bennett (2009), pp. 197-215.

[nesbittbc-9] Eleanor Nesbitt (2016).Sikhism: a Very Short Introduction.Oxford University Press. pp. 122–123.ISBN 978-0-19-874557-0.

[10] Jazab, Yousaf Khan.An Ethno-Linguistic Study of the Karlanri Varieties of Pashto.Pashto Academy, University of Peshawar. pp. 342–343.

[Fuller2004p109-11] Christopher John Fuller (2004).The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India.Princeton University Press. pp. 109–110.ISBN 978-0-69112-04-85.

[12] Davivajña, Rāma (1996) Muhurtacintāmaṇi. Sagar Publications

[13] India.gov.in

[Salomon1998p181-14] Richard Salomon (1398).Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages.Oxford University Press.pp. 181–183.ISBN 978-0-19-535666-3.

[15] Tim Harper;Sunil Amrith(2014).Sites of Asian Interaction: Ideas, Networks and Mobility.Cambridge University Press. pp. 56–57.ISBN 978-1-316-09306-1.

[16] Bal Gopal Shrestha (2012).The Sacred Town of Sankhu: The Anthropology of Newar Ritual, Religion and Society in Nepal.Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 13–14.ISBN 978-1-4438-3825-2.

[17] Orazio Marucchi (2011).Christian Epigraphy: An Elementary Treatise with a Collection of Ancient Christian Inscriptions Mainly of Roman Origin.Cambridge University Press. p. 289.ISBN 978-0-521-23594-5.,Text: "...the lunar year consists of 354 days..."

[18] Anita Ganeri (2003).Buddhist Festivals Through the Year.BRB. pp. 11–12.ISBN 978-1-58340-375-4.

[Crump-19] Crump, William D. (25 April 2014).Encyclopedia of New Year's Holidays Worldwide.McFarland.ISBN 978-0-7864-9545-0.

[tfpj12-20] "Vikram Samvat should be declared national calendar".The Free Press Journal.15 February 2012. Archived fromthe originalon 26 April 2014.Retrieved28 March2012.

[21] "Chaitra Navratri 2020: Significance, history behind the nine-day festival and how will it be different this year".The Hindustan Times.30 March 2020.Retrieved12 February2021.

[22] Desk, India TV News (21 March 2015)."Difference between Vasanta and Sharad Navaratri - India TV".www.indiatvnews.com.Retrieved11 October2020.

[23] Rinehart, Robin; Rinehart, Robert (2004).Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice.ABC-CLIO.ISBN 978-1-57607-905-8.

[24] Kelly, Aidan A.; Dresser, Peter D.; Ross, Linda M. (1993).Religious Holidays and Calendars: An Encyclopaedic Handbook.Omnigraphics, Incorporated.ISBN 978-1-55888-348-2.

[25] International Commerce.Bureau of International Commerce. 1970.

[26] Fodor's; Staff, Fodor's Travel Publications, Inc (12 December 1983).India, Nepal and Sri Lanka, 1984.Fodor's Travel Publications.ISBN 978-0-679-01013-5.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[27] "Gujarati New Year 2021: Significance and all you need to know about special occasion".Firstpost.5 November 2021.Retrieved15 November2023.

[28] "What Is the Hindu Calendar System?".Learn Religions.Archivedfrom the original on 6 May 2019.Retrieved15 September2019.

[Chap14-29] Burgess, EbenezerTranslation of the Sûrya-Siddhânta: A text-book of Hindu astronomy, with notes and an appendixoriginally published:Journal of the American Oriental Society,vol. 6, (1860), pp. 141–498, Chapter 14, Verse 12

[30] Nilsson, Usha (1997).Mira Bai (Rajasthani Poetess).Sahitya Akademi.ISBN 978-81-260-0411-9.

[31] Chatterjee, SK (1990).Indian Calendric System.Government of India. p. 17.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]