Thevoiced palatal approximantis a type ofconsonantused in manyspoken languages.The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabetthat represents this sound is ⟨j⟩. The equivalentX-SAMPAsymbol isj,and in theAmericanist phonetic notationit is⟨y⟩.Because the English name of the letterJ,jay,starts with[dʒ](voiced postalveolar affricate), the approximant is sometimes instead calledyod(jod), as in the phonological history termsyod-droppingandyod-coalescence.
| Voiced palatal approximant | |
|---|---|
| j | |
| IPA Number | 153 |
| Audio sample | |
| Encoding | |
| Entity(decimal) | j |
| Unicode(hex) | U+006A |
| X-SAMPA | j |
| Braille |  |
| Voiced alveolo-palatal approximant | |
|---|---|
| j˖ |
The palatal approximant can often be considered thesemivocalicequivalent of theclose front unrounded vowel[i].Theyalternatewith each other in certain languages, such asFrench,and in thediphthongsof some languages as ⟨j⟩ and ⟨i̯⟩, with the non-syllabic diacritic used in differentphonetic transcriptionsystems to represent the same sound.
Avoiced alveolo-palatal approximantis attested as phonemic in theHuastec language,[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]and is represented as an advanced voiced palatal approximant ⟨j̟⟩,[8][3]or the plus sign may be placed after the letter, ⟨j˖⟩.
Phonetic ambiguity and transcription usage
editSome languages, however, have a palatal approximant that is unspecified for rounding and so cannot be considered the semivocalic equivalent of either[i]or its rounded counterpart,[y],which would normally correspond to[ɥ].An example isSpanish,which distinguishes two palatal approximants: an approximant semivowel[j],which is always unrounded (and is a phonological vowel - an allophone of/i/), and an approximant consonant unspecified for rounding,[ʝ̞](which is a phonological consonant). Eugenio Martínez Celdrán describes the difference between them as follows (with audio examples added):[9]
[j]is shorter and is usually a merely transitory sound. It can only exist together with a full vowel and does not appear in syllable onset. [On the other hand,][ʝ̞]has a lower amplitude, mainly in F2. It can only appear in syllable onset. It is not noisy either articulatorily or perceptually.[ʝ̞]can vary towards[ʝ]in emphatic pronunciations, having noise (turbulent airstream). (...) There is a further argument through which we can establish a clear difference between[j]and[ʝ̞]:the first sound cannot be rounded, not even through co-articulation, whereas the second one is rounded before back vowels or the back semi-vowel. Thus, in words likeviuda'widow',Dios'God',vio's/he saw', etc., the semi-vowel[j]is unrounded; if it were rounded, a sound that does not exist in Spanish,[ɥ],would appear. On the other hand,[ʝ̞]is unspecified as far as rounding is concerned and it is assimilated to the labial vowel context: rounded with rounded vowels, e.g.ayuda'help',coyote'coyote',hoyuelo'dimple', etc., and unrounded with unrounded vowels:payaso'clown',ayer'yesterday'.
He also considers that "the IPA shows a lack of precision in the treatment it gives to approximants, if we take into account our understanding of the phonetics of Spanish.[ʝ̞]and[j]are two different segments, but they have to be labelled as voiced palatal approximant consonants. I think that the former is a real consonant, whereas the latter is asemi-consonant,as it has traditionally been called in Spanish, or a semi-vowel, if preferred. The IPA, though, classifies it as a consonant. "[10]
There is a parallel problem with transcribing thevoiced velar approximant.
The symbol ⟨ʝ̞⟩ may not display properly in all browsers. In that case, ⟨ʝ˕⟩ should be substituted.
In the writing systems used for most languages in Central, Northern, and Eastern Europe, the letterjdenotes the palatal approximant, as inGermanJahr'year', which is followed by IPA. Although it may be seen as counterintuitive for English-speakers, there are a few words with that orthographical spelling in certain loanwords in English like Hebrew "hallelujah"and German"Jägermeister".
In grammars ofAncient Greek,the palatal approximant, which was lost early in thehistory of Greek,is sometimes written as⟨ι̯⟩,aniotawith theinverted brevebelow, which is the nonsyllabic diacritic or marker of asemivowel.[11]
There is also thepost-palatal approximant[12]in some languages, which is articulated slightly more back than the place of articulation of the prototypical palatal approximant but less far back than the prototypicalvelar approximant.It can be considered the semivocalic equivalent of theclose central unrounded vowel[ɨ]The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, but it can be transcribed as ⟨j̠⟩, ⟨j˗⟩ (both symbols denote aretracted⟨j⟩), ⟨ɰ̟⟩ or ⟨ɰ˖⟩ (both symbols denote anadvanced⟨ɰ⟩). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols arej_-andM\_+,respectively. Other possible transcriptions include a centralized ⟨j⟩ (⟨j̈⟩ in the IPA,j_ "in X-SAMPA), a centralized ⟨ɰ⟩ (⟨ɰ̈⟩ in the IPA,M\_ "in X-SAMPA) and a non-syllabic ⟨ɨ⟩ (⟨ɨ̯⟩ in the IPA,1_^in X-SAMPA).
For the reasons mentioned above and in the articlevelar approximant,none of those symbols are appropriate for languages such as Spanish, whose post-palatal approximantconsonant(not asemivowel) appears as an allophone of/ɡ/beforefront vowelsand is best transcribed ⟨ʝ̞˗⟩, ⟨ʝ˕˗⟩ (both symbols denote aloweredand retracted ⟨ʝ⟩), ⟨ɣ̞˖⟩ or ⟨ɣ˕˖⟩ (both symbols denote a lowered and advanced ⟨ɣ⟩). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols arej\_o_-andG_o_+.
Especially inbroad transcription,the post-palatal approximant may be transcribed as a palatalized velar approximant (⟨ɰʲ⟩, ⟨ɣ̞ʲ⟩ or ⟨ɣ˕ʲ⟩ in the IPA,M\',M\_j,G'_oorG_o_jin X-SAMPA).
A voiced alveolar-palatal approximant is attested as phonemic in the Huastec language.
Features
editFeatures of the voiced palatal approximant:
- Itsmanner of articulationisapproximant,which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce aturbulent airstream.The most common type of this approximant isglideorsemivowel.The termglideemphasizes the characteristic of movement (or 'glide') of[j]from the[i]vowel position to a following vowel position. The termsemivowelemphasizes that, although the sound is vocalic in nature, it is not 'syllabic' (it does not form the nucleus of a syllable). For a description of theapproximant consonantvariant used e.g. in Spanish, see above.
- Itsplace of articulationispalatal,which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of thetongueraised to thehard palate.The otherwise identical post-palatal variant is articulated slightly behind the hard palate, making it sound slightly closer to the velar[ɰ].
- Itsphonationis voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is anoral consonant,which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is acentral consonant,which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Theairstream mechanismispulmonic,which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with theintercostal musclesandabdominal muscles,as in most sounds.
Occurrence
editPalatal
edit| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adyghe | ятӀэ/yat’a | 'dirt' | |||
| Afrikaans | ja | [jɑː] | 'yes' | SeeAfrikaans phonology | |
| Arabic | Standard | يوم/yawm | [jawm] | 'day' | SeeArabic phonology |
| Aragonese[13] | caye | [ˈkaʝ̞e̞] | 'falls' | Unspecified for rounding approximant consonant; the language also features an unrounded palatal approximant semivowel (which may replace/ʝ̞/before/e/).[13] | |
| Armenian | Eastern[14] | յուղ/yuq | [juʁ] | 'fat' | |
| Assamese | মানৱীয়তা/manowiyota | [manɔwijɔta] | 'humanity' | ||
| Assyrian | ܝܡܐyama | [jaːma] | 'sea' | ||
| Azerbaijani | yuxu | [juχu] | 'dream' | ||
| Basque | bai | [baj] | 'yes' | ||
| Bengali | নয়ন/noyon | [nɔjon] | 'eye' | SeeBengali phonology | |
| Bulgarian | майка/majka | [ˈmajkɐ] | 'mother' | SeeBulgarian phonology | |
| Catalan[15] | All dialects | feia | [ˈfejɐ] | 'I did' | SeeCatalan phonology |
| Some dialects | jo | [ˈjɔ] | 'I' | ||
| Chechen | ялх/yalx | [jalx] | 'six' | ||
| Chinese | Cantonese | Nhật/jat9 | [jɐt˨ʔ] | 'day' | SeeCantonese phonology |
| Mandarin | Áp(Áp) /yā | [ja˥] | 'duck' | SeeMandarin phonology | |
| Chuvash | йывăç/yıvëş | [jɯʋəɕ̬] | 'tree' | ||
| Czech | je | [jɛ] | 'is' | SeeCzech phonology | |
| Danish | jeg | [jɑ] | 'I' | SeeDanish phonology | |
| Dutch | Standard[16] | ja | [jaː] | 'yes' | Frequently realized as a fricative[ʝ],especially in emphatic speech.[16]SeeDutch phonology |
| English | you | [juː] | 'you' | SeeEnglish phonology | |
| Esperanto | jaro | [jaro] | 'year' | SeeEsperanto phonology | |
| Estonian | jalg | [ˈjɑlɡ] | 'leg' | SeeEstonian phonology | |
| Finnish | jalka | [ˈjɑlkɑ] | 'leg' | SeeFinnish phonology | |
| French | yeux | [jø] | 'eyes' | SeeFrench phonology | |
| German | Standard[17][18] | Jacke | [ˈjäkə] | 'jacket' | Also described as a fricative[ʝ][19][20]and a sound variable between a fricative and an approximant.[21]SeeStandard German phonology |
| Greek | Ancient Greek | εἴη/éyē | [ějːɛː] | 's/he shall come' | SeeAncient Greek phonology |
| Hebrew | ילד/yeled | [ˈjeled] | 'kid' | SeeModern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hindustani | यान/یان/yán | [jäːn] | 'vehicle' | SeeHindustani phonology | |
| Hungarian | játék | [jaːteːk] | 'game' | SeeHungarian phonology | |
| Irish[22] | ghearrfadh | [ˈjɑːɾˠhəx] | 'would cut' | SeeIrish phonology | |
| Italian[23] | ione | [ˈjoːne] | 'ion' | SeeItalian phonology | |
| Jalapa Mazatec[24] | [example needed] | Contrasts voiceless/j̊/,plain voiced/j/and glottalized voiced/ȷ̃/approximants.[24] | |||
| Japanese | Thiêu く/yaku | [jaku͍] | 'to bake' | SeeJapanese phonology | |
| Kabardian | йи/yi | [ji] | 'game' | ||
| Kazakh | Яғни/yağni | [jaʁni] | 'so' | ||
| Khmer | យំ/yom | [jom] | 'to cry' | SeeKhmer phonology | |
| Korean | 여섯/yósót | [jʌsʌt̚] | 'six' | SeeKorean phonology | |
| Latin | iacere | [ˈjakɛrɛ] | 'to throw' | SeeLatin spelling and pronunciation | |
| Lithuanian[25] | ji | [jɪ] | 'she' | Also described as a fricative[ʝ].[26][27]SeeLithuanian phonology | |
| Macedonian | крај/kraj | [kraj] | 'end' | SeeMacedonian phonology | |
| Malay | sayang | [sajaŋ] | 'love' | ||
| Maltese | jiekol | [jɪɛkol] | 'he eats' | ||
| Mapudungun[28] | kayu | [kɜˈjʊ] | 'six' | May be a fricative[ʝ]instead.[28] | |
| Marathi | यश/yaš | [jəʃ] | 'success' | ||
| Nepali | याम/yam | [jäm] | 'season' | SeeNepali phonology | |
| Norwegian | Urban East[29][30] | gi | [jiː] | 'to give' | May be a fricative[ʝ]instead.[30][31]SeeNorwegian phonology |
| Odia | ସମୟ/samaya | [sɔmɔjɔ] | 'time' | ||
| Persian | یزد/Yäzd | [jæzd] | 'Yazd' | SeePersian phonology | |
| Polish[32] | jutro | 'tomorrow' | SeePolish phonology | ||
| Portuguese[33] | boia | [ˈbɔjɐ] | 'buoy', 'float' | Allophone of both/i/and/ʎ/,[34]as well as a very common epenthetic sound before coda sibilants in some dialects. SeePortuguese phonology | |
| Punjabi | ਯਾਰ/yár | [jäːɾ] | 'friend' | ||
| Romanian | iar | [jar] | 'again' | SeeRomanian phonology | |
| Russian[35] | яма/jama | [ˈjämə] | 'pit' | SeeRussian phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian[36] | југ/jug | [jûɡ] | 'South' | SeeSerbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Slovak[37] | jesť | [jɛ̝sc] | 'to eat' | SeeSlovak phonology | |
| Slovene | jaz | [ˈjʌ̂s̪] | 'I' | ||
| Spanish[38] | ayer | 'yesterday' | Unspecified for rounding approximant consonant; the language also features an unrounded palatal approximant semivowel.[38]SeeSpanish phonology | ||
| Swedish | jag | [ˈjɑːɡ] | 'I' | May be realized as a palatal fricative[ʝ]instead. SeeSwedish phonology | |
| Tagalog | maya | [ˈmajɐ] | 'sparrow' | ||
| Tamil | யானை/yanai | [ˈjaːnaɪ] | 'elephant' | ||
| Telugu | యాతన/yatana | [jaːtana] | 'agony' | ||
| Turkish[39] | yol | [jo̞ɫ̪] | 'way' | SeeTurkish phonology | |
| Turkmen | ýüpek | [jypek] | 'silk' | ||
| Ubykh | ајәушқӏa/ajëwšq'a | [ajəwʃqʼa] | 'you did it' | SeeUbykh phonology | |
| Ukrainian | їжак/ïžak | [jiˈʒɑk] | 'hedgehog' | SeeUkrainian phonology | |
| Vietnamese | Southern dialects | de | [jɛ] | 'cinnamon' | Corresponds to northern/z/.SeeVietnamese phonology |
| Washo | dayáʔ | [daˈjaʔ] | 'leaf' | Contrasts voiceless/j̊/and voiced/j/approximants. | |
| Welsh | iaith | [jai̯θ] | 'language' | SeeWelsh phonology | |
| West Frisian | jas | [jɔs] | 'coat' | SeeWest Frisian phonology | |
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[40] | yan | [jaŋ] | 'neck' | |
Post-palatal
edit| Voiced post-palatal approximant | |
|---|---|
| j˗ | |
| ɰ˖ | |
| ȷ̈ | |
| ɨ̯ | |
| Audio sample | |
| Encoding | |
| X-SAMPA | j- |
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spanish[41] | seguir | 'to follow' | Lenited allophone of/ɡ/before front vowels;[41]typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɣ⟩. SeeSpanish phonology | ||
| Turkish | Standard prescriptive[42] | düğün | [ˈd̪y̠ȷ̈y̠n̪] | 'wedding' | Either post-palatal or palatal; phonetic realization of/ɣ/(also transcribed as/ɰ/) before front vowels.[42]SeeTurkish phonology |
See also
editNotes
edit- ^Larsen, R.S.; Pike, E.V. (1949). "Huasteco Intonations and Phonemes".Language.25:268–27.doi:10.2307/410088.JSTOR410088.
- ^Ochoa Peralta, María Angela (1984).El idioma huasteco de Xiloxuchil, Veracruz.México: Instituto Nacional de Antropolog'ia e Historia. pp. 33–34.
SEMIVOCALALVEOPALATALSONORA Tiene dos alófonos:[y]semivocal alveopalatal sonora, y[Y]semivocal alveopalatal sorda.
- ^ab"UPSID HUASTECO".web.phonetik.uni-frankfurt.de.Retrieved2023-12-30.
voiced palato-alveolar approximant
- ^"Simple UPSID interface".web.phonetik.uni-frankfurt.de.Retrieved2023-12-30.
- ^Maddieson, Ian.Pattern of Sounds.Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
- ^Maddieson, Ian; Precoda, Kristin (1990).Updating UPSID.Vol. 74. Department of Linguistics, UCLA. pp. 104–111.
- ^Moran, Steven; McCloy, Daniel, eds. (2019)."Huastec sound inventory (UPSID)".UCLA Phonological Segment Inventory Database.Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
j̟
- ^"PHOIBLE 2.0 - Consonant j̟".phoible.org.Retrieved2023-12-30.
j̟
- ^Martínez Celdrán (2004),p. 208.
- ^Martínez Celdrán (2004),p. 206.
- ^Smyth (1920),p. 11.
- ^Instead of "post-palatal", it can be called "retracted palatal", "backed palatal", "palato-velar", "pre-velar", "advanced velar", "fronted velar" or "front-velar". For simplicity, this article uses only the term "post-palatal".
- ^abMott (2007),pp. 105–106.
- ^Dum-Tragut (2009),p. 13.
- ^Carbonell & Llisterri (1992),p. 53.
- ^abCollins & Mees (2003),p. 198.
- ^Kohler (1999),p. 86.
- ^Moosmüller, Schmid & Brandstätter (2015),p. 340.
- ^Mangold (2005),p. 51.
- ^Krech et al. (2009),p. 83.
- ^Hall (2003),p. 48.
- ^Ó Sé (2000),p. 17.
- ^Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004),p. 117.
- ^abSilverman et al. (1995),p. 83.
- ^Mathiassen (1996),pp. 22–23.
- ^Augustaitis (1964),p. 23.
- ^Ambrazas et al. (1997),pp. 46–47.
- ^abSadowsky et al. (2013),p. 91.
- ^Kristoffersen (2000),pp. 22 and 25.
- ^abVanvik (1979),p. 41.
- ^Kristoffersen (2000),p. 74.
- ^Jassem (2003),p. 103.
- ^(in Portuguese)Delta: Documentation of studies on theoric and applied Linguistics – Problems in the tense variant of carioca speech.
- ^(in Portuguese)The acoustic-articulatory path of the lateral palatal consonant's allophony.Pages 223 and 228.
- ^Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015),p. 223.
- ^Landau et al. (1999),p. 67.
- ^Pavlík (2004),p. 106.
- ^abMartínez Celdrán (2004),p. 205.
- ^Zimmer & Orgun (1999),p. 154.
- ^Merrill (2008),p. 108.
- ^abCanellada & Madsen (1987),p. 21.
- ^abZimmer & Orgun (1999),p. 155.
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