Thevoiced palatal fricativeis a type ofconsonantalsound used in somespokenlanguages.The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet(IPA) that represents this sound is ⟨ʝ⟩ (crossed-tail j), and the equivalentX-SAMPAsymbol isj\.It is the non-sibilant equivalent of thevoiced alveolo-palatal sibilant.
| Voiced palatal fricative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʝ | |||
| IPA Number | 139 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity(decimal) | ʝ | ||
| Unicode(hex) | U+029D | ||
| X-SAMPA | j\ | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
| Voiced alveolo-palatal non-sibilant fricative | |
|---|---|
| ɹ̠ʲ˔ | |
| ʝ˖ |
Inbroad transcription,the symbol for thepalatal approximant,⟨j⟩, may be used for the sake of simplicity.
The voiced palatal fricative is a very rare sound, occurring in only 7 of the 317 languages surveyed by the originalUCLA Phonological Segment Inventory Database[citation needed].InDutch,Kabyle,Margi,Modern Greek,andScottish Gaelic,the sound occurs phonemically, along with itsvoiceless counterpart,and in several more, the sound occurs as a result of phonological processes.
To produce this sound, the tip of the tongue is placed against the roof of the mouth behind the upper front teeth; then, while exhaling, the space between the tongue and the palate is narrowed, creating a friction-like sound similar to the⟨s⟩sound (IPA:[ʒ]) in the English wordleisure.
There is also thevoiced post-palatal fricative[1]in some languages, which is articulated slightly more back compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical voiced palatal fricative but not as back as the prototypicalvoiced velar fricative.The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, but it can be transcribed as ⟨ʝ̠⟩, ⟨ʝ˗⟩ (both symbols denote aretracted⟨ʝ⟩), ⟨ɣ̟⟩ or ⟨ɣ˖⟩ (both symbols denote anadvanced⟨ɣ⟩). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols arej\_-andG_+,respectively.
Especially inbroad transcription,the voiced post-palatal fricative may be transcribed as a palatalized voiced velar fricative (⟨ɣʲ⟩ in the IPA,G'orG_jin X-SAMPA).
Features
editFeatures of the voiced palatal fricative:
- Itsmanner of articulationisfricative,which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causingturbulence.
- Itsplace of articulationispalatal,which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of thetongueraised to thehard palate.The otherwise identical post-palatal variant is articulated slightly behind the hard palate, making it sound slightly closer to the velar[ɣ].
- Itsphonationis voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is anoral consonant,which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is acentral consonant,which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Itsairstream mechanismispulmonic,which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with theintercostal musclesandabdominal muscles,as in most sounds.
Occurrence
editPalatal
edit| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asturian | frayar | [fɾäˈʝär] | 'to destroy' | ||
| Burmese | [example needed] | Allophone of/j/,particularly word initially. | |||
| Catalan | Majorcan[2] | figuera | [fiˈʝeɾə] | 'fig tree' | Occurs in complementary distribution with[ɟ].Corresponds to[ɣ]in other varieties. SeeCatalan phonology |
| Danish | Standard[3] | talg | [ˈtʰælˀʝ] | 'tallow' | Possible word-final allophone of/j/when it occurs after/l/.[3]SeeDanish phonology |
| Dutch | Standard[4] | ja | [ʝaː] | 'yes' | Frequent allophone of/j/,especially in emphatic speech.[4]SeeDutch phonology |
| German | Standard[5][6] | Jacke | [ˈʝäkə] | 'jacket' | Most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨j⟩; also described as an approximant[j][7][8]and a sound variable between a fricative and an approximant.[9]SeeStandard German phonology |
| Greek | Standard | γεια | [ʝɐ] | 'hi' | |
| Cypriot[10] | ελιά | [e̞ˈʝːɐ] | 'olive' | Allophone of/ʎ/ | |
| Hungarian[11] | dobjbe | [dobʝbɛ] | 'throw in' | An allophone of/j/.SeeHungarian phonology | |
| Irish[12] | anghrian | [ənʲˈʝɾʲiən̪ˠ] | 'the sun' | SeeIrish phonology | |
| Italian | Southern dialects | figlio | [ˈfiʝːo] | 'son' | Corresponds to/ʎ/in standard Italian. SeeItalian phonology |
| Kabyle | cceǥ | [ʃʃəʝ] | 'to slip' | ||
| Korean | 사향노루/sahyangnoru | [sɐʝɐŋnoɾu] | 'Siberian musk deer' | The sound is sometimes heard by people when /h/ is betweenvoicedand combined with /i/, /t/ and /j/, SeeKorean phonology | |
| Lithuanian[13][14] | ji | [ʝɪ] | 'she' | Most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨j⟩; also described as an approximant[j].[15]SeeLithuanian phonology | |
| Margi[16] | [example needed] | Contrasts /ɟ, ᶮɟ, ç, ʝ, j, j̰, ɣ/. | |||
| Mapudungun[17] | kayu | [kɜˈʝʊ] | 'six' | This phoneme corresponds to the letter Y in Mapudungün. SeeMapuche language | |
| Norwegian | Urban East[18][19] | gi | [ʝiː] | 'to give' | Allophone of/j/,especially before and after close vowels and in energetic speech.[19]SeeNorwegian phonology |
| Pashto | Ghiljidialect[20] | موږ | [muʝ] | 'we' | |
| Wardak dialect[20] | |||||
| Ripuarian | zeije | [ˈt͡sɛʝə] | 'to show' | ||
| Russian[21] | яма | [ˈʝämə] | 'pit' | Allophone of/j/in emphatic speech.[21]SeeRussian phonology | |
| Scottish Gaelic[22] | dhiubh | [ʝu] | 'of them' | SeeScottish Gaelic phonology | |
| Spanish[23] | sayo | [ˈsäʝo̞] | 'smock' | May also be represented by⟨ll⟩in many dialects. SeeSpanish phonologyandYeísmo | |
| Swedish[24] | jord | 'soil' | Allophone of/j/.SeeSwedish phonology | ||
| Vietnamese | Middle Vietnamese[25] | Gió [𩙋] | [ʝɔB1](Tonkinesedialect) | 'wind' | SeeMiddle Vietnamese phonology |
Post-palatal
edit| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belarusian | геаграфія | [ɣ̟e.äˈɣɾäfʲijä] | 'geography' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɣʲ⟩. SeeBelarusian phonology | |
| Dutch | StandardBelgian[26] | gaan | [ɣ̟aːn] | 'to go' | May be velar[ɣ]instead.[26]SeeDutch phonology |
| Southern accents[26] | |||||
| German | Standard[27] | Riese | [ˈɣ̟iːzə] | 'giant' | Allophone of the fricative/ʁ/before and after front vowels.[27]SeeStandard German phonology |
| Greek | StandardModern[28][29] | γένος | 'gender' | SeeModern Greek phonology | |
| Limburgish | Weert dialect[30] | gèr | [ɣ̟ɛ̈ːʀ̝̊] | 'gladly' | Allophone of/ɣ/before and after front vowels.[30]SeeWeert dialect phonology |
| Lithuanian[15][31] | Hiustonas | [ˈɣ̟ʊs̪t̪ɔn̪ɐs̪] | 'Houston' | Very rare;[32]typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɣʲ⟩. SeeLithuanian phonology | |
| Russian | Standard[21] | другихгимнов | [d̪rʊˈɡ̟ɪɣ̟ˈɡ̟imn̪əf] | 'of other anthems' | Allophone of/x/before voiced soft consonants;[21]typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɣʲ⟩. The example also illustrates[ɡ̟].SeeRussian phonology |
| Southern | гимн | [ɣ̟imn̪] | 'anthem' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɣʲ⟩; corresponds to[ɡʲ]in standard Russian. SeeRussian phonology | |
Variable
edit| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mapudungun[33] | [example needed] | Allophone of/ɣ/before the front vowels/ɪ,e/.[33] | |||
See also
editNotes
edit- ^Instead of "post-palatal", it can be called "retracted palatal", "backed palatal", "palato-velar", "pre-velar", "advanced velar", "fronted velar" or "front-velar". For simplicity, this article uses only the term "post-palatal".
- ^Wheeler (2005:22–23)
- ^abBasbøll (2005:212)
- ^abCollins & Mees (2003:198)
- ^Mangold (2005:51)
- ^Krech et al. (2009:83)
- ^Kohler (1999:86)
- ^Moosmüller, Schmid & Brandstätter (2015:340)
- ^Hall (2003:48)
- ^Arvaniti (2010:116–117)
- ^Gósy (2004:77, 130)
- ^Ó Sé (2000:17)
- ^Augustaitis (1964:23)
- ^Ambrazas et al. (1997:46–47)
- ^abMathiassen (1996:22–23)
- ^Ladefoged, Peter;Maddieson, Ian(1996).The Sounds of the World's Languages.Oxford: Blackwell. p. 165.ISBN0-631-19815-6.
- ^Sadowsky et al. (2013:91)
- ^Strandskogen (1979:33)
- ^abVanvik (1979:41)
- ^abHenderson (1983:595)
- ^abcdYanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:223)
- ^Oftedal (1956:?)
- ^Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
- ^Engstrand (1999:140)
- ^SeeVietnamese alphabet#Consonants⟨gi⟩
- ^abcCollins & Mees (2003:191)
- ^abKrech et al. (2009:85)
- ^Nicolaidis (2003:?)
- ^Arvaniti (2007:20)
- ^abHeijmans & Gussenhoven (1998:108)
- ^Ambrazas et al. (1997:36)
- ^Ambrazas et al. (1997:35)
- ^abSadowsky et al. (2013:89)
References
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- Arvaniti, Amalia (2007),"Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art"(PDF),Journal of Greek Linguistics,8:97–208,CiteSeerX10.1.1.692.1365,doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv,archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2013-12-11,retrieved2013-12-11
- Arvaniti, Amalia (2010),"A (brief) review of Cypriot Phonetics and Phonology"(PDF),The Greek Language in Cyprus from Antiquity to the Present Day,University of Athens, pp. 107–124, archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2016-01-23,retrieved2015-04-12
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- Basbøll, Hans(2005),The Phonology of Danish,Taylor & Francis,ISBN978-0-203-97876-4
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981],The Phonetics of English and Dutch(5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers,ISBN978-9004103405
- Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish",Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142,ISBN978-0-521-63751-0
- Gósy, Mária (2004),Fonetika, a beszéd tudománya(in Hungarian), Budapest: Osiris
- Hall, Christopher (2003) [First published 1992],Modern German pronunciation: An introduction for speakers of English(2nd ed.), Manchester: Manchester University Press,ISBN978-0-7190-6689-4
- Heijmans, Linda; Gussenhoven, Carlos (1998),"The Dutch dialect of Weert"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,28(1–2): 107–112,doi:10.1017/S0025100300006307,S2CID145635698
- Henderson, Michael M. T. (1983), "Four Varieties of Pashto",Journal of the American Oriental Society,103(3): 595–597,doi:10.2307/602038,JSTOR602038
- Kohler, Klaus J.(1999), "German",Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet,Cambridge University Press, pp. 86–89,ISBN978-0-521-65236-0
- Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009),Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch,Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter,ISBN978-3-11-018202-6
- Mangold, Max(2005) [First published 1962],Das Aussprachewörterbuch(6th ed.), Mannheim: Dudenverlag,ISBN978-3-411-04066-7
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003),"Castilian Spanish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,33(2): 255–259,doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Mathiassen, Terje (1996),A Short Grammar of Lithuanian,Slavica Publishers, Inc.,ISBN978-0893572679
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- Nicolaidis, Katerina (2003), "An Electropalatographic Study of Palatals in Greek", in D. Theophanopoulou-Kontou; C. Lascaratou; M. Sifianou; M. Georgiafentis; V. Spyropoulos (eds.),Current trends in Greek Linguistics(in Greek), Athens: Patakis, pp. 108–127
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