Avoiceless alveolar affricateis a type ofaffricate consonantpronounced with thetiporbladeof the tongue against thealveolar ridge(gum line) just behind the teeth. This refers to a class of sounds, not a single sound. There are several types with significant perceptual differences:
- Thevoiceless alveolar sibilant affricate[t͡s]is the most common type, similar to thetsinEnglishcats.
- Thevoiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate[t͡θ̠]or[t͡θ͇],using the alveolar diacritic from theExtended IPA,is somewhat similar to thethin some pronunciations ofEnglisheighth.It is found as a regional realization of the sequence/tr/in someSiciliandialects ofStandard Italian.
- Thevoiceless alveolar lateral affricate[t͡ɬ]is found in certain languages, such asCherokee,Mexican Spanish,andNahuatl.
- Thevoiceless alveolar retracted sibilant affricate[t͡s̺],also called apico-alveolar or grave, has a weak hushing sound reminiscent ofretroflexaffricates. One language in which it is found isBasque,where it contrasts with a more conventional non-retracted laminal alveolar affricate.
This article discusses the first two.
Voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate
edit| Voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ts | |||
| ʦ | |||
| IPA number | 103 132 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity(decimal) | ʦ | ||
| Unicode(hex) | U+02A6 | ||
| X-SAMPA | ts | ||
| |||
Thevoiceless alveolar sibilant affricateis a type ofconsonantalsound, used in somespokenlanguages.The sound is transcribed in theInternational Phonetic Alphabetwith ⟨t͡s⟩ or ⟨t͜s⟩ (formerly with ⟨ʦ⟩ or ⟨ƾ⟩). The voiceless alveolar affricate occurs in manyIndo-European languages,such asGerman(which was also part of theHigh German consonant shift),Kashmiri,Marathi, Pashto,Russianand most otherSlavic languagessuch asPolishandSerbo-Croatian;also, among many others, inGeorgian,in Mongolia, and Tibetan Sanskrit, inJapanese,inMandarin Chinese,and inCantonese.Someinternational auxiliary languages,such asEsperanto,IdoandInterlinguaalso include this sound.
Features
editFeatures of the voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate:
- Itsmanner of articulationissibilantaffricate,which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequencyturbulence.
- Thestopcomponent of this affricate islaminalalveolar,which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at thealveolar ridge.For simplicity, this affricate is usually called after the sibilant fricative component.
- There are at least three specific variants of thefricativecomponent:
- Dentalized laminal alveolar(commonly called "dental" ), which means it is articulated with the tongue blade very close to the upper front teeth, with the tongue tip resting behind lower front teeth. The hissing effect in this variety of[s]is very strong.[1]
- Non-retracted alveolar,which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at thealveolar ridge,termed respectivelyapicalandlaminal.
- Retracted alveolar,which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue slightly behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectivelyapicalandlaminal.Acoustically, it is close to[ʃ]or laminal[ʂ].
- Itsphonationis voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is anoral consonant,which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is acentral consonant,which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Itsairstream mechanismispulmonic,which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with theintercostal musclesandabdominal muscles,as in most sounds.
Occurrence
editThe following sections are named after the fricative component.
Variable
edit| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| German | Standard[2] | Zeit | [t͡säɪ̯t] | 'time' | The fricative component varies between dentalized laminal, non-retracted laminal and non-retracted apical.[2]SeeStandard German phonology |
| Italian | Standard[3] | grazia | [ˈɡrät̚t͡sjä] | 'grace' | The fricative component varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical. In the latter case, the stop component is laminaldenti-alveolar.[3]SeeItalian phonology |
Dentalized laminal alveolar
edit
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Armenian | Eastern[4] | ցանց/canc | ⓘ | 'net' | Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms |
| Basque[5] | hotz | [o̞t̻͡s̪] | 'cold' | Contrasts with a sibilant affricate with an apical fricative component.[5] | |
| Belarusian[6] | цётка/cötka | [ˈt̻͡s̪ʲɵtka] | 'aunt' | Contrastingpalatalization.SeeBelarusian phonology | |
| Bulgarian[7] | цар/car | [t̻͡s̪är] | 'Tsar' | SeeBulgarian phonology | |
| Chinese | Mandarin[8][9] | Tảo xan/zǎo cān | [t̻͡s̪ɑʊ˨˩t̻͡s̪ʰan˥] | 'breakfast' | Contrasts withaspiratedform. SeeStandard Chinese phonology |
| Cantonese | Tảo xan/zou2 caan1 | /t͡sou˧˥t͡sʰaːn˥/ | 'breakfast' | SeeCantonese phonology | |
| Czech[10] | co | [t̻͡s̪o̝] | 'what' | SeeCzech phonology | |
| Hungarian[11] | cica | [ˈt̻͡s̪it̻͡s̪ɒ] | 'kitten' | SeeHungarian phonology | |
| Japanese | TânBa/ tsunami | [t̻͡s̪ɯ̟ᵝnämʲi] | 'Tsunami' | Allophone of/t/before/u/.SeeJapanese phonology | |
| モッツァレラ/mottsarera | [mo̞t̻t̻͡s̪äɾe̞ɾä] | 'mozzarella' | May appear before other vowels inloanwords.SeeJapanese phonology | ||
| Kashmiri | ژاس/cás | [t͡saːs] | 'cough' | ||
| Kashubian[12] | [example needed] | ||||
| Kazakh[13] | инвестиция/investitsiya | [investit̻͡s̪əja] | 'price' | Only in loanwords from Russian[13][14]SeeKazakh phonologyandKyrgyz phonology | |
| Kyrgyz[14] | |||||
| Latvian[15] | cena | [ˈt̻͡s̪en̪ä] | 'price' | SeeLatvian phonology | |
| Macedonian[16] | цвет/cvet | [t̻͡s̪ve̞t̪] | 'flower' | SeeMacedonian phonology | |
| Pashto | څــلور/cëlor | [ˌt͡səˈlor] | 'four' | SeePashto phonology | |
| Polish[17] | co | ⓘ | 'what' | SeePolish phonology | |
| Romanian[18] | preț | [pre̞t̻͡s̪] | 'price' | SeeRomanian phonology | |
| Russian[7] | царь/caŕ | [t̻͡s̪ärʲ] | 'Tsar' | SeeRussian phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian[19][20] | циљ/cilj/ڄیڵ | [t̻͡s̪îːʎ] | 'target' | SeeSerbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Slovak | cisár | [t̻͡s̪isaːr] | 'emperor' | SeeSlovak phonology | |
| Slovene[21] | cvet | [t̻͡s̪ʋêːt̪] | 'bloom' | SeeSlovene phonology | |
| Tyap | tsa | [t͡sa] | 'to begin' | ||
| Ukrainian[22] | цей/cej | [t̻͡s̪ɛj] | 'this one' | Contrastingpalatalization.SeeUkrainian phonology | |
| Upper Sorbian[23] | cybla | [ˈt̻͡s̪ɘblä] | 'onion' | ||
| Uzbek[24] | [example needed] | ||||
Non-retracted alveolar
edit| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arabic | Najdi[25] | كلب/tsalb | [t͡salb] | 'dog' | Corresponds to/k/and/t͡ʃ/in other dialects |
| Asturian | Some dialects[26] | otso | [ˈot͡so] | 'eight' | Corresponds to standard/t͡ʃ/ |
| Ḷḷena,Mieres,and others | ḷḷuna | [ˈt͡sunɐ] | 'moon' | Alveolar realization ofche vaqueirainstead of normal retroflex[ʈ͡ʂ] | |
| Basque[5] | hots | [ot̻͡s̺] | 'sound' | The fricative component is apical. Contrasts with a laminal affricate with a dentalized fricative component.[5] | |
| Catalan[27] | potser | [puˈt̻͡s̺(ː)e] | 'maybe' | The fricative component is apical. Only restricted to morpheme boundaries, some linguistics do not consider it a phoneme (but a sequence of[t]+[s]). Long and short versions of intervocalic affricates are in free variation in Central Catalan[tsː]~[ts].SeeCatalan phonology | |
| Central Alaskan Yup'ik[28] | cetaman | [t͡səˈtaman] | 'four' | Allophone of/t͡ʃ/beforeschwa | |
| Chamorro[29] | CHamoru | [t͡sɑˈmoːɾu] | 'Chamorro' | SpelledChamoruin the orthography used in theNorthern Mariana Islands. | |
| Chechen | цаца/caca/ر̤ار̤ا | [t͡sət͡sə] | 'sieve' | ||
| Cherokee[30] | ᏣᎳᎩtsalagi | [t͡salaɡi] | 'Cherokee' | ||
| Danish | Standard[31] | to | [ˈt̻͡s̺ʰoːˀ] | 'two' | The fricative component is apical.[31]In some accents, it is realized as[tʰ].[31]Usually transcribed/tˢ/or/t/.Contrasts with the unaspirated stop[t],which is usually transcribed/d̥/or/d/.SeeDanish phonology |
| Dargwa | цадеш/ꞩadeş/ڝادەش | [t͡sadeʃ] | 'unity, oneness' | ||
| Dutch | Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect[32] | mat | [ˈmät͡s] | 'market' | Optional pre-pausal allophone of/t/.[32]SeeOrsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect phonology |
| English | BroadCockney[33] | tea | [ˈt͡səˑi̯] | 'tea' | Possible word-initial, intervocalic and word-final allophone of/t/.[34][35]SeeEnglish phonology |
| Received Pronunciation[35] | [ˈt͡sɪˑi̯] | ||||
| New York[36] | Possible syllable-initial and sometimes also utterance-final allophone of/t/.[36]SeeEnglish phonology | ||||
| New Zealand[37] | Word-initial allophone of/t/.[37]SeeEnglish phonology | ||||
| North Wales[38] | [ˈt͡siː] | Word-initial and word-final allophone of/t/;in free variation with a strongly aspirated stop[tʰ].[38]SeeEnglish phonology | |||
| Port Talbot[39] | Allophone of/t/.In free variation with[tʰʰ].[39] | ||||
| Scouse[40] | Possible syllable-initial and word-final allophone of/t/.[40]SeeEnglish phonology | ||||
| GeneralSouth African[41] | wanting | [ˈwɑnt͡sɪŋ] | 'wanting' | Possible syllable-final allophone of/t/.[41] | |
| Esperanto | cico | ['t͡sit͡so] | 'nipple' | SeeEsperanto phonology | |
| Filipino | tsokolate | [t͡sokɔlate] | 'chocolate' | ||
| French | Quebec | tu | [t͡sy] | 'you' | Allophone of/t/before/i,y/. |
| Georgian[42] | კაცი/k'atsi | [kʼɑt͡si] | 'man' | ||
| Haida | x̱ants | [ʜʌnt͡s] | 'shadow' | Allophone of/t͡ʃ/.[43] | |
| Luxembourgish[44] | Zuch | [t͡suχ] | 'train' | SeeLuxembourgish phonology | |
| Marathi | चमचा/tsamtsā | ['t͡səmt͡saː] | 'spoon' | Represented by /च/, which also represents[t͡ʃ].It is not a marked difference. | |
| Nepali | चाप/tsāp | [t͡säp] | 'pressure' | Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated versions. The unaspirated is represented by /च/. The aspirated sound is represented by /छ/. SeeNepali phonology | |
| Portuguese | European[45] | parte sem vida | [ˈpaɾt͡sẽjˈviðɐ] | 'lifeless part' | Allophone of/t/before/i,ĩ/,or assimilation due to the deletion of/i~ɨ~e/.Increasingly used in Brazil.[46] |
| Brazilian[45][46] | participação | [paʁt͡sipaˈsɐ̃w̃] | 'participation' | ||
| Most speakers[47] | shiatsu | [ɕiˈat͡su] | 'shiatsu' | Marginal sound. Many Brazilians might break the affricate with epenthetic[i],often subsequently palatalizing/t/,specially in pre-tonic contexts (e.g.tsunami[tɕisuˈnɜ̃mʲi]).[48]SeePortuguese phonology | |
| Spanish | Madrid[49] | ancha | [ˈänʲt͡sʲä] | 'wide' | Palatalized;[49]with an apical fricative component. It corresponds to[t͡ʃ]in standard Spanish. SeeSpanish phonology |
| Chilean | |||||
| SomeRioplatensedialects | tía | ['t͡siä] | 'aunt' | ||
| SomeVenezuelandialects | zorro | [ˈt͡so̞ro̞] | 'fox' | Allophone of/s/word initially. | |
| Tamil | Jaffna Tamil | சந்தை/cantai | [t͡sɐn̪d̪ɛi̯] | 'market' | Rare, other realizations include[t͡ʃ,ʃ,s].[50] |
| Telugu | ౘట్టి/ĉaṭṭi | [t͡sɐʈʈi] | 'pot' | ||
Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate
edit| Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate | |
|---|---|
| tɹ̝̊ | |
| tθ̠ | |
| tθ͇ | |
| Audio sample | |
Features
edit- Itsmanner of articulationisaffricate,which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Itsplace of articulationisalveolar,which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at thealveolar ridge,termed respectivelyapicalandlaminal.
- Itsphonationis voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is anoral consonant,which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is acentral consonant,which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Itsairstream mechanismispulmonic,which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with theintercostal musclesandabdominal muscles,as in most sounds.
Occurrence
edit| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dutch | Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect[32] | verbèganger | [vərˈbɛːɣäŋət͡ɹ̝̊] | 'passer-by' | A possible realization of word-final/r/before pauses.[32] |
| English | General American[51] | tree | ⓘ | 'tree' | Phonetic realization of the stressed, syllable-initial sequence/tr/;more commonly postalveolar[t̠ɹ̠̊˔].[51]SeeEnglish phonology |
| Received Pronunciation[51] | |||||
| Italian | Sicily[52] | straniero | [st͡ɹ̝̊äˈnjɛɾo] | 'foreign' | Apical. Regional realization of the sequence/tr/;may be a sequence[tɹ̝̊]or[tɹ̝]instead.[53]SeeItalian phonology |
See also
editNotes
edit- ^Puppel, Nawrocka-Fisiak & Krassowska (1977:149), cited inLadefoged & Maddieson (1996:154)
- ^abMangold (2005),pp. 50 and 52.
- ^abCanepari (1992),pp. 75–76.
- ^Kozintseva (1995),p. 6.
- ^abcdHualde, Lujanbio & Zubiri (2010:1). Although this paper discusses mainly theGoizuetadialect, the authors state that it has "a typical, conservative consonant inventory for a Basque variety".
- ^Padluzhny (1989),pp. 48–49.
- ^abChew (2003),p. 67.
- ^Lee & Zee (2003),pp. 109–110.
- ^Lin (2001),pp. 17–25.
- ^Palková (1994),pp. 234–235.
- ^Szende (1999),p. 104.
- ^Jerzy Treder."Fonetyka i fonologia".Archived fromthe originalon 2016-03-04.
- ^abKara (2002),p. 10.
- ^abKara (2003),p. 11.
- ^Nau (1998),p. 6.
- ^Lunt (1952),p. 1.
- ^Rocławski (1976),pp. 160.
- ^Ovidiu Drăghici."Limba Română contemporană. Fonetică. Fonologie. Ortografie. Lexicologie"(PDF).RetrievedApril 19,2013.[permanent dead link]
- ^Kordić (2006),p. 5.
- ^Landau et al. (1999),p. 66.
- ^Pretnar & Tokarz (1980),p. 21.
- ^S. Buk; J. Mačutek; A. Rovenchak (2008). "Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system".Glottometrics.16:63–79.arXiv:0802.4198.
- ^Šewc-Schuster (1984),pp. 22, 38).
- ^Sjoberg (1963),p. 12.
- ^Lewis, Jr. (2013),p. 5.
- ^"Normes ortográfiques, Academia de la Llingua Asturiana"(PDF)(in Asturian). p. 14. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2013-03-23.
- ^Recasens & Espinosa (2007),p. 144.
- ^Jacobson (1995),p. 2.
- ^Chung (2020),p. 645.
- ^Uchihara, Hiroto (2016).Tone and Accent in Oklahoma Cherokee.New York:Oxford University Press.ISBN978-0-19-873944-9.
- ^abcGrønnum (2005),p. 120.
- ^abcdPeters (2010),p. 240.
- ^Wells (1982),pp. 322–323.
- ^Wells (1982),p. 323.
- ^abCruttenden (2014),p. 172.
- ^abWells (1982),p. 515.
- ^abBauer et al. (2007),p. 100.
- ^abPenhallurick (2004),pp. 108–109.
- ^abConnolly, John H. (1990).English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change.Multilingual Matters Ltd.;Channel View Publications.pp.121–129.ISBN1-85359-032-0.
- ^abWells (1982),p. 372.
- ^abCollins & Mees (2013),p. 194.
- ^Shosted & Chikovani (2006),p. 255.
- ^ERIC - ED162532 - Haida Dictionary., 1977.SPHLL, c/o Mrs. 1977.
- ^Gilles & Trouvain (2013),pp. 67–68.
- ^abAlice Telles de Paula."Palatalization of dental occlusives /t/ and /d/ in the bilingual communities of Taquara and Panambi, RS"(PDF)(in Portuguese). p. 14.
- ^abCamila Tavares Leite."Seqüências de (oclusiva alveolar + sibilante alveolar) como um padrão inovador no português de Belo Horizonte"(PDF)(in Portuguese). Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2016-03-06.Retrieved2014-12-12.
- ^Ana Beatriz Gonçalves de Assis."Adaptações fonológicas na pronúncia de estrangeirismos do Inglês por falantes de Português Brasileiro"(PDF)(in Portuguese). Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2014-12-13.Retrieved2014-12-12.
- ^Aline Aver Vanin."A influência da percepção inferencial na formação de vogal epentética em estrangeirismos"(in Portuguese).
- ^abKlaus Kohler."Castilian Spanish – Madrid".
- ^Zvelebil, Kamil (1965).Some features of Ceylon Tamil.Indo-Iranian Journal. Vol. 9. JSTOR. pp.113–138.JSTOR24650188.
- ^abcCruttenden (2014),pp. 177, 186–188, 192.
- ^Canepari (1992),p. 64.
- ^Canepari (1992),pp. 64–65.
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