Wikipedia

Wavy Gravy

This article is about the entertainer. For the single by Sasha, seeWavy Gravy (instrumental).

Hugh Nanton Romney Jr.(born May 15, 1936), known asWavy Gravy,is an American entertainer and peaceactivistbest known for his role atWoodstock,as well as for hishippiepersona andcounterculturalbeliefs.

Wavy Gravy
Wavy Gravy
Wavy Gravy in 2009
Born
Hugh Nanton Romney Jr.

(1936-05-15)May 15, 1936(age 88)[1][2]
East Greenbush, New York,U.S.
NationalityAmerican
Occupations
Spouse
​
(m.1965)​
Children1
Websitewavygravy.net
Signature

Romney has founded or co-founded several organizations, including the activistcommunetheHog Farm,and later, as Wavy Gravy,Camp Winnarainbowand theSeva Foundation.He founded thePhurst Church of Phunin the 1960s,[3]a secret society of comics and clowns that aimed to support ending of theVietnam Warthrough political theater, and has adopted aclownpersona in support of his political activism, and more generally as a form of entertainment work,[not verified in body]including as the officialclownof theGrateful Dead.

As Wavy Gravy, he has had two radio shows onSirius Satellite Radio'sJam Onstation. A documentary film based on his life,Saint Misbehavin': The Wavy Gravy Movie,was released in late 2010 to generally positive reviews. Romney was awarded the Kate Wolf Memorial Award by theWorld Folk Music Associationin 1992.[4]

Early life and education

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Hugh Nanton Romney Jr. was born inEast Greenbush, New York,on May 15, 1936.[5][1][6]His father, Hugh Romney Sr., was an architect.[7]Romney was raised in early life inPrinceton,New Jersey,and by middle school age his family moved toWest Hartford,Connecticut.[8][9]He attendedWilliam Hall High School,graduating in 1954.[9]After high school graduation, he volunteered for theUnited States Army,serving as asign painter,to take advantage of theG.I. Bill.[7][10]He was honorably discharged after 22 months.[citation needed]

Romney enteredBoston UniversityTheater Department in the late 1950s under theG.I. Bill,[9][11]and then attended theNeighborhood Playhousefor the Theater inNew York City.[7]

In 1958, he began reading poetry regularly atThe Gaslight CafeinGreenwich VillageinNew York City,where he eventually became the cafe's entertainment director, befriending musicians such asBob Dylan,Tom Paxton,andDave Van Ronk.[12][8]He lived with Bob Dylan upstairs at 116 MacDougal Street.[8]

Career

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His early career was managed byLenny Brucewho brought Romney to California in 1962 where he did a live recording ofHugh Romney,Third StreamHumoras the opening act forThelonious Monkat Club Renaissance in Los Angeles.[13]

The Hog Farm

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TheHog Farmcollective was established through a chain of events beginning withKen Babbshijacking theMerry Pranksters' bus,Furthur,to Mexico, which stranded theMerry Prankstersin Los Angeles.[citation needed]First Romney assembled a collective inNorth Hollywood,visited by musicians such asRavi ShankarandTiny Tim(whom he managed).[citation needed]

After moving toSunland,a suburb in theSan Fernando Valley,north of Los Angeles, Romney was evicted from his one-bedroom cabin after the landlord discovered that a large group of assorted pranksters and musicians were staying there. Two hours later, a neighbor informed Romney that a nearby hog farm needed caretakers after the farmer had suffered a stroke, and Romney accepted an offer to work at the farm in exchange for rent.[7][14]Local people, musicians, artists, and members of other communes began staying at the mountain-top farm.[citation needed]In his bookSomething Good for a Change,Gravy described this early period as a "bizarrecommunal experiment"where the" people began to outnumber the pigs ".[15]

Throughout the mid-1960s, both Romney and his wife,Bonnie Beecher,were employed in Los Angeles. He worked forColumbia Picturesteaching improvisation skills to actors.[citation needed]Beecher was a successful television actress, appearing in episodes ofThe Twilight Zone,Gunsmoke,Star Trek,andThe Fugitive.[citation needed]

By 1966, the Hog Farm had coalesced into an entertainment organization providing light shows at theShrine Exposition Hallin Los Angeles for music artists such as theGrateful Dead,Cream,andJimi Hendrix.[citation needed]Beginning in 1967, the collective began traveling across the country in converted school buses purchased with money earned asextrasinOtto Preminger's feature filmSkidoo(1968).[7]

The Hog Farm relocated to the Black Oak Ranch inLaytonville,Mendocino County,inNorthern Californiain the early 1990s.[16][17]

Woodstock Festival

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At the firstWoodstock Festival,Romney and the Hog Farm collective accepted festival executive Stan Goldstein's offer to help with preparations.[18]

Romney called his group the "Please Force," a reference to their non-intrusive tactics at keeping order, e.g., "Please don't do that, please do this instead". When asked by the press—who were the first to inform him that he and the rest of the Hog Farm were handling security—what kind of tools he intended to use to maintain order at the event, his response was "Cream pies andseltzer bottles"[18](both being traditional clown props). In Gravy's words: "They all wrote it down and I thought, 'the power of manipulating the media', ah ha!"[19]

Romney made announcements from the concert stage throughout the festival. He later wrote in his memoir that "the reason that I got to do all those stage announcements was because of my relationship withChip Monk[sic]. Chip built the stage at Woodstock. "[20]

At theRock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum's psychedelic tribute to the 1960s "I Want To Take You Higher",[21]Romney's sleeping bag and tie-dyed false teeth were displayed. He andPaul Krassnerappeared there on the last day of the exhibit on February 28, 1998.[citation needed]

Romney, as Wavy Gravy after the first Woodstock, has been theMaster of Ceremoniesof, and the only person to appear on the bill of all three Woodstock festivals: the original festival in 1969, the 25thanniversaryWoodstock '94festival in 1994, and the 30thanniversaryWoodstock '99festival in 1999. On the morning of the 20th Anniversary of the Woodstock Festival, he and authorKen Keseywere interviewed onGood Morning America,live from the Bethel concert site, where he discussed his experience as the MC of the event.[citation needed]

Wavy Gravy name origin

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At the 1969Texas International Pop Festival,two weeks after Woodstock, Romney was lying onstage, exhausted after spending hours trying to get festival-goers to put their clothes back on. He later explained, "They had these conga drummers on the stage, and I said, 'Don't dance on the wavy gravy'. Then someone announced thatB.B. Kingwas there, and he was going to play for free. I started to get up, and I felt this hand on my shoulder and it was B.B. King. And he said, 'Are you Wavy Gravy?' and I just said, 'Yes, sir,' and he said, 'Wavy Gravy, I can work around you.' And he stood me up next to his amplifier, andJohnny Wintercomes from the other side, and they played all night long. "[22][23]Romney said he considered this a mystical event, and assumed Wavy Gravy as his legal name.[24][third-party source needed]

Phurst Church of Phun and clowning

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After frequent arrests at demonstrations, Wavy Gravy decided that his arrest would be less likely if he dressed as a clown. Romney therefore co-founded the Phurst Church of Phun,[when?]a secret society of comics and clowns dedicated to ending the Vietnam War through the use of political theater. Romney also performs more generally as a clown, including entertaining children, work that includes such traditional clown activities as joke-telling and magic tricks. As Wavy Gravy, he has served as an officialclownof theGrateful Dead.[when?][25]

Art

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Wavy Gravy has also been recognized for his work as acollageartist, with work presented at a solo exhibition in April 1999 at the Firehouse Gallery in New York under gallery owner Eric Gibbons.[26]He had an exhibition,Wavy Gravy Retrospective(1996) at the Firehouse Gallery of Bordentown, New Jersey.

He began exploring collage in the early '60s, and his first works were created in the period where he lived above the Gaslight in Greenwich Village; he has stated that he was inspired by aMax Ernstcollage he saw at the Bitter End, when he opened forPeter, Paul and Mary.[when?][citation needed]His collage work includes larger pieces done for celebrities in theSan FranciscoBay Area.[citation needed]

Neo-pagan appearances

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Wavy Gravy's first appearance at an event in theNeo-Pagancommunity was at the WinterStar Symposium in 1998 withPaul Krassner.[27][failed verification]He appeared there again in 2000 withPhyllis Curott,where he joined Rev.Ivan Stangin a joint ritual of theChurch of the SubGeniusand his Church of the Cosmic Giggle.[28]

Ventures

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Seva Foundation

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Wavy Gravy co-founded theSeva Foundationin 1978, along with spiritual leaderRam Dassand public health expertDr. Larry Brilliant.[29][30][31]Based inBerkeley, California,Seva Foundation is an international health organization working to build sustainable sight restoration programs in many of the globe's most under-served communities.[29][32]Gravy is famous for throwing all-starbenefit concertsregularly featuring members of theGrateful Dead,Bonnie Raitt,Jackson Browne,David Crosby,Graham Nash,Ani DiFranco,Ben Harper,Elvis Costello,and many other musicians.[29]

Camp Winnarainbow

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Gravy co-founded, with his wife, the circus and performing arts campCamp Winnarainbow,now located inLaytonville, Californianear the Hog Farm.[when?][32][33]He co-ran the camp alongside Txi Whizz (also known as Barbara Hanna), his "right-hand woman".[34]

"Tornado of Talent"

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In September 1981 there was ananti-nuclear protest,which included trespassing, blockade, occupation, andcivil disobedienceaction atDiablo Canyon Power Plant,organized by theAbalone Alliance.[35]Approximately 640 protesters were arrested, and Wavy Gravy andJackson Brownewere in attendance.[35]

Browne was able to have an acoustic guitar and performed in the gymnasium atCuesta College;where the male incarcerated were being held.[35]Gravy organized and acted as MC for a variety show there that he called the, "Tornado of Talent". Wavy arrived at the holding facility dressed in a pair of bright green coveralls. After settling into his "bunk" (a thin mattress on the gym floor) he removed the coveralls to reveal a Santa Claus suit.

Nobody for President and Nobody's Business

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"Wavy Gravy nominatedNobodyfor president at the "Yippie National Convention" outside the Republican National Convention in Kansas City in 1976. It was the second time the Hog Farm had nominated a candidate for the Presidency, following the nomination of the hog, Pigasus, eight years prior.[36]"

Wavy Gravy ran a "Nobody for President"campaign that held a rally across from theWhite Houseon November 4, 1980, which includedYippiesand a fewanarchiststo promote the option of "none of the above" choice on the ballot—as in, "Nobody's Perfect", "Nobody Keeps All Promises", "Nobody Should Have That Much Power", and "Who's in Washington right now working to make the world a safer place? Nobody!".[37][38][third-party source needed]After criticizingJimmy Carter,Ronald ReaganandJohn B. Anderson,the committee offered the "perfect" candidate: Nobody. "Nobody makes apple pie better than Mom. And Nobody will love you when you're down and out," Gravy told a crowd of 50 onlookers at the rally.[39][40]The allusion had been used previously, in the 1932 short filmBetty Boop for President.[citation needed]

Gravy established the store Nobody's Business across the road from the Hog Farm.[when?][41]reminiscent of his "Nobody for President" campaign.

Personal life

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Wavy Gravy and his wife, Jahanara Romney (July 2013)

He was briefly married to a "Frenchwoman" in the early 1960s; the marriage ended in divorce.[7]

In 1965, Wavy Gravy married the actressBonnie Jean Beecher,who later adopted the name Jahanara Romney.[42]They have a son, born in 1971 as Howdy Do-Good Gravy Tomahawk Truckstop Romney, who has since become known as Jordan Romney.[42]

Radio programs

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As Wavy Gravy, he has had two radio shows onSirius Satellite Radio'sJam Onstation.[43]

  • Gravy in Your Ear:Gravy's radio show airing on the 15th of each month (including his birthday on the 15th of May) on Sirius Satellite Radio, with several re-broadcasts.[43]
  • The Wavy Files:a series of individual commentary segments by Gravy placed randomly throughout theJam Onprogramming on Sirius Satellite Radio.[43]

Filmography

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Filmography
Year Title Role Type Notes
1963 The Fat Black Pussycat Assistant Detective (as Hugh Romney) Film Detective film
1970 Woodstock Himself Film Documentary film
1972 Cisco Pike Reed (as Hugh Romney) Film [33][44]
1994 Flashing on the Sixties: A Tribal Document Himself Television
1995 The History of Rock 'N' Roll,Vol. 6 Himself Television
1997 Timothy Leary's Last Trip Himself Film Film takes place at the "Pig-Nic" at the Hog Farm.[45]
1999 The '60s Film
2000 My Generation Himself Film
2001 The End of the Road Himself Film
2001 Ram Dass, Fierce Grace Himself Film
2005 The Holy Modal Rounders: Bound to Lose Film
2006 Breaking the Rules Himself Film
2008 Battleground Earth Himself Television episode "Ludacris vs. Tommy Lee"
2008 Electric Apricot: Quest for Festeroo Himself Film Mockumentary film.[46]
2009 Saint Misbehavin': The Wavy Gravy Movie Himself Film Documentary film, directed by Michelle Esrick and released by Ripple Effect Films.[42][47][48][49]
2009 Woodstock: Now & Then Himself Film
2019 Woodstock: Three Days That Defined a Generation Himself Film Documentary film by director Barak Goodman.[50][51]
2021 "Saint Stupid The Movie recut" Himself Film by Bishop Joey https://vimeo.com/547299331?ref=em-share

Books

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  • Gravy, Wavy (1974).The Hog Farm and Friends.Foreword byKen Kesey.New York City, New York: Links Books.ISBN0-8256-3014-2.
  • Gravy, Wavy (1992).Something Good for a Change: Random Notes on Peace Thru Living.New York City, New York: St Martins Press.ISBN0-312-07838-2.

Recordings

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  • Beat Generation Jazz Poetry, Folk Lyrics, John Brent, Len Chandler and Hugh Romney at the Gaslight, Greenwich Village(LP). New York City, New York: Musitron Records. 1960.[52]
  • Third Stream Humor(as Hugh Romney), World Pacific (1962)
  • Old Feathers, New Bird: The 80s Are the 60s Twenty Years Later,Wavy Gravy, Relix (1988)
  • Bear's Sonic Journals: Sing Out!,various artists, recorded April 25, 1981 at the Berkeley Community Theater, released February 23, 2024 by the Owsley Stanley Foundation

Recognition

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Ben & Jerry'sWavy Gravyice cream flavor is named for Romney. Until 2001,Ben & Jerry'sproduced an ice cream named "Wavy Gravy" (caramel-cashew-Brazil nutbase with a chocolate hazelnut fudge swirl and roasted almonds) which helped drive a scholarship fund for underprivileged kids to attend hisCamp Winnarainbow.[53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][excessive citations]

See also

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References

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  1. ^abShenk, David (2015).Skeleton key: a dictionary for Deadheads.New York: Broadway Books.ISBN9781101905630.OCLC911054461.
  2. ^"Wavy Gravy's 80th Birthday Celebration (with Wavy in attendance), John Kadlecik & The Terrapin All-Stars, feat. Grahame Lesh & many more - The Ardmore Music Hall - Ardmore, PA - June 11th, 2016".Ticketfly.June 11, 2016.RetrievedAugust 18,2019.
  3. ^Romney, Hugh (1992).Something Good for a Change.New York, NY: St. Martin's Press. p.194–198.ISBN0312078382.
  4. ^Noble, Richard E. (2009).Number #1: the story of the original Highwaymen.Denver: Outskirts Press. pp. 265–267.ISBN9781432738099.OCLC426388468.
  5. ^Eng, Monica (May 19, 1998)."'60S ICON REFLECTS ON HIS LONG, STRANGE TRIP ".Chicago Tribune.RetrievedJanuary 2,2020.
  6. ^Shipley, Morgan (August 15, 2012). "A Conversation with Wavy Gravy".Journal for the Study of Radicalism.6(2): 127–141.doi:10.1353/jsr.2012.0015.ISSN1930-1197.S2CID145011564.
  7. ^abcdefWitt, Linda (June 12, 1986)."Wavy Gravy".Chicago Tribune.RetrievedJanuary 2,2020.
  8. ^abcMurray, Nick (October 17, 2014)."Wavy Gravy Recounts His Bizarre, Star-Crossed Hippie Journey".Rolling Stone.RetrievedNovember 17,2020.
  9. ^abcRand, Slade (August 15, 2019)."50 years later, West Hartford's Wavy Gravy and other Connecticut festival-goers recall the power of Woodstock".Hartford Courant news.RetrievedJanuary 2,2020.Twenty years before Woodstock, a young Gravy, then Hugh Romney, moved to West Hartford with his mother and step-father, where he attended middle school. He eventually graduated from Hall High School in 1954 and discovered a love of art at the Wadsworth Atheneum. As a musical theater student at Boston University in the late 1950s, he'd round up musicians and poets who weren't doing anything on Mondays and drive into Hartford to put on poetry and jazz shows at the Golden Lion.
  10. ^"Pre-Wavy Gravy: Selected Stops Along Hugh Romney's Road".Relix Media.July 7, 2011.RetrievedJanuary 2,2020.My stepfather was an aide to [General] Omar Bradley and he suggested, "Don't volunteer for anything but typing and sign making!" So I went into a new company for basic training at Fort Dix [NJ] and, lucky me, they wanted sign painters.
  11. ^"The Depths Of A Clown".The Sun Magazine.RetrievedJanuary 2,2020.
  12. ^Van Laarhoven, Kaspar (December 28, 2016)."The Story of The Gaslight Cafe, Where Dylan Premiered 'A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall'".Bedford+Bowery.RetrievedAugust 9,2018.
  13. ^Kelley, Robin D.G.Thelonious Monk: The Life and Times of an American OriginalSimon & Schuster 2009 p.320
  14. ^Zekley, Mickey (1995)."The Hog Farm Blues".The Adventures Of A Street Musician – Part One.
  15. ^Wavy Gravy (1992),p. 229.
  16. ^"Black Oak Ranch History".Kate Wolf Music Festival.Archived fromthe originalon May 27, 2019.RetrievedJanuary 23,2016.
  17. ^Doran, Bob."For the Earth Goddess".North Coast Journal.RetrievedJanuary 2,2020.
  18. ^abWavy Gravy (1974).The Hog Farm and Friends.New York: Links Press. pp. 72–74.ISBN9780825630149.OCLC947606.
  19. ^New Yippie Book Collective (1983).Blacklisted News: Secret Histories from Chicago, '68, to 1984.Bleecker Publishing.ISBN9780912873008.
  20. ^Wavy Gravy (1992).Something Good for a Change: Random Notes on Peace Thru Living(1st ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press.ISBN9780312078386.OCLC25367907.
  21. ^"The Psychedelic Era".The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum. Archived fromthe originalon September 5, 2007.
  22. ^Young, Michael E.; Appleton, Roy (August 30, 2009)."Texas International Pop Festival Was Full of Surprises for Artists, Fans, Onlookers".The Dallas Morning News.Archived fromthe originalon October 3, 2009.RetrievedJanuary 22,2023.
  23. ^Interview[who?]onLate Night with Jimmy Fallon,26 May 2011.
  24. ^"About - Wavy Gravy".wavygravy.net.Archived fromthe originalon June 2, 2017.RetrievedApril 15,2018.
  25. ^"Arts Days".The Kennedy Center Arts Edge.Archived fromthe originalon April 1, 2007.RetrievedApril 15,2018.
  26. ^"On the Towns; Going Out".The New York Times.April 4, 1999.RetrievedOctober 24,2012.
  27. ^"Expanding The Frontiers Of Your Consideration".Archived from the original on September 28, 2007.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  28. ^Posted by Michael Limnios Blues Network on January 12, 2012 at 2:00pm; Blog, View."The activist clown & hippie-icon, Wavy Gravy talks about the Seva Foundation, Woodstock, Grateful Dead, Buddha & Nikos Kazatzakis".blues.gr.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  29. ^abc"Mickey Hart, Jackson Browne, Bonnie Raitt perform at Seva Foundation fundraiser".The Mercury News.January 8, 2019.RetrievedJanuary 2,2020.
  30. ^Strom, Stephanie; Helft, Miguel (January 29, 2011)."Google Finds It Hard to Reinvent Philanthropy".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.RetrievedJanuary 2,2020.
  31. ^"Baba Ram Dass, Spiritual Guru and LSD Proponent, Dies at 88".The New York Times.December 23, 2019.ISSN0362-4331.RetrievedJanuary 2,2020.
  32. ^ab"Wavy Gravy goes hog wild in Petaluma".Petaluma Argus Courier.June 21, 2018.RetrievedJanuary 2,2020.
  33. ^abSchwartz, Vinny (2015)."Seeing is Believing - The Story of Wavy Gravy and SEVA Foundation".Sonoma County Gazette.Archived fromthe originalon October 1, 2017.RetrievedJanuary 2,2020.
  34. ^Bender, Kristen (July 6, 2004)."Adults learn wacky life lessons".East Bay Times.RetrievedOctober 16,2021.
  35. ^abcKing, Peter H. (September 20, 1981)."N-Protests Grid for Big New Assault".Newspapers.com.The San Francisco Examiner.pp. 1, 20.RetrievedOctober 21,2021.
  36. ^"Nobody for President '84 Bumper Sticker".Black Oak Ranch.
  37. ^"Nobody for President, 2020 [Official Pages]".www.nobodyforpresident.org.RetrievedApril 15,2018.
  38. ^"Nobody For President".HeadCount.org.October 12, 1976.[full citation needed]
  39. ^"Anarchists Push Cause of 'None of the above'".The New York Times.November 5, 1980.[full citation needed]
  40. ^Gravy, Wavy (Winter 1988)."20th Anniversary Rendezvous—Wavy Gravy".WholeEarth.com.Whole Earth Review. Archived fromthe originalon July 20, 2017.RetrievedAugust 16,2018.[third-party source needed]
  41. ^Brown, Jonathan (October 25, 2007)."Still hippy after all these years".The Independent.London, England.[full citation needed]
  42. ^abcHolden, Stephen (December 7, 2010)."'Saint Misbehavin' - The Wavy Gravy Movie' - Review ".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.RetrievedJanuary 2,2020.In 1965 Mr. Romney married Bonnie Jean Beecher, who later became Jahanara Romney and has been his wife for 45 years. We meet his cheerful son, Howdy Do-Good Gravy Tomahawk Truckstop Romney, later changed to Jordan, who was born on the seat of a Greyhound bus.
  43. ^abcDeitz, Corey (June 19, 2018)."Sirius XM Satellite Radio Personalities".Lifewire.RetrievedJuly 29,2018.
  44. ^"Cisco Pike".TVGuide.com.RetrievedJanuary 2,2020.
  45. ^"Timothy Leary's Last Trip".Film.March 29, 2002.RetrievedJanuary 2,2020.
  46. ^Meline, Gabe (January 2, 2008)."Les Claypool's 'Electric Apricot'".www.metroactive.com.RetrievedJanuary 2,2020.
  47. ^Gandy, Meredith (October 3, 2011)."The true story of a cultural phenomenon: The Wavy Gravy Movie: Saint Misbehavin' on KQED's Truly CA".KQED's Pressroom.RetrievedJanuary 2,2020.
  48. ^Hartlaub, Peter (December 3, 2010)."'Saint Misbehavin': The Wavy Gravy Movie' review ".SFGATE.RetrievedApril 15,2018.
  49. ^Rickman, Gregg (December 8, 2010)."Wavy Gravy Portrait Keeps Up the Clown's Disguise".The Village Voice.Archived fromthe originalon June 30, 2013.RetrievedApril 15,2018.
  50. ^Rotter, Joshua (May 29, 2019)."Call the 'Please Force': Wavy Gravy revisits Woodstock in new doc".48 hills.RetrievedJanuary 2,2020.
  51. ^"Woodstock | American Experience".PBS.2019.RetrievedJanuary 2,2020.
  52. ^"Village voices".lpcoverlover.com. July 12, 2008.RetrievedApril 15,2018.
  53. ^Miserandino, Dominick A."Wavy Gravy 1960's icon and activist".TheCelebrityCafe.com.Archived fromthe originalon January 1, 2006.RetrievedJuly 29,2018.
  54. ^Pener, Degen (May 24, 1992)."EGOS & IDS; Tie-Dye With Gravy Strains".The New York Times.RetrievedMarch 27,2022.
  55. ^Ben & Jerry's."RIP: Ice Cream Mourners Pay their Respects at Ben & Jerry's Flavor Graveyard".prnewswire.com(Press release).RetrievedMarch 27,2022.
  56. ^Hubbard, Thomas."Company Background: Ben & Jerry's Homemade Inc".Econ 174.Kellogg School of Management.RetrievedMarch 27,2022.
  57. ^Desborough, Jenny (October 12, 2021)."All the Ben & Jerry's Ice cream flavors that have been discontinued".Newsweek.RetrievedMarch 27,2022.
  58. ^"What It's Like to Be a Ben & Jerry's Flavor Guru".Thrillist.January 19, 2015.RetrievedMarch 27,2022....Peter Lind lives it every day. Lind is one of five Ben & Jerry's Flavor Gurus whose days are filled with ice cream development and tasting.
  59. ^"Rainforest Crunch".Ben & Jerry’s.RetrievedMarch 27,2022.
  60. ^"Final resting place of Ben & Jerry's Wavy Gravy ice cream".Ben & Jerry's.Archived fromthe originalon January 10, 2022.RetrievedMarch 27,2022.
  61. ^"What Happened to Wavy Gravy?".Ben & Jerry’s.RetrievedMarch 27,2022.
  62. ^"Ben & Jerry's embarrassed by scoop over nuts".Baltimore Sun.RetrievedMarch 27,2022.Several months later, Ben & Jerry's began quietly removing the claims from its Rainforest Crunch labels. "It would be misleading at this time to imply that 100 percent of the profits from 100 percent of the nuts would be used to help Xapuri," Mr. Cohen admitted in a recent interview.
  63. ^benandjerrys."Ben & Jerry's on Twitter".Twitter.RetrievedMarch 27,2022.How many of you remember Wavy Gravy? This nutty flavor is one of only a very few to ever be resurrected from the Flavor Graveyard. Get the full story here >> t.co/KiALQVOCeH #peaceloveicecream t.co/Tq4Kj3j7n4
  64. ^Calta, Marialisa (March 21, 1993)."OUT THERE: WATERBURY, VT.; The Ice-Cream Sorcerer".The New York Times.RetrievedMarch 27,2022.
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