Wikipedia

WebP

WebPis araster graphicsfile formatdeveloped byGoogleintended as a replacement forJPEG,PNG,andGIFfile formats. It supports bothlossyandlosslesscompression,[8]as well asanimationandalpha transparency.

WebP
Filename extension
.webp[1]
Internet media typeimage/webp[2]
Uniform Type Identifier (UTI)org.webmproject.webp[3]
Magic number52 49 46 46 xx xx xx xx 57 45 42 50 56 50 38[2]
Developed byGoogle
Initial release30 September 2010;14 years ago(2010-09-30)[4]
Type of formatImage file formatwithlosslessandlossy compression
Contained byResource Interchange File Format(RIFF)[5]
Open format?Yes[6]
Websitedevelopers.google.com/speed/webp
libwebp
Developer(s)Google
Stable release
1.4.0[7]Edit this on Wikidata / 13 April 2024;7 months ago(13 April 2024)
Repositorychromium.googlesource.com/webm/libwebp
Written inC
TypeDigital imaging
LicenseBSD license
Websitedevelopers.google.com/speed/webp

Google announced the WebP format in September 2010, and released the first stable version of its supportinglibraryin April 2018.

History

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WebP was first announced by Google on 30 September in 2010 as a newopen formatfor lossy compressed true-color graphics on the web, producing files that were smaller thanJPEGfiles for comparable image quality.[9]It was based on technology which Google had acquired with the purchase ofOn2 Technologies.[10]As a derivative of theVP8video format, it is a sister project to theWebMmultimedia container format.[11]WebP-related software is released under aBSD free software license.[12]

On 3 October 2011,[13]Google added an "Extended File Format"[14]allowing WebP support foranimation,ICC profile,XMPandExifmetadata,and tiling (compositing very large images from maximum16384×16384tiles). Tiling support was never finalized and was removed from the spec again.[15]Older animated GIF files can be converted to animated WebP.[citation needed]

On 18 November 2011, Google announced a newlossless compressionmode, and support fortransparency(alpha channel) in both lossless and lossy modes; support was enabled by default in libwebp 0.2.0 (16 August 2012).[16][17]According to Google's measurements in November 2011, a conversion fromPNGto WebP resulted in a 45% reduction in file size when starting with PNGs found on the web, and a 28% reduction compared to PNGs that are recompressed withpngcrushandPNGOUT.[18]

In July 2016, Apple added WebP support to early beta versions of macOS Sierra and iOS 10,[19]but support was later removed in the GM seed versions of iOS 10 and macOS Sierra released in September 2016. In September 2020, WebP support was added in Safari version 14.[20]

The supporting libwebp library reached version 1.0 in April 2018.[21]

In 2019, theAlliance for Open Mediapublished theAVIFstandard, intending it to be a successor to WebP.[citation needed]

As of 2024, web browsers that support WebP had 97% market share.[22]

Technology

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Simple WebP
Bytes Content
0–3 R I F F
4–7 length+ 12
8–11 W E B P
12–15 V P 8 (space)[23]
16–19 length(padded)
20–… VP8 key frame
pad ?(even length)

WebP's lossy compression algorithm is based on theintra-framecoding of the VP8 video format[24]and theResource Interchange File Format(RIFF) as acontainer format.[4]As such, it is a block-based transformation scheme with eight bits ofcolor depthand aluminance–chrominance modelwithchroma subsamplingby a ratio of 1:2 (YCbCr4:2:0).[25]Without further content, the mandatory RIFF container has anoverheadof only twenty bytes, though it can also hold additional metadata.[4]The side length of WebP images is limited to16383pixels.[6]

WebP is based on block prediction. Each block is predicted on the values from the three blocks above it and from one block to the left of it (block decoding is done in raster-scan order: left to right and top to bottom). There are four basic modes of block prediction: horizontal, vertical, DC (one color), and TrueMotion. Mispredicted data and non-predicted blocks are compressed in a 4×4 pixel sub-block with adiscrete cosine transformor aWalsh–Hadamard transform.Both transforms are done withfixed-point arithmeticto avoid rounding errors. The output is compressed withentropy encoding.[25]WebP also has explicit support for parallel decoding.[25]

Thereference implementationconsists of converter software in the form of acommand-lineprogram for Linux (cwebp) and aprogramming libraryfor the decoding, the same as for WebM. The open-source community ported the converter to other platforms, such as Windows.[26]

The WebP container (i.e., RIFF container for WebP) allows feature support over and above the basic use case of WebP (i.e., a file containing a single image encoded as a VP8 key frame). The WebP container provides additional support for:

Metadata
An image may have metadata stored in Exif or XMP formats.
Transparency
An image may have transparency, i.e., an alpha channel.
Color profile
An image may have an embedded ICC profile as described by the International Color Consortium.

Lossless compression

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WebP's lossless compression, a newer algorithm unrelated to VP8, was designed by Google software engineer Jyrki Alakuijala. It uses advanced techniques such as dedicated entropy codes for different color channels, exploiting 2D locality of backward reference distances and a color cache of recently used colors. This complements basic techniques such asdictionary coding,Huffman codingand color indexing transform.[16]This format uses a recursive definition: all of the control images, such as the local entropy code selection, are encoded the same way as the whole image itself.[27]

Animation

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Google has proposed using WebP for animated images as an alternative to the popularGIFformat, citing the advantages of 24-bit color with transparency, combining frames with lossy and lossless compression in the same animation, and support for seeking to specific frames.[28]Google reports a 64% reduction in file size for images converted from animated GIFs to lossy WebP, however, with a very noticeable visual impact, both at default settings, and optimised settings. When converting using lossless WebP, a 19% reduction is achieved as reported by Google,[28]although real world performance is nearer to 10%.[29]

Support

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Web browsers

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Google actively promotes WebP, andGoogle Chromeand allChromium-based browsers support the format. The proprietaryPageSpeed Insightstool suggests that webmasters switch from JPEG and PNG to WebP in order to improve their website speed score.[30]

Microsoft Edgeversions released after January 2020 are based on the Chromium browser, and have native WebP support.EdgeHTML-based versions of Microsoft Edge support WebP through a platform extension (installed by default) (unless running in the security-hardened "Application Guard" mode, which does not support platform extensions).[31]

Safariadded support for WebP in 2020 withiOS 14andmacOS Big Sur.[20]

Mozilla Firefox[32](and its forkWaterfox[33]) officially supports WebP since January 2019.[34]It was initially considered for implementation in 2013.[35]

Pale Moonimplemented initial support for WebP in 2016 with its version 26 milestone.[36]

SeaMonkeybegan supporting WebP with its version 2.53.5 released in November 2020.[37]

GNOME Web,Midori,andFalkonnatively support WebP.

WebP can also be displayed in all major browsers using the WebPJS JavaScript library, although support in Internet Explorer 6 and above is achieved usingFlash.[38]

Support for WebP was added toLinksin version 2.26.[39]

Graphics software

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At the announcement of WebP in September 2010, no graphics software supported WebP. By 2011, there were plugins for several popular graphics software programs to support WebP, and some programs such asAcornandPixelmatorhad added native support.[40]Over time, support for the WebP format has grown.

Software First version with native support Release date of native support Notes Reference
Pixelmator Classic 1.6.2 6 October 2010 [41][42]
Acorn 2.6 21 October 2010 Export of lossless WebP added in 2022[43] [44]
ImageMagick 6.6.8-5 14 March 2011 [45][46]
GraphicConverter 7.2 8 April 2011 [47]
XnView 1.98 9 May 2011 [48]
PaintShop Pro X4 (14.0) 7 September 2011 [49][50][51]
Picasa 3.9 8 December 2011 [52]
IrfanView 4.32 15 December 2011 [53]
GDAL 1.9.0 9 January 2012 [54][55]
gThumb 3.1.1 23 September 2012 [56]
PhotoLine 18 4 October 2013 [57][58]
Canvas X 15 20 November 2013 [59][60]
Krita 2.9.5 10 June 2015 Basic support [61]
5.1.0 18 August 2022 Full support [62][63]
Aseprite 1.1.1 6 November 2015 [64]
Sketch 41 8 November 2016 [65]
GIMP 2.10 27 April 2018 [66][67]
Paint.NET 4.2.5 1 October 2019 [68]
Pixelmator Pro 1.6.4 4 June 2020 [69]
Inkscape 1.1 24 May 2021 Export only [70]
Xara Designer Pro+ 18.5 24 August 2021 [71]
Adobe Illustrator 26.0 16 October 2021 [72][73]
Adobe Photoshop 23.2 17 February 2022 [74][75]
Blender 3.2 8 June 2022 [76][77]
LibreOffice Draw 7.4 18 August 2022 [78]
Affinity Designer 2.0 9 November 2022 [79][80]
Shotwell 0.32.0 23 April 2023 [81]
Windows Photos 2023.11050.2013.0 3 May 2023 [82][83]
CorelDRAW 24.5 18 September 2023 [84]
Clip Studio Paint 3.0.0 14 March 2024 [85]
PhotoMill 2.8.0 11 November 2024 [86]

In 2019,Googlereleased a free plug-in that enables WebP support in earlier versions ofAdobe Photoshop.[87]Free Photoshop plug-ins had been released by Telegraphics and fnordware before that.[88][89]GIMP up to version 2.8 also supported WebP via a plugin;[90]later, this plugin was shipped in GIMP 2.9 branch, and received multiple improvements.[91]Google has also released a plug-in for Microsoft Windows that enables WebP support inWindows Photo Viewer,Microsoft Office 2010,FastPictureViewer,[92]and any other application that usesWindows Imaging Component.[93]

Other programs

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FFmpeglinked with the VP8/VP9 reference codec librarylibvpxcan extract VP8 key frames from WebM media and a script can then add the WebP RIFF header and the NUL pad byte for odd frame lengths. Meanwhile, FFmpeg supportslibwebpdirectly.

GmailandGoogle Photosboth support WebP. Support for WebP is also planned forGoogle App Engine.TheInstant Previewsfeature ofGoogle Searchuses WebP internally to reduce disk space used by previews.[94]Android4.0 supports encoding and decoding WebP images (via bitmap andSkia).[95]SDL_image supports the format since 1.2.11.

Sumatra PDFsupports WebP images for both standalone files and comic books since version 2.4.[96]

Telegram Messengeruses WebP for its Stickers, claiming they are displayed five times faster compared to the other formats usually used in messaging apps.[97]

Signaluses WebP for its non-animated stickers.[98]

LibreOfficesupports the import of WebP images since version 7.4,[99]so does the LibreOffice technology based online officeCollabora Online.

Godot Engineas of version 4.0 supports importing and exporting WebP images and uses WebP as its internal format for storing imported compressed textures.[100]

Content management systems(CMS) usually do not support WebP natively or by default. However, for most popular CMS, extensions are available for automated conversion from other image formats to WebP and delivering WebP images to compatible browsers. Since June 2021,WordPresssupports WebP natively.[101]

Social mediaservices known to natively support WebP in messages, includeFacebook,[102]Slack,[103]Discord[104]andElement,but as of 2 October 2024 the latter only support static WebP, and not animated WebP.[citation needed]

Restrictions

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Like VP8 on which it is based, former lossy WebP supports only 8-bit YUV4:2:0format,[105]which may cause color loss on images with thin contrast elements (such as inpixel artandcomputer graphics) and ghosting inanaglyph.To overcome this restriction, new lossless WebP supports VP8L encoding that works exclusively with 8-bit RGBA (red, green, blue, alpha) color space.[106][107]

However, due to the complexity of the compression, it is also significantly slower than other web image formats. It is therefore usually not advisable to process the images directly, as is the case withWeb Map Services.[108]

Criticism

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In September 2010, Fiona Glaser, a developer of thex264encoder, wrote a very early critique of WebP.[24]Comparing different encodings (JPEG, x264, and WebP) of a reference image, she stated that the quality of the WebP-encoded result was the worst of the three, mostly because of blurriness on the image. Her main remark was that "libvpx, a much more powerful encoder than ffmpeg's jpeg encoder, loses because it tries too hard to optimize forPSNR"(peak signal-to-noise ratio), arguing instead that" goodpsycho-visual optimizationsare more important than anything else for compression ".[24]

In October 2013, Josh Aas from Mozilla Research published a comprehensive study of current lossy encoding techniques[109]and was not able to conclude that WebP outperformedmozjpegby any significant margin.[110]

Vulnerability

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In September 2023, two critical vulnerabilities[111]relating to WebP images were discovered by Apple Security Engineering and Architecture (SEAR) and the Citizen Lab, potentially affecting Google Chrome, Chromium-based browsers and the libwebp project from Google, among any application implementing libwebp. Among these vulnerabilities, CVE-2023-4863 was an actively exploited vulnerability with a high risk rating of CVSS 8.8. This could lead to an out of bounds/overflow condition in applications using the affected libwebp library, upon exploitation of a maliciously crafted.webp lossless file. This could result in a denial of service (DoS), or worse, enabling malicious remote code execution (RCE). The extensive use of libwebp packages across hundreds of applications, including all categories from web browsers to mobile apps, posed a major patching challenge to mitigate the vulnerability due to the demanding testing requirements before release, highlighting the implications of this vulnerability on a wide scale.

WebP 2

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Google has been developing the second version of WebP since June 2021. Its reference implementation islibwebp2.The main goal of this new format is to reach similar compression ratios asAVIFwhile remaining faster to encode and decode.[112]

On 12 October 2022, Google changed WebP 2's development repository'sREADMEfile to state that "WebP 2 will not be released as an image format" and began describing WebP 2 as a "playground for image compression experiments".[113]

See also

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  • Comparison of graphics file formats
  • AVIF,an image format based on theAV1video format[114]
  • BPG,an image format intended to be a more compression-efficient replacement for the JPEG image format, based on the intra-frame encoding of theHigh Efficiency Video Coding(HEVC) video compression standard, introduced in 2014.
  • FLIF,a discontinued lossless image format which claimed to outperformPNG,lossless WebP, losslessBPGand losslessJPEG2000in terms of compression ratio, introduced in 2015.FLIFwas superseded byJPEG XL.
  • HEIF,another image format based onHEVC,now also incorporatingAVIFandVVC
  • From the Joint Photographic Experts Group:
    • JPEG-LS,an old but efficient lossless format, introduced in 1999.
    • JPEG 2000,an improvement intended to replace the older JPEG by the JPEG committee, introduced in 2000.
    • JPEG XR,an alternative toJPEG 2000supportingHDRand widegamutcolor spaces, introduced in 2009.
    • JPEG XL,particularly optimised for responsive web environments, so that content renders well on a wide range of devices. Moreover, it includes several features that help transition from the legacy JPEG format.JPEG XLwas introduced at the end of 2020.
  • MNGandAPNG,PNG-based animated image formats, supporting lossless 24-bit RGB color and 8-bit alpha channel.

References

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