Wikipedia

Wendell Phillips

This article is about the abolitionist and attorney. For the archaeologist, seeWendell Phillips (archaeologist).
"Ann Phillips" redirects here. For the English golfer, seeAnn Phillips (golfer).

Wendell Phillips(November 29, 1811 – February 2, 1884) was an Americanabolitionist,advocate forNative Americans,orator,andattorney.

Wendell Phillips
A daguerrotype by Mathew Brady of Wendell Phillips in his forties
AdaguerrotypebyMathew Bradyof Wendell Phillips in his forties
Born(1811-11-29)November 29, 1811
Boston, Massachusetts,U.S.
DiedFebruary 2, 1884(1884-02-02)(aged 72)
Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
Burial placeMilton Cemetery
EducationHarvard University(AB,LLB)
OccupationAttorney
Known forAbolitionism,advocacy forNative Americans
Parent(s)Sarah Walley
John Phillips

According toGeorge Lewis Ruffin,a Black attorney, Phillips was seen by many Blacks as "the one white American wholly color-blind and free from race prejudice".[1]According to another Black attorney,Archibald Grimké,as an abolitionist leader he is ahead ofWilliam Lloyd GarrisonandCharles Sumner.From 1850 to 1865 he was the "preeminent figure" in American abolitionism.[2]

Early life and education

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Phillips was born inBoston,Massachusetts, on November 29, 1811, to Sarah Walley andJohn Phillips,a wealthy lawyer, politician, and philanthropist, who was the first mayor of Boston.[3]He was a descendant of ReverendGeorge Phillips,who emigrated fromEnglandtoWatertown, Massachusetts,in 1630.[4]All of his ancestors migrated toNorth AmericafromEngland,and all of them arrived inMassachusettsbetween the years 1630 and 1650.[5][6]

Phillips was schooled atBoston Latin School,and graduated fromHarvard Collegein 1831.[3]He went on to attendHarvard Law School,from which he graduated in 1833.[4]In 1834, Phillips was admitted to theMassachusettsstatebar,[4]and in the same year, he opened a law practice inBoston.

Marriage to Ann Terry Greene

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In 1836, Phillips was supporting the abolitionist cause when he met Ann Greene. It was her opinion that this cause required not just support but total commitment. Phillips and Greene were engaged that year and Greene declared Wendell to be her "best three quarters". They were married until Wendell's death, 46 years later.[7]

Abolitionism

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See also:Abolitionism in the United States
Wendell Phillips, abolitionist, [ca. 1859–1870]. Carte de Visite Collection, Boston Public Library.

On October 21, 1835, theBoston Female Anti-Slavery Societyannounced that British abolitionistGeorge Thompsonwould be speaking. Pro-slavery forces posted nearly 500 notices of a $100 reward for the citizen that would first lay violent hands on him. Thompson canceled at the last minute, andWm. Lloyd Garrison,editor and publisher of the abolitionist newspaperThe Liberator,was quickly scheduled to speak in his place. Alynch mobformed, forcing Garrison to escape through the back of the hall and hide in a carpenter's shop. The mob soon found him, putting anoosearound his neck to drag him away. Several strong men, including themayor,intervened and took him to the most secure place in Boston, theLeverett Street Jail.Phillips, watching from nearbyCourt Street,was a witness to the attempted lynching.[4]

After being converted to the abolitionist cause by Garrison in 1836, Phillips stopped practicing law in order to dedicate himself to the movement. Phillips joined theAmerican Anti-Slavery Societyand frequently made speeches at its meetings. So highly regarded were Phillips' oratorical abilities that he was known as "abolition's golden trumpet".[8][9]Like many of Phillips' fellow abolitionists who honored thefree-produce movement,he condemned the purchase ofcane sugarand clothing made of cotton, since both were produced by the labor of slaves.[10][11]He was a member of theBoston Vigilance Committee,an organization that assistedfugitive slavesin avoiding slavecatchers.[12]

Phillips lived on Essex Street,Boston,1841–1882[13]

It was Phillips's contention that racial injustice was the source of all of society's ills. Like Garrison, Phillips denounced theConstitutionfor tolerating slavery. He disagreed with abolitionistLysander Spoonerand maintained that slavery was part of the Constitution, and more generally disputed Spooner's notion that any judge could find slavery illegal.[14]

In 1845, in an essay titled "No Union With Slaveholders", he argued that the country would be better off, and not complicit in their guilt, if it let the slave states secede:

The experience of the fifty years...shows us the slaves trebling in numbers—slaveholders monopolizing the offices and dictating the policy of the Government—prostituting the strength and influence of the Nation to the support of slavery here and elsewhere—trampling on the rights of the free States, and making the courts of the country their tools. To continue this disastrous alliance longer is madness. The trial of fifty years only proves that it is impossible for free and slave States to unite on any terms, without all becoming partners in the guilt and responsible for the sin of slavery. Why prolong the experiment? Let every honest man join in the outcry of the American Anti-Slavery Society. (Quoted in Ruchames,The Abolitionistsp. 196)

Portrait of Phillips, c. 1863–64; photo by Case &Getchell

On December 8, 1837, in Boston'sFaneuil Hall,Phillips' leadership and oratory established his preeminence within the abolitionist movement.[15]Bostonians gathered at Faneuil Hall to discussElijah P. Lovejoy's murder by a mob outside his abolitionist newspaper's office inAlton, Illinois,on November 7. Lovejoy died defending himself and his press from pro-slavery rioters who set fire to a warehouse storing his press and shot Lovejoy as he stepped outside to tip a ladder being used by the mob. His death engendered a national controversy between abolitionists and anti-abolitionists.

Isaac Crewdson (Beaconite) writerSamuel Jackman Prescod - Barbadian JournalistWilliam Morgan from BirminghamWilliam Forster - Quaker leaderGeorge Stacey - Quaker leaderWilliam Forster - Anti-Slavery ambassadorJohn Burnet -Abolitionist SpeakerWilliam Knibb -Missionary to JamaicaJoseph Ketley from GuyanaGeorge Thompson - UK & US abolitionistJ. Harfield Tredgold - British South African (secretary)Josiah Forster - Quaker leaderSamuel Gurney - the Banker's BankerSir John Eardley-WilmotDr Stephen Lushington - MP and JudgeSir Thomas Fowell BuxtonJames Gillespie Birney - AmericanJohn BeaumontGeorge Bradburn - Massachusetts politicianGeorge William Alexander - Banker and TreasurerBenjamin Godwin - Baptist activistVice Admiral MoorsonWilliam TaylorWilliam TaylorJohn MorrisonGK PrinceJosiah ConderJoseph SoulJames Dean (abolitionist)John Keep - Ohio fund raiserJoseph EatonJoseph Sturge - Organiser from BirminghamJames WhitehorneJoseph MarriageGeorge BennettRichard AllenStafford AllenWilliam Leatham, bankerWilliam BeaumontSir Edward Baines - JournalistSamuel LucasFrancis Augustus CoxAbraham BeaumontSamuel Fox, Nottingham grocerLouis Celeste LecesneJonathan BackhouseSamuel BowlyWilliam Dawes - Ohio fund raiserRobert Kaye Greville - BotanistJoseph Pease - reformer in India)W.T.BlairM.M. Isambert (sic)Mary Clarkson -Thomas Clarkson's daughter in lawWilliam TatumSaxe Bannister - PamphleteerRichard Davis Webb - IrishNathaniel Colver - Americannot knownJohn Cropper - Most generous LiverpudlianThomas ScalesWilliam JamesWilliam WilsonThomas SwanEdward Steane from CamberwellWilliam BrockEdward BaldwinJonathon MillerCapt. Charles Stuart from JamaicaSir John Jeremie - JudgeCharles Stovel - BaptistRichard Peek, ex-Sheriff of LondonJohn SturgeElon GalushaCyrus Pitt GrosvenorRev. Isaac BassHenry SterryPeter Clare -; sec. of Literary & Phil. Soc. ManchesterJ.H. JohnsonThomas PriceJoseph ReynoldsSamuel WheelerWilliam BoultbeeDaniel O'Connell - "The Liberator"William FairbankJohn WoodmarkWilliam Smeal from GlasgowJames Carlile - Irish Minister and educationalistRev. Dr. Thomas BinneyEdward Barrett - Freed slaveJohn Howard Hinton - Baptist ministerJohn Angell James - clergymanJoseph CooperDr. Richard Robert Madden - IrishThomas BulleyIsaac HodgsonEdward SmithSir John Bowring - diplomat and linguistJohn EllisC. Edwards Lester - American writerTapper Cadbury - Businessmannot knownThomas PinchesDavid Turnbull - Cuban linkEdward AdeyRichard BarrettJohn SteerHenry TuckettJames Mott - American on honeymoonRobert Forster (brother of William and Josiah)Richard RathboneJohn BirtWendell Phillips - AmericanJean-Baptiste Symphor Linstant de Pradine from HaitiHenry Stanton - AmericanProf William AdamMrs Elizabeth Tredgold - British South AfricanT.M. McDonnellMrs John BeaumontAnne Knight - FeministElizabeth Pease - SuffragistJacob Post - Religious writerAnne Isabella, Lady Byron - mathematician and estranged wifeAmelia Opie - Novelist and poetMrs Rawson - Sheffield campaignerThomas Clarkson's grandson Thomas ClarksonThomas MorganThomas Clarkson - main speakerGeorge Head Head - Banker from CarlisleWilliam AllenJohn ScobleHenry Beckford - emancipated slave and abolitionistUse your cursor to explore (or Click "i" to enlarge)
Anti-Slavery Society Convention1840, painting byBenjamin Robert Haydon.Move your cursor to identify participants or click the icon to enlarge

At Faneuil Hall, Massachusetts attorney generalJames T. Austindefended the pro-slavery mob, comparing their actions to 1776 patriots who fought against the British and declaring that Lovejoy "died as the fool dieth!"[16][a]

Trip to Europe

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The married couple went abroad in 1839 for two years. They spent the summer in Great Britain and the rest of each year in mainland Europe. They made important connections and Ann wrote of them meetingElizabeth Peaseand being particularly impressed by the Quaker abolitionistRichard D. Webb.In 1840 they went to London to join up with other American delegates to theWorld Anti-Slavery Conventionat theExeter Hallin London. Phillips' new wife was one of a number of female delegates, who includedLucretia Mott,Mary Grew,Sarah Pugh, Abby Kimber, Elizabeth Neall and Emily Winslow. The delegates were astounded to find that female delegates had not been expected and they were not welcome at the convention.

Instructed by his wife not to "shilly-shally", Phillips went in to appeal the case. According to the history of thewomen's rights movementofSusan B. Anthony's andElizabeth Cady Stanton,Phillips spoke as the convention opened, scolding the organizers for precipitating an unnecessary conflict:

When the call reached America we found that it was an invitation to the friends of the slave of every nation and of every clime. Massachusetts has for several years acted on the principal of admitting women to an equal seat with men, in the deliberative bodies of the anti-slavery societies.... We stand here in consequence of your invitation, and knowing our custom, as it must be presumed you did, we had a right to interpret 'friends of the slave' to include women as well as men.[17][full citation needed][page needed]

The efforts of Phillips and others were only partly successful. The women were allowed in but had to sit separately and were not allowed to talk.[7]This event has been taken by Stanton, Anthony, and others as the point at which the women's rights movement began.[citation needed]

Before the Civil War

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In 1854, Phillips was indicted for his participation in the celebrated attempt to rescueAnthony Burns,a capturedfugitive slave,from a jail in Boston.[citation needed][further explanation needed]

AfterJohn Brownwas executed in December 1859,Phillips attended and spoke at his funeral, at theJohn Brown Farmin remoteNorth Elba, New York.He met Mary Brown and the coffin inTroy, New York,where she changed trains, and expressed, unsuccessfully, his wish that Brown would be buried, with a monument, inMt. Auburn CemeteryinCambridge, Massachusetts,which he felt would help the abolitionist cause. He spoke at the funeral and on the way home, repeated his speech the next night to a wildly enthusiastic audience inVergennes, Vermont.

On the eve of the Civil War, Phillips gave a speech at the New Bedford Lyceum in which he defended the Confederate States' right to secede:

A large body of people, sufficient to make a nation, have come to the conclusion that they will have a government of a certain form. Who denies them the right? Standing with the principles of '76 behind us, who can deny them the right?...I maintain on the principles of '76 that Abraham Lincoln has no right to a soldier inFort Sumter....You can never make such a war popular....The North never will endorse such a war. "[18]

In 1860 and 1861, many abolitionists welcomed the formation of theConfederacybecause it would end theSouth's stranglehold over the United States government. This position was rejected by nationalists likeAbraham Lincoln,who insisted on holding the Union together while gradually ending slavery. Twelve days after the attack on Fort Sumter, Phillips announced his "hearty and hot" support for the war.[19]Disappointed with what he regarded as Lincoln's slow action, Phillips opposed his reelection in 1864, breaking with Garrison, who supported a candidate for the first time.

Wendell Phillips,William Lloyd Garrison,andGeorge Thompson,1851.

In the mid-1862, Phillips's nephew, Samuel D. Phillips, died atPort Royal, South Carolina,where he had gone to take part in the so-calledPort Royal Experimentto assist the slave population there in the transition to freedom.

Women's rights activism

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Phillips was also an early advocate of women's rights. In 1840 he led the unsuccessful effort at the World Anti-Slavery Convention in London to have America's women delegates seated.[citation needed]In the July 3, 1846, issue ofThe Liberatorhe called for securing women's rights to their property and earnings as well as to the ballot. He wrote:

I have always thought that the first right restored to woman would be that of the full and unfettered control of all her property and earnings, whether she were married or unmarried. This, too, is, in one sense, the most important to be secured. The responsibility of such a trust at once develops character and intellect, and goes far to afford the hitherto mission and indispensable motive to education. Next in order of importance and time, comes the ballot. So it has always been with all disfranchised classes; first property—then political influence and rights; the first prepares for, gives weight to, challenges, finally secures the second.[20]

In 1849 and 1850, he assistedLucy Stonein conducting the first woman suffrage petition campaign in Massachusetts, drafting for her both the petition and an appeal for signatures. They repeated the effort the following two years, sending several hundred signatures to the state legislature. In 1853, they directed their petition to a convention charged with revising the state constitution, and sent it petitions bearing five thousand signatures. Together Phillips and Stone addressed the convention's Committee on Qualifications of Voters on May 27, 1853. In 1854, Phillips helped Stone call a New England Woman's Rights convention to expand suffrage petitioning into the other New England states.[21]

Phillips was a member of the National Woman's Rights Central Committee, which organized annual conventions throughout the 1850s, published its Proceedings, and executed plans adopted by the conventions. He was a close adviser of Lucy Stone, and a major presence at most of the conventions, for which he wrote resolutions defining the movement's principles and goals.[22]His address to the 1851 convention, later called "Freedom for Woman", was used as a women's rights tract[23]into the twentieth century. In March 1857, Phillips and Stone were granted hearings by the Massachusetts and Maine legislatures on the woman suffrage memorial sent to twenty-five legislatures by the 1856 National Woman's Rights Convention.[24]As the movement's treasurer, Phillips was trustee with Lucy Stone and Susan B. Anthony of a $5,000 fund given anonymously to the movement in 1858, called the "Phillips fund" until the death of the benefactor, Francis Jackson, in 1861, and thereafter the "Jackson Fund".[25]

Postwar activism

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Wendell Phillips with signature

Phillips's philosophical ideal was mainly self-control of the animal, physical self by the human, rational mind, although he admired martyrs likeElijah LovejoyandJohn Brown.[citation needed]Historian Gilbert Osofsky has argued that Phillips's nationalism was shaped by a religious ideology derived from the EuropeanEnlightenment,as expressed byThomas Paine,Thomas Jefferson,James Madison,andAlexander Hamilton.[further explanation needed]ThePuritanideal of a Godly Commonwealth through a pursuit of Christian morality and justice, however, was the main influence on Phillips's nationalism. He favored getting rid of American slavery by letting the slave states secede, and he sought to amalgamate all the American "races". Thus, it was the moral end which mattered most in Phillips's nationalism.[citation needed]

Reconstruction Era activism

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As Northern victory in theCivil Warseemed more imminent, Phillips, like many other abolitionists, turned his attention to the questions ofReconstruction.In 1864, he gave a speech at theCooper InstituteinNew Yorkarguing thatenfranchisement of freedmenshould be a necessary condition for the readmission of Southern states to the Union.[26]Unlike other white abolitionist leaders such asGarrison,Phillips thought that securing civil and political rights for freedmen was an essential component of the abolitionist cause, even after the formal legal end of slavery.[27]Along withFrederick Douglass,Phillips argued that without voting rights, the rights of freedmen would be "ground to powder" by white Southerners.[27]

He lamented the passage of theFourteenth Amendmentwithout provisions for black suffrage, and fervently opposed the Reconstruction regime of PresidentAndrew Johnson,affixing a new masthead to theNational Anti-Slavery Standardnewspaper which read "Defeat the Amendment–Impeach the President."[28]AsRadical Republicansin Congress broke with Johnson and pursued their own Reconstruction policies through theFreedmen's Bureau billsand theCivil Rights Act of 1866,their views converged increasingly with Phillips'. However, most congressional Republicans disagreed with his assertion that "suffrage is nothing but a name because the voter has not...an acre from which he could retire from the persecution of landlordism"; in other words, Phillips and the Republicans diverged on the issue ofland redistribution to the freedmen.[29]

Despite his belief thatUlysses S. Grantwas not suited for the presidential office and dissatisfaction with Grant's and the party's refusal to endorse his comprehensive Reconstruction program of "land, education and the ballot", Phillips supported Grant and the Republican Party in the1868 election.[30]The Republicans did pass theFifteenth Amendmentconstitutionalizing black suffrage in 1870, but the goal of land redistribution was never realized.

In 1879, Phillips argued that black suffrage and political participation during Reconstruction had not been a failure, and that the main error of the era had been the failure toredistribute land to the freedmen.[31]He defended black voters as being "less purchasable than the white man," credited black labor and rule for the nascent regrowth of the Southern economy, and commended black bravery against attacks from the firstKu Klux Klan.[31]

As the Reconstruction era came to a close, Phillips increased his attention to other issues, such aswomen's rights,universal suffrage,temperance,and thelabor movement.[32]

Equal rights for Native Americans

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Phillips was also active in efforts to gain equal rights forNative Americans,arguing that theFifteenth Amendmentalso grantedcitizenshipto Indians. He proposed that theAndrew Johnsonadministration create a cabinet-level post that would guarantee Indian rights.[33]Phillips helped create the Massachusetts Indian Commission with Indian rights activistHelen Hunt Jacksonand Massachusetts governorWilliam Claflin.Although publicly critical of PresidentUlysses S. Grant's drinking, he worked with Grant's second administration on the appointment ofIndian agents.Phillips lobbied against military involvement in the settling of Native American problems on the Western frontier. He accused GeneralPhilip Sheridanof pursuing a policy of Indianextermination.[34]

Public opinion turned against Native American advocates after theBattle of the Little Bighornin July 1876, but Phillips continued to support the land claims of theLakota(Sioux). During the 1870s, Phillips arranged public forums for reformerAlfred B. Meachamand Indians affected by the country'sIndian removalpolicy, including thePoncachiefStanding Bear,and theOmahawriter and speakerSusette LaFlesche Tibbles.[34]

Illness and death

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By late January 1884, Phillips was suffering fromheart disease.[35][36]Phillips delivered his last public address on January 26, 1884, over the objections of his physician.[37]Phillips spoke at the unveiling of a statue toHarriet Martineau.[37]At the time of the speech, he said that he thought it would be his last.[37]

Phillips died in his home, on Common Street inBoston's neighborhood ofCharlestown,on February 2, 1884.[4]

A solemn funeral was held atHollis Street Churchfour days later.[38]His body was taken toFaneuil Hall,where itlay in statefor several hours.[38]Phillips was then buried atGranary Burying Ground.[38]In April 1886, his remains were exhumed and reburied atMilton CemeteryinMilton.[39]

On February 12, a memorial service was held at theBethel African Methodist Episcopal Churchon Sullivan Street inNew York City.[40]Rev.William B. Derrickgave aeulogy,describing Phillips as a friend of humanity and a citizen of the world.[40]Timothy Thomas Fortunealso eulogized Phillips, calling him a reformer who was as bold as a lion, who had reformed a great wrong, and who had left a rejuvenated Constitution.[40]

On February 8, in theU.S. House of Representatives,John F. Finertyofferedresolutionsof respect to the memory of Phillips.[41]William W. Eatonobjected to the resolutions.[41]

A memorial event was held inTremont Temple,Boston, on April 9, 1884.Archibald Grimkédelivered a eulogy.[42]

Irish poet and journalistJohn Boyle O'Reilly,who was a good friend of Phillips, wrote the poemWendell Phillipsin his honor.[43]

Recognition and legacy

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Wendell Phillips Memorial atBoston Public Garden.

In 1904, theChicago Public SchoolsopenedWendell Phillips High Schoolin theBronzevilleneighborhood on the south side of Chicago in Phillips's honor.

In July 1915, a monument was erected inBoston Public Gardento commemorate Phillips, inscribed with his words: "Whether in chains or in laurels, liberty knows nothing but victories." Jonathan Harr's "A Civil Action" refers to the statue in recounting Mark Phillips,' a descendant of Wendell Phillips,' reaction to a legal victory in the case against W.R. Grace & Co. et al.

ThePhillips communityin Minneapolis was named after him.[44]

A phrase from his speech of January 20, 1861, "I think the first duty of society is justice,"[45]sometimes wrongly attributed to Alexander Hamilton, appears on various courthouses around the United States, including in Nashville, Tennessee.[46]

The Wendell Phillips School inWashington, D.C.,was named in his honor in 1890. The school closed in 1950 and was turned into the Phillips School Condominium in 2002.

Bibliography

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  • Phillips, Wendell (1968) [1863].Speeches, Lectures, and Letters.New York: Negro Universities Press.
  • Finkenbine, Roy E. (2005)."Wendell Phillips and 'The Negro's Claim': A Neglected Reparations Document".Massachusetts Historical Review.7:105–119.JSTOR25081197.RetrievedApril 18,2022.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^The phrase is a reference to 2 Samuel 3:33, "And the king lamented overAbner,and said, 'Died Abner as a fool dieth?' "

References

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  1. ^Ruffin, George L.(1884). "Introductory remarks".A eulogy on Wendell Phillips: Delivered in Tremont Temple, Boston, April 9, 1884. Together with the proceedings incident thereto, letters, etc.Boston. p. 7.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. ^Grimké, Archibald(1884).A eulogy on Wendell Phillips: Delivered in Tremont Temple, Boston, April 9, 1884. Together with the proceedings incident thereto, letters, etc.Boston. p. 35.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  3. ^ab"A Famous Career,"Reading [PA] Times,February 4, 1884, p. 1.
  4. ^abcde"Wendell Phillips Dead: The Last Hours of One of the Apostles of Abolition".The New York Times.February 3, 1884. p. 1.
  5. ^The Life and Times of Wendell Phillips By George Lowell Austin pp. 17–27
  6. ^The "Old Northwest" Genealogical Quarterly, Volume 13 pp. 133–134
  7. ^abGarrison, Francis Jackson(1886).Ann Phillips, wife of Wendell Phillips, a memorial sketch.Boston.RetrievedAugust 3,2020.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  8. ^Stewart, James Brewer (1998).Wendell Phillips: Liberty's Hero.LSU Press. p. Back Cover.ISBN978-0-8071-4139-7.
  9. ^Aiséirithe, A. J.; Yacovone, Donald (2016).Wendell Phillips, Social Justice, and the Power of the Past.LSU Press. p. 53.ISBN978-0-8071-6405-1.
  10. ^Chatriot, Alain; Chessel, Marie-Emmanuelle (2017).The Expert Consumer: Associations and Professionals in Consumer Society.Routledge. p. 32.ISBN978-1-351-88994-0.
  11. ^Hyman, Louis; Tohill, Joseph (2017).Shopping for Change: Consumer Activism and the Possibilities of Purchasing Power.Cornell University Press. p. 26.ISBN978-1-5017-1263-0.
  12. ^Bearse, Austin (1880).Reminiscences of Fugitive-Slave Law Days in Boston.Boston: Warren Richardson. p. 6.
  13. ^State Street Trust Company. Forty of Boston's historic houses. 1912.
  14. ^Phillips, Wendell (1847).Review of Spooner's Essay on the Unconstitutionality of Slavery.Boston.
  15. ^Phillips, Wendell (1890).The Freedom Speech of Wendell Phillips. Faneuil Hall, December 8, 1837. With descriptive letters from eye witnesses.Boston: Wendell Phillips Hall Association.
  16. ^Darling, Arthur (1924).Political Changes in Massachusetts, 1824–48.New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. p. 248.
  17. ^Stanton, Cady, Gage, Blatch and Harper; History of Woman's Suffrage, Vol. 1 (1848–1861)
  18. ^Brooklyn Daily Eagle,April 13, 1861, p. 2.
  19. ^Wendell Phillips Orator And Agitator,1909 p. 223
  20. ^Phillips, Wendell (July 3, 1846) [June 27, 1846]."Capital Punishment – Women's Rights [Letter to Wm. Lloyd Garrison]".The Liberator(Boston, Massachusetts).p. 3.RetrievedJuly 2,2019– vianewspapers.com.
  21. ^Million, Joelle,Woman's Voice, Woman's Place: Lucy Stone and the Birth of the Women's Rights Movement.Praeger, 2003.ISBN0-275-97877-X,pp. 133, 136, 170, 215, 297 note 24.
  22. ^Million, 2003, pp. 109, 117, 146, 155–56, 226–27, 252, 293 note 26.
  23. ^Phillips, Wendell; Parker, Theodore; Higginson, Thomas Wentworth (October 1851).Woman's Rights Tracts.RetrievedFebruary 16,2015.
  24. ^Liberator, March 13, 1857, 43:3–5; Million, 231.
  25. ^Million, 2003, pp. 258, 262, 310 note 4.
  26. ^"Wendell Phillips on Reconstruction".The New York Times.December 29, 1864.ISSN0362-4331.RetrievedJune 10,2016.
  27. ^abChaput, Erik J. (February 1, 2015)."The Reconstruction Wars Begin".The New York Times.RetrievedJune 10,2016.
  28. ^Stewart, James Brewer (1998).Wendell Phillips: Liberty's Hero.LSU Press. pp. 271–273.ISBN978-0-8071-4139-7.
  29. ^Stewart, James Brewer (1998).Wendell Phillips: Liberty's Hero.LSU Press. p. 287.ISBN978-0-8071-4139-7.
  30. ^Stewart, James Brewer (1998).Wendell Phillips: Liberty's Hero.LSU Press. p. 290.ISBN978-0-8071-4139-7.
  31. ^abPhillips, Wendell (March 1879). "Views of an Old Abolitionist".The North American Review:257–260.
  32. ^Stewart, James Brewer (1998).Wendell Phillips: Liberty's Hero.LSU Press.ISBN978-0-8071-4139-7.
  33. ^Bolino, August C. (2012)."Wendell Phillips".Men of Massachusetts: Bay State Contributors to American Society.iUniverse. pp. 72–74.ISBN978-1475933758.
  34. ^abCarey, William L. (ed.)."Wendell Phillips (1811–1884)".The American Civil War (1860–1865).The Latin Library.RetrievedJuly 2,2019.
  35. ^"Wendell Phillips Ill: Attacked by Heart Diesae and His Recovery Said to Be Doubtful".The New York Times.February 2, 1884. p. 1.
  36. ^"Wendell Phillips Dangerously Ill".The Washington Post.February 2, 1884. p. 1.
  37. ^abc"Wendell Phillips: Anecdotes of the Great Orator by One of His Old-time Friends".The Washington Post.February 10, 1884. p. 6.
  38. ^abc"Wendell Phillips Buried: A Great Demonstration of Respect to the Dead Orator".The New York Times.February 7, 1884. p. 1.
  39. ^"Wendell Phillips's Grave".The New York Times.April 29, 1886. p. 5.
  40. ^abc"Services in Memory of Mr. Phillips".The New York Times.February 13, 1884. p. 5.
  41. ^ab"Congressional Notes".The Washington Post.February 9, 1884. p. 1.
  42. ^Grimké, Archibald(1884).A eulogy on Wendell Phillips: Delivered in Tremont Temple, Boston, April 9, 1884. Together with the proceedings incident thereto, letters, etc.Boston.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  43. ^"Wendell Phillips Poem by John Boyle O'Reilly – Poem Hunter".PoemHunter.com.RetrievedMay 23,2017.
  44. ^"Phillips Community".City of Minneapolis, Minnesota.August 2, 2011. Archived fromthe originalon August 2, 2011.RetrievedJuly 2,2019.
  45. ^Phillips, Wendell (1861).Disunion: two discourses at Music Hall, on January 20th, and February 17th, 1861.Progress. Boston: R.F. Wallcut.ISBN0-524-01125-7.
  46. ^"Justice A. A. Birch Building".Gresham, Smith & Partners.RetrievedMarch 24,2018.

Further reading

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  • Aisèrithe, A.J. and Donald Yacovone (eds.),Wendell Phillips, Social Justice, and the Power of the Past.Baton Rouge, LA: LSU Press, 2016.
  • Bartlett, Irving H."The Persistence of Wendell Phillips," in Martin Duberman (ed.),The Antislavery Vanguard: New Essays on the Abolitionists.Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965; pp. 102–122.
  • Bartlett, Irving H.Wendell and Ann Phillips: The Community of Reform, 1840–1880.New York: W.W. Norton, 1982.
  • Bartlett, Irving H.Wendell Phillips: Brahmin Radical.Boston: Beacon Press, 1961.
  • Debs, Eugene V.,"Wendell Phillips: Orator and Abolitionist,"Pearson's Magazine,vol. 37, no. 5 (May 1917), pp. 397–402.
  • Filler, Louis (ed.), "Wendell Phillips on Civil Rights and Freedom," New York: Hill and Wang, 1965.
  • Hofstadter, Richard. "Wendell Phillips: The Patrician as Agitator" inThe American Political Tradition: And the Men Who Made It.New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1948.
  • Osofsky, Gilbert. "Wendell Phillips and the Quest for a New American National Identity"Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism,vol. 1, no. 1 (1973), pp. 15–46.
  • Stewart, James Brewer.Wendell Phillips: Liberty's Hero.LSU Press, 1986. 356 pp.
  • Stewart, James B. "Heroes, Villains, Liberty, and License: The Abolitionist Vision of Wendell Phillips" inAntislavery Reconsidered: New Perspectives on the AbolitionistsBaton Rouge, LA: LSU Press, 1979; pp. 168–191.
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