Wikipedia

Windows NT

(Redirected fromWindows NT family)

Windows NTis aproprietarygraphicaloperating systemproduced byMicrosoftas part of itsWindowsproduct line, the first version of which was released on July 27, 1993, asWindows NT 3.1.Originally made for theworkstation,businessandservermarkets, the Windows NT line was made available toconsumerswith the release ofWindows XPin 2001. The underlying technology of Windows NT continues to live on to this day, with the latest version of Windows based on Windows NT beingWindows 11.

Windows NT
DeveloperMicrosoft
Written inC,Assembly language
(core)
C++
(user mode applications, kernel graphical subsystem)
C#
(user mode applications)[1]
Working stateCurrent
Source model
Initial releaseJuly 27, 1993;30 years ago(1993-07-27)
(asWindows NT 3.1)
Latest release24H2 (10.0.26100.1000) (June 28, 2024;4 days ago(2024-06-28)[2])[±]
Latest preview
Release Preview Channel

24H2 (10.0.26100.1000) (June 28, 2024;4 days ago(2024-06-28)[3][4])[±]

Beta Channel

23H2 (10.0.22635.3858) (June 28, 2024;4 days ago(2024-06-28)[5])[±]

Dev Channel

24H2 (10.0.26120.961) (June 14, 2024;18 days ago(2024-06-14)[6])[±]

Canary Channel
10.0.26244.5000 (June 28, 2024;4 days ago(2024-06-28)[7])[±]
Update methodWindows Update,Windows Server Update Services
PlatformsIA-32,x86-64,ARMandARM64(and historicallyIntel i860,DEC Alpha,Itanium,MIPS,andPowerPC)
KerneltypeHybrid[citation needed](NT)
Influenced byRSX-11,VAXELN,OpenVMS,MICA,Mach(kernel)
MS-DOS,OS/2,Windows 3.1x(userland)
Default
user interface		Graphical(Windows shell)
LicenseDepending on version, edition or customer choice:Trialware,commercial software,volume licensing,OEM-only,SaaS,S+S[a]
Official websitewindows.com

The name "Windows NT" originally denoted the major technological advancements that it had introduced to the Windows product line, including eliminating the16-bit memory accesslimitations of earlier Windows releases such as those from theWindows 9xseries. Each Windows release that includes this technology is considered to be based on, if not a revision of Windows NT, even though the Windows NT name has not been used in many Windows releases sinceWindows NT 4.0in 1996.

Windows NT provides many more features than other Windows releases, among them being support formultiprocessing,multi-user systems,a "pure"32-bitkernel with 32-bit memory addressing, multi-architecture support, and many other system services such asActive Directoryand more.

Product line

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Windows NT is a group or family of products — like Windows is a group or family. Windows NT is a sub-grouping of Windows.

The first version of Windows NT,3.1,was produced forworkstationandservercomputers. It was commercially focused — and intended to complement consumer versions of Windows that were based onMS-DOS(includingWindows 1.0throughWindows 3.1x). In 1996,Windows NT 4.0was released, including the new shell fromWindows 95.

Eventually, Microsoft incorporated the Windows NT technology into the Windows product line forpersonalcomputing and deprecated theWindows 9xfamily. Starting withWindows 2000,[8]"NT" was removed from the product name yet is still in several low-level places in the system — including for a while as part of the product version.[9]

Installing

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Versions of Windows NT are installed usingWindows Setup,which, starting withWindows Vista,uses theWindows Preinstallation Environment,which is a lightweight version of Windows NT made for deployment of the operating system.

Naming

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It has been suggested thatDave Cutlerintended the initialism "WNT" as a play onVMS,incrementing each letter by one.[10]However, the project was originally intended as a follow-on toOS/2and was referred to as "NT OS/2" before receiving the Windows brand.[11]One of the original NT developers,Mark Lucovsky,states that the name was taken from the original target processor—theIntel i860,code-named N10 ( "N-Ten" ).[12]A 1998 question-and-answer (Q&A) session withBill Gatesrevealed that the letters were previouslyexpandedto "New Technology" but no longer carry any specific meaning.[13]The letters were dropped from the names of releases from Windows 2000 and later, though Microsoft described that product as being "Built on NT Technology".[8][14]

"NT" was a trademark of Northern Telecom (laterNortel), which Microsoft was forced to acknowledge on the product packaging.

Major features

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One of the main purposes of NT is hardware and software portability. Various versions of NT family operating systems have been released for a variety of processor architectures, initiallyIA-32,MIPS,andDEC Alpha,withPowerPC,Itanium,x86-64andARMsupported in later releases. An initial idea was to have a common code base with a customHardware Abstraction Layer(HAL) for each platform. However, support for MIPS, Alpha, and PowerPC was later dropped inWindows 2000.Broad software compatibility was initially achieved with support for severalAPI"personalities", includingWindows API,POSIX,[15]andOS/2APIs[16]– the latter two were phased out starting with Windows XP.[17]PartialMS-DOSand Windows 16-bit compatibility is achieved on IA-32 via an integratedDOS Virtual Machine– although this feature is not available on other architectures.[18]

NT has supported per-object (file, function, and role)access control listsallowing a rich set of security permissions to be applied to systems and services. NT has also supported Windows network protocols, inheriting the previous OS/2LAN Managernetworking, as well asTCP/IPnetworking (for which Microsoft used to implement a TCP/IP stack derived at first from aSTREAMS-based stack fromSpider Systems,then later rewritten in-house).[19]

Windows NT 3.1 was the first version of Windows to use 32-bit flat virtual memory addressing on 32-bit processors. Its companion product, Windows 3.1, used segmented addressing and switches from 16-bit to 32-bit addressing in pages.

Windows NT 3.1 featured a core kernel providing a system API, running insupervisor mode(ring 0 in x86; referred to in Windows NT as "kernel mode" on all platforms), and a set of user-space environments with their own APIs which included the new Win32 environment, an OS/2 1.3 text-mode environment and a POSIX environment. The fullpreemptive multitaskingkernel could interrupt running tasks toscheduleother tasks, without relying on user programs to voluntarily give up control of the CPU, as in Windows 3.1 Windows applications (although MS-DOS applications were preemptively multitasked in Windows starting withWindows/386).

Notably, in Windows NT 3.x, several I/O driver subsystems, such as video and printing, wereuser-modesubsystems. In Windows NT 4, the video, server, and printer spooler subsystems were moved into kernel mode. Windows NT's firstGUIwas strongly influenced by (and programmatically compatible with) that from Windows 3.1; Windows NT 4's interface was redesigned to match that of the brand-newWindows 95,moving from theProgram Managerto theWindows shelldesign.

NTFS,a journaled, secure file system, is a major feature of NT. Windows NT also allows for other installable file systems; NT can also be installed onFATfile systems, and versions 3.1, 3.5, and 3.51 could be installedHPFSfile systems.[20]

Windows NT introduced its own driver model, the Windows NT driver model, and is incompatible with older driver frameworks. WithWindows 2000,the Windows NT driver model was enhanced to become theWindows Driver Model,which was first introduced withWindows 98,but was based on the NT driver model.[21]Windows Vistaadded native support for theWindows Driver Foundation,which is also available forWindows XP,Windows Server 2003and to an extent,Windows 2000.

Development

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Original Windows NT wordmark

Microsoft decided to create a portable operating system, compatible withOS/2andPOSIXand supportingmultiprocessing,in October 1988.[22]When development started in November 1989, Windows NT was to be known asOS/23.0,[23]the third version of the operating system developed jointly by Microsoft andIBM.To ensure portability, initial development was targeted at theIntel i860XRRISC processor,switching to theMIPSR3000in late 1989, and then theIntel i386in 1990.[12]Microsoft also continued parallel development of the DOS-based and lessresource-demanding Windows environment, resulting in the release ofWindows 3.0in May 1990.

Windows 3.0 was eventually so successful that Microsoft decided to change the primaryapplication programming interfacefor the still unreleased NT OS/2 (as it was then known) from an extended OS/2 API to an extendedWindows API.This decision caused tension between Microsoft and IBM and the collaboration ultimately fell apart.

IBM continued OS/2 development alone while Microsoft continued work on the newly renamed Windows NT. Though neither operating system would immediately be as popular as Microsoft's MS-DOS or Windows products, Windows NT would eventually be far more successful than OS/2.

Microsoft hired a group of developers fromDigital Equipment Corporationled byDave Cutlerto build Windows NT, and many elements of the design reflect earlier DEC experience with Cutler'sVMS,[24]VAXELNandRSX-11,but also an unreleased object-based operating system developed by Cutler at Digital codenamedMICA.[25]The team was joined by selected members of the disbanded OS/2 team, includingMoshe Dunie.[10]

Windows 2000 architecture

Although NT was not an exact clone of Cutler's previous operating systems, DEC engineers almost immediately noticed the internal similarities. Parts ofVAX/VMS Internals and Data Structures,published byDigital Press,accurately describe Windows NT internals using VMS terms. Furthermore, parts of the NT codebase's directory structure and filenames matched that of the MICA codebase.[10]Instead of a lawsuit, Microsoft agreed to pay DEC $65–100 million, help market VMS, train Digital personnel on Windows NT, and continue Windows NT support for the DEC Alpha.[24]

Windows NT and VMSmemory management,processes,andschedulingare very similar. Windows NT'sprocess managementdiffers by implementingthreading,which DEC did not implement until VMS 7.0 in 1995.

Like VMS,[24]Windows NT's kernel mode code distinguishes between the "kernel", whose primary purpose is to implement processor- and architecture-dependent functions, and the "executive". This was designed as a modifiedmicrokernel,as the Windows NT kernel was influenced by theMach microkerneldeveloped byRichard Rashidat Carnegie Mellon University,[26]but does not meet all of the criteria of a pure microkernel. Both the kernel and the executive arelinkedtogether into the single loaded modulentoskrnl.exe;from outside this module, there is little distinction between the kernel and the executive. Routines from each are directly accessible, as for example from kernel-mode device drivers.

API sets in the Windows NT family are implemented as subsystems atop the publicly undocumented"native" API;this allowed the late adoption of the Windows API (into the Win32 subsystem). Windows NT was one of the earliest operating systems to useUCS-2andUTF-16internally.[citation needed]

Architecture

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Main article:Architecture of Windows NT

Windows NT uses a layered designarchitecturethat consists of two main components,user modeandkernel mode.Programs and subsystems in user mode are limited in terms of what system resources they have access to, while the kernel mode has unrestricted access to the system memory and external devices. Kernel mode in Windows NT has full access to the hardware and system resources of the computer. The Windows NTkernelis ahybrid kernel;the architecture comprises asimple kernel,hardware abstraction layer(HAL), drivers, and a range of services (collectively namedExecutive), which all exist in kernel mode.[27]

Thebooting process of Windows NTbegins withNTLDRin versions before Vista and theWindows Boot Managerin Vista and later.[28]The boot loader is responsible for accessing the file system on the boot drive, startingthe kernel,and loading boot-time device drivers into memory. Once all the boot and system drivers have been loaded, the kernel starts theSession Manager Subsystem.This process launcheswinlogon,which allows the user to login. Once the user is logged inFile Exploreris started, loading thegraphical user interfaceof Windows NT.

Programming language

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Windows NT is written inCandC++,with a very small amount written inassembly language.[29]C is mostly used for the kernel code while C++ is mostly used for user-mode code. Assembly language is avoided where possible because it would impedeportability.[30]

Releases

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See also:List of Microsoft Windows versions

The following are the releases of Windows based on the Windows NT technology.

Windows NT releases
Version Marketing name Editions Release date Build number
3.1 Windows NT 3.1 Workstation, Advanced Server July 27, 1993 528
3.5 Windows NT 3.5 Workstation, Server September 21, 1994 807
3.51 Windows NT 3.51 May 30, 1995 1057
4.0 Windows NT 4.0 Workstation, Server, Enterprise Server, Terminal Server, Embedded August 24, 1996 1381
5.0[31] Windows 2000 Professional, Server, Advanced Server February 17, 2000 2195
Datacenter Server September 26, 2000
5.1[31] Windows XP Home, Professional,Media Center,Tablet PC, Starter,Embedded,Home N, Professional N October 25, 2001 2600
Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs — July 8, 2006
5.2[31] Windows XP 64-bitEdition (IA-64)[32] March 28, 2003 3790
Windows Server 2003 Standard, Enterprise, Datacenter, Web, Storage, Small Business Server, Compute Cluster April 24, 2003
Windows XP Professional x64 Edition(x86-64) April 25, 2005
Windows Server 2003 R2 Standard, Enterprise, Datacenter, Web, Storage, Small Business Server, Compute Cluster December 6, 2005
Windows Home Server — November 4, 2007
6.0[31] Windows Vista Starter, Home Basic, Home Premium, Business, Enterprise, Ultimate Business: November 30, 2006
Consumer: January 30, 2007 		6000 (RTM)
6001 (SP1)
6002 (SP2)
6003 (SP2 Update)[b]
Windows Server 2008 Foundation, Standard, Enterprise, Datacenter, Web Server, HPC Server, Itanium-Based Systems[33] February 27, 2008 6001 (RTM)
6002 (SP2)
6003 (SP2 Update)[34]
6.1[31] Windows 7 Starter, Home Basic, Home Premium, Professional, Enterprise, Ultimate[35] October 22, 2009[36] 7600 (RTM)
7601 (SP1)
Windows Server 2008 R2 Foundation, Standard, Enterprise, Datacenter, Web Server, HPC Server, Itanium-Based Systems
Windows Home Server 2011 Home Server Premium April 6, 2011 7601 (SP1)
Windows Thin PC — June 6, 2011
6.2[31] Windows 8[37] Core, Pro, Enterprise,RT[38] October 26, 2012[39] 9200
Windows Server 2012[40] Foundation, Essentials, Standard, Datacenter[41] September 4, 2012
6.3[31] Windows 8.1 Core, Pro, Enterprise, RT, Embedded Industry Pro/Enterprise October 17, 2013 9600[42]
Windows Server 2012 R2 Foundation, Essentials, Standard, Datacenter
10.0[31][43] Windows 10 Home Single Language, Home China, Home, Pro, Pro Education, Pro for Workstations,[44]Enterprise, Education, S, IoT Core,Mobile,Mobile Enterprise[45][46] July 29, 2015 10240 (RTM)
10586 (1511)
14393 (1607)
15063 (1703)
16299 (1709)
17134 (1803)
17763 (1809)
18362 (1903)
18363 (1909)
19041 (2004)
19042 (20H2)
19043 (21H1)
19044 (21H2)
19045 (22H2)
Windows Server 2016 Essentials, Standard, Datacenter, Multipoint Premium Server, Storage Server, Hyper-V Server September 26, 2016 14393
Windows Server 2019 Essentials, Standard, Datacenter, Multipoint Premium Server, Hyper-V Server October 2, 2018 17763
Windows Server 2022 August 18, 2021[47] 20348
Windows 11 Home Single Language, Home China, Home, Pro, Education, Pro Education, Pro for Workstations, Enterprise, IoT Enterprise, SE October 5, 2021[48] 22000 (RTM)
22621 (22H2)
22631 (23H2)
26100 (24H2)
Windows Server 2025 Essentials, Standard, Datacenter, Multipoint Premium Server, Hyper-V Server H2 2024 26100

Windows NT 3.1 to 3.51 incorporated theProgram ManagerandFile Managerfrom theWindows 3.1xseries. Windows NT 4.0 onwards replaced those programs withWindows Explorer(including ataskbarandStart menu), which originally appeared inWindows 95.

The first release was given version number 3.1 to match the contemporary 16-bit Windows; magazines of that era claimed the number was also used to make that version seem more reliable than a ".0" release. Also the Novell IPX protocol was apparently licensed only to 3.1 versions of Windows software.[citation needed]

The NT version number is not now generally used for marketing purposes, but is still used internally, and said to reflect the degree of changes to the core of the operating system.[49]However, for application compatibility reasons, Microsoft kept the major version number as 6 in releases following Vista,[50]but changed it later to 10 in Windows 10.[43]The build number is an internal identifier used by Microsoft's developers and beta testers.

Starting withWindows 8.1,Microsoft changed the Version API Helper functions' behavior. If an application is not manifested for Windows 8.1 or later, the API will always return version 6.2, which is the version number ofWindows 8.[51][52]This is because themanifestfeature was introduced with Windows 8.1,[53]to replace GetVersion and related functions.[54]

Supported platforms

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32-bit platforms

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In order to preventIntel x86-specific code from slipping into the operating system, due to developers being used to developing on x86 chips, Windows NT 3.1 was initially developed using non-x86 development systems and then ported to the x86 architecture. This work was initially based on theIntel i860-basedDazzlesystem and, later, the MIPS R4000-basedJazzplatform. Both systems were designed internally at Microsoft.[55]

Windows NT 3.1 was released for Intel x86PC compatibleandPC-98platforms, and forDEC AlphaandARC-compliantMIPSplatforms. Windows NT 3.51 added support for thePowerPCprocessor in 1995, specificallyPReP-compliant systems such as theIBM ThinkPad Power Serieslaptops andMotorolaPowerStack series; but despite meetings betweenMichael Spindlerand Bill Gates, not on thePower Macintoshas the PReP compliant Power Macintosh project failed to ship.

Intergraph Corporationported Windows NT to itsClipper architectureand later announced an intention to port Windows NT 3.51 toSun Microsystems'SPARCarchitecture,[56]in conjunction with the company's planned introduction of UltraSPARC models in 1995,[57]but neither version was sold to the public as a retail product.

Only two of the Windows NT 4.0 variants (IA-32 and Alpha) have a full set of service packs available. All of the other ports done by third parties (Motorola, Intergraph, etc.) have few, if any, publicly available updates.

Windows NT 4.0 was the last major release to support Alpha, MIPS, or PowerPC, though development of Windows 2000 for Alpha continued until August 1999, whenCompaqstopped support for Windows NT on that architecture; and then three days later Microsoft also canceled their AlphaNT program,[58]even though the Alpha NT 5 (Windows 2000) release had reachedRC1status.[59]

On January 5, 2011, Microsoft announced that the next major version of the Windows NT family will include support for theARM architecture.Microsoft demonstrated a preliminary version of Windows (version 6.2.7867) running on an ARM-based computer at the 2011Consumer Electronics Show.[60]This eventually led to the commercial release of theWindows 8-derivedWindows RTon October 26, 2012, and the use of Windows NT, rather than Windows CE, inWindows Phone 8.

According to Microsoft, it is a common misconception that theXboxandXbox 360use a modified Windows 2000 kernel. In reality, the Xbox operating system was built from scratch but implements a subset ofWindows APIs.[61]TheXbox One,andXbox Series X/S,however, do use a modified version of Windows 10.[62]

Windows 11 is the first non-server version of Windows NT that does not support 32-bit platforms.[63][64]

64-bit platforms

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The64-bitversions of Windows NT were originally intended to run onItaniumandDEC Alpha;the latter was used internally at Microsoft during early development of 64-bit Windows.[65][66]This continued for some time after Microsoft publicly announced that it was cancelling plans to ship 64-bit Windows for Alpha.[67]Because of this, Alpha versions of Windows NT are 32-bit only.

WhileWindows 2000only supports IntelIA-32(32-bit), Windows XP, Server 2003, Server 2008 and Server 2008 R2 each have one edition dedicated to Itanium-based systems.[68][69][70]In comparison with Itanium, Microsoft adoptedx64on a greater scale: every version of Windows sinceWindows XP(which has adedicated x64 edition)[71]has x64 editions.[68][72]

The first version of Windows NT to support ARM64 devices with Qualcomm processors wasWindows 10, version 1709.[73]This is a full version of Windows, rather than the cut-downWindows RT.

Hardware requirements

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The minimum hardware specification required to run each release of the professional workstation version of Windows NT has been fairly slow-moving until the 6.0 (Vista) release, which requires a minimum of 15 GB of free disk space, a tenfold increase in free disk space alone over the previous version, and the 2021 10.0 (11) release which excludes most systems built before 2018.

Windows NT minimum hardware requirements
Windows version CPU RAM Free disk space
NT 3.1[74] i386,25 MHz 12 MB 90 MB
NT 3.1 Advanced Server[74] 16 MB
NT 3.5 Workstation[75] 12 MB
NT 3.5 Server[75] 16 MB
NT 3.51 Workstation[75] 12 MB
NT 3.51 Server[75] 16 MB
NT 4.0 Workstation[76] i486,25 MHz 12 MB 124 MB
NT 4.0 Server[76] 16 MB
2000 Professional[77] Pentium,133 MHz 32 MB 650 MB
2000 Server[77] 128 MB
XP[78] Pentium, 233 MHz 64 MB 1.5 GB
Server 2003[79] 133 MHz 128 MB
Vista Home Basic[80] 800 MHz 512 MB 20 GB
Vista (other editions)[80] 1 GHz 1 GB 40 GB
7 for IA-32[81] 16 GB
7 for x64[81] 2 GB 20 GB
8 for IA-32[82] 1 GHz withNX bit,SSE2,PAE 1 GB 16 GB
8 for x64[82] 2 GB 20 GB
8.1 for IA-32[82] 1 GB 16 GB
8.1 for x64[82] 1 GHz withNX bit,SSE2,PAE,CMPXCHG16b, PrefetchW and LAHF/SAHF 2 GB 20 GB
10 for IA-32 (RTM-v1809)[83] 1 GHz withNX bit,SSE2,PAE 1 GB 16 GB
10 for x64 (RTM-v1809)[83] 1 GHz withNX bit,SSE2,PAE,CMPXCHG16b, PrefetchW and LAHF/SAHF 2 GB 20 GB
10 for IA-32 (v1903 or later)[83] 1 GHz withNX bit,SSE2,PAE 1 GB 32 GB
10 for x64 (v1903 or later)[83] 1 GHz withNX bit,SSE2,PAE,CMPXCHG16b, PrefetchW and LAHF/SAHF 2 GB
11 for x64[63][64] Intel 8th-GenCPU orAMD Zen+-based CPU;Trusted Platform Module(TPM) 2.0 or equivalent crypto-processor[84]
POPCNT (a.k.a CPUs withSSE4.2instruction set, released in 2008 or later) is required starting from version 24H2.[85]		 4 GB 64 GB
11 for ARM64[63][64] Qualcomm Snapdragon850, 7c, 8c, 8cx;Microsoft SQ1,SQ2

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^For more information on how Microsoft licenses its products, seeMicrosoft Software Assurance,DreamSpark,DreamSpark Premium,BizSpark,MSDN § Software subscriptions,Microsoft TechNet § Subscriptions and downloads,andclient access license.
  2. ^Though Windows Vista support ended in 2017 and there was never a third Service Pack, the build number change occurs when the user opts to install KB4489887 update (released for Windows Server 2008 in 2019) on their system.

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