Wingsis a 1927 American silent and synchronizedsoundfilm known for winning the firstAcademy Award for Best Picture.Due to the general public's apathy towards silent films, the film was quickly re-released in 1928 with synchronized sound. While the sound version of the film has no audible dialogue, it was released with a synchronized musical score with sound effects. The original soundtrack to the sound version is preserved at UCLA.[6]
Wings | |
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![]() Film poster | |
Directed by | William A. Wellman |
Written by | Titles: Julian Johnson |
Screenplay by | |
Story by | John Monk Saunders |
Produced by | |
Starring | |
Cinematography | Harry Perry |
Edited by |
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Music by | J.S. Zamecnik(uncredited) |
Production company | |
Distributed by | Paramount Famous Lasky Corporation |
Release dates |
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Running time | |
Country | United States |
Languages |
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Budget | $2 million[4] |
Box office | $3.8 million (US and Canada rentals)[5] |
The film starsClara Bow,Charles "Buddy" Rogers,andRichard Arlen.Rogers and Arlen portrayWorld War Icombat pilots in a romantic rivalry over a woman. It was produced byLucien Hubbard,directed byWilliam A. Wellman,and released byParamount Famous Lasky Corporation.Gary Cooperappears in a small role, which helped launch his career inHollywood.
The film, a romantic action-war picture, was rewritten by scriptwritersHope LoringandLouis D. Lightonfrom a story byJohn Monk Saundersto accommodate Bow, Paramount's biggest star at the time. Wellman was hired, as he was the only director in Hollywood at the time who had World War I combat pilot experience, although Richard Arlen and John Monk Saunders had also served in the war as military aviators. The film was shot on location on a budget of $2 million (equivalent to $34.42 million in 2023) atKelly FieldinSan Antonio,between September 7, 1926, and April 7, 1927. Hundreds of extras and some 300 pilots were involved in the filming, including pilots and planes of theUnited States Army Air Corpswhich were brought in for the filming and to provide assistance and supervision. Wellman extensively rehearsed the scenes for theBattle of Saint-Mihielover ten days with some 3,500 infantrymen on a battlefield made for the production on location. Although the cast and crew had much spare time during the filming because of weather delays, shooting conditions were intense, and Wellman frequently conflicted with the military officers brought in to supervise the picture.
Acclaimed for its technical prowess and realism upon release, the film became the yardstick against which future aviation films were measured, mainly because of its realistic air-combat sequences. It went on to win the inauguralAcademy Award for Outstanding Pictureat the firstAcademy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciencesaward ceremony in 1929,[7]the only fully silent film to do so.[b]It also won theAcademy Award for Best Engineering Effects(Roy Pomeroy).Wingswas one of the first widely released films to shownudity.In 1997,Wingswas selected for preservation in the United StatesNational Film Registryby theLibrary of Congressas being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant", and the film was re-released toCinemarktheaters to coincide with the 85th anniversary for a limited run in May 2012. The film was re-released again for its 90th anniversary in 2017. TheAcademy Film ArchivepreservedWingsin 2002.
The film entered thepublic domainin the United States in 2023.[8]
Plot
editJack Powell and David Armstrong are rivals in the same small American town, both vying for the attentions of pretty Sylvia Lewis. Jack fails to realize that "the girl next door", Mary Preston, is desperately in love with him. The two young men both enlist to become combat pilots in theArmy Air Service.When they leave for training camp, Jack mistakenly believes Sylvia prefers him, but she actually prefers David and lets him know about her feelings, but is too kindhearted to turn down Jack's affection.
The two men endure a rigorous training period, where they are enemies. But during a bloodyboxingmatch, they realize each other's courage and become best friends. Upon graduating, they are sent toFranceto fight againstImperial Germany.
Jack and David arebilletedtogether. Their tent mate is Cadet White, but their acquaintance is all too brief; White is killed in an air crash the same day.
Mary joins the war effort by becoming anambulancedriver. She later learns of Jack's reputation as the ace known as "The Shooting Star" and encounters him while on leave in Paris. She finds him, but he is too drunk to recognize her. She takes him back to his room and puts him to bed, but when twomilitary policebarge-in while she is innocently changing from a borrowed dress back into her uniform in the same room, she is forced to resign and return to the United States.
The climax of the story comes with the epicBattle of Saint-Mihiel.David is shot down and presumed dead. However, he survives the crash landing, steals a Germanbiplane,and heads for theAlliedlines. By a tragic stroke of bad luck, Jack spots the enemy aircraft and, bent on avenging his friend, begins an attack. He is successful in downing the aircraft and lands to retrieve a souvenir of his victory. The owner of the land where David's aircraft crashed urges Jack to come to the dying man's side. He agrees and becomes distraught when he realizes what he has done. David consoles him, and before he dies, forgives his comrade.
At the war's end, Jack returns home to a hero's welcome. He visits David's grieving parents to return his friend's effects. During the visit, he begs their forgiveness for causing David's death. Mrs. Armstrong says it is not Jack who is responsible for her son's death, but the war. Then, Jack is reunited with Mary and realizes he loves her.
Cast
edit- Clara Bowas Mary Preston
- Charles "Buddy" Rogersas Jack Powell
- Richard Arlenas David Armstrong
- Jobyna Ralstonas Sylvia Lewis
- El Brendelas Herman Schwimpf
- Richard Tuckeras Air Commander
- Gary Cooperas Cadet White
- Gunboat Smithas Sergeant
- Henry B. Walthallas Mr. Armstrong
- Roscoe Karnsas Lieutenant Cameron
- Julia Swayne Gordonas Mrs. Armstrong
- Arlette Marchalas Celeste
George Irving | Mr. Powell |
---|---|
Hedda Hopper | Mrs. Powell |
Evelyn Selbie | dressing room attendant |
Robert Livingston | recruit in examination office |
William A. Wellman | doughboy |
Nigel De Brulier | French peasant |
Zalla Zarana | French peasant girl |
Douglas Haig | little French boy |
Thomas Carrigan | aviator |
Charles Barton | soldier flirting with Mary |
James Pierce | military policeman |
Carl von Haartman | German officer |
Thomas Carr | aviator |
Dick Grace | aviator |
Music
editThe film featured a theme song entitled "Wings" which was composed by J. S Zamecnik and Ballard Macdonald.
Production
editScript and experience
editThe film was written byJohn Monk Saunders(with uncredited story ideas contributed by Byron Morgan),Hope LoringandLouis D. Lighton(screenplay), produced byLucien Hubbard(who also did uncredited co-editing), directed byWilliam A. Wellman,with an original orchestral score byJ.S. Zamecnik,which was also uncredited. It was rewritten to accommodate Clara Bow, as she was Paramount's biggest star, but she wasn't happy about her part: "Wingsis...a man's picture and I'm just the whipped cream on top of the pie ".[9]
Producers Lucien Hubbard andJesse L. Laskyhired director Wellman as he was the only director in Hollywood at the time who had World War I combat pilot experience.[10][11]Actor Richard Arlen and writer John Monk Saunders had also served in World War I as military aviators. Arlen was able to do his own flying in the film and Rogers, a non-pilot, underwent flight training during the course of the production, so that, like Arlen, Rogers could also be filmed in closeup in the air. Lucien Hubbard offered flying lessons to all, and despite the number of aircraft in the air, only two incidents occurred—one involved stunt pilotDick Grace,who broke his neck falling out of the cockpit after a controlled crash;[12]while the other was the fatal crash of anArmy Air Servicepilot.[13]Wellman was able to attract War Department support and involvement in the project, and displayed considerable prowess and confidence in dealing with planes and pilots onscreen, knowing "exactly what he wanted", bringing with it a "no-nonsense attitude" according to military film historian Lawrence H. Suid.[14]
Filming
editAerial and battle sequences
editWingswas shot and completed on a budget of $2 million atKelly Field,San Antonio,Texasbetween September 7, 1926 and April 7, 1927.[11]Primary scout aircraft flown in the film wereThomas-Morse MB-3sstanding in for American-flownSPADsandCurtiss P-1 Hawkspainted in German livery. Developing the techniques needed for filming closeups of the pilots in the air and capturing the speed and motion of the planes onscreen took time, and little usable footage was produced in the first two months.[15]Wellman soon realized that Kelly Field did not have the adequate numbers of planes or skilled pilots to perform the needed aerial maneuvers, and he had to request technical assistance and a supply of planes and pilots from Washington. The Air Corps sent six planes and pilots from the1st Pursuit Groupstationed atSelfridge Fieldnear Detroit, including then-2nd Lt.Elmer J. Rogers Jr.and 2d Lt.Clarence S. "Bill" Irvinewho became Wellman's adviser. Irvine was responsible for engineering an airborne camera system to provide close-ups and for the planning of the dogfights, and when one of the pilots broke his neck, performed in one of the battle scenes himself.[13][15][c]
The training scenes include shots of trainees in an early flight simulator, theRuggles Orientator.
Hundreds of extras were brought in to shoot the picture, and some 300 pilots were involved in the filming.[16]Because the aerial battles required ideal weather to shoot, the production team had to wait on one occasion for 18 consecutive days for proper conditions in San Antonio.[11]If possible, Wellman attempted to capture footage in the air in contrast to clouds in the background, above or in front of cloud banks to generate a sense of velocity and danger. Wellman later explained, "motion on the screen is a relative thing. A horse runs on the ground or leaps over fencers or streams. We know he is going rapidly because of his relation to the immobile ground".[15]Against the clouds, Wellman enabled the planes to "dart at each other", and to "swoop down and disappear in the clouds", and to give the audience the sense of the disabled planes plummeting. During the delay in the aerial shooting, Wellman extensively rehearsed the scenes for theBattle of Saint-Mihielover ten days with some 3500 infantrymen.[17]A large battlefield with trenches and barbed wire was created on location for the filming. Wellman took responsibility for the meticulously planned explosions himself, detonating them at the right time from his control panel.[17]According to Peter Hopkinson, at least 20 young men, including cameramanWilliam Clothier,were given hand-held cameras to film "anything and everything" during the filming.[18]
Wellman frequently conflicted with the military officers brought in to supervise the picture, especially the infantry commander whom he considered to have "two monumental hatreds: fliers and movie people". After one argument Wellman retorted to the commander, "You're just a goddamn fool because the government has told me you have to give me all your men and do just exactly what I want you to do."[15]Although Wellman paid much attention to technical details in shooting, he used cars and clothing of the year during the filming, forgetting to use those of World War I.[19]He took six weeks to fully edit the film and prepare it for release.[20]
Cast exploits
editWhereas most Hollywood productions of the day took little more than a month to shoot,Wingstook approximately nine months to complete in total. Although Wellman was generating spectacular aerial footage and making Hollywood film history, Paramount expressed concerns with the cost of production and expanding budget. They sent an executive to San Antonio to complain to Wellman who swiftly told him that he had two options, "a trip home or a trip to the hospital".[17]According to biographer Frank T. Thompson, Wellman approached producerDavid O. Selznickregarding a contract predicament asking him what he should do to which Selznick replied, "Just keep your mouth shut. You've got 'em where it hurts."[20]Otto Kahn, the financier bankrolling the production, arrived on set as Wellman was filming the St-Mihiel battle sequence, inadvertently disrupted Wellman's detonation timings, and caused several extras to be seriously injured. Wellman loudly and profanely ordered Kahn off the set. That evening, Kahn visited Wellman in his hotel room, told him he was impressed with his direction, and he could have whatever he needed to finish the picture.[12]
The cast and crew had a lot of time on their hands between shooting sequences, and according to director Wellman, "San Antonio became the Armageddon of a magnificent sexualDonnybrook".He recalled that they stayed at the Saint Anthony Hotel for nine months and by the time they left the elevator girls were all pregnant.[11]He stated that Clara Bow openly flirted with the male cast members and several of the pilots which was reciprocated, despite having become engaged toVictor Flemingthe day after arriving in San Antonio on September 16, 1926.[21]Gary Cooper,appearing in a role which helped launch his career in Hollywood, began a tumultuous affair during the production with Bow.[22]Cooper reportedly showedHoward Hughesthe script to the film and he was not impressed, considering the drama in it to be "sudsy", although he informed Cooper that he looked forward to seeing how Wellman would accomplish the technical aerial sequences.[22]Bow strongly detested the wardrobe that Paramount designerTravis Bantonmade for the film. She slit the necklines and cut off the sleeves of her costumes, much to Banton's chagrin.[23]
Notable scenes
editWingsis also one of the first widely released films to shownudity.In the enlistment office, nude men are visible from behind undergoingphysical exams,through a door which opens and closes several times.[24]Bow's breasts are revealed for a second during the Paris bedroom scene when military police barge in while she is changing.
A boom was built with the camera mounted on an extension to shoot the Café de Paris scene[25]and one of the couples in the long shot is a same-sex female couple.
In the scene in which Rogers becomes drunk, the intoxication displayed on screen was genuine, as although 22 years of age, he had never tasted liquor before, and quickly became inebriated from drinking champagne.[26]
During David's death scene, Jack is plainly observed kissing him on the left cheek near the left corner of Dave’s mouth, which has led to interpretations of this film as depicting cinema's firstLGBTmale-to-male kiss.[27][28]While there is no general consensus about which film achieves this LGBT milestone,D.W. Griffith'sIntolerance(1916),Cecil B. DeMille'sManslaughter(1922), andJosef von Sternberg'sMorocco(1930) have also been suggested.[29][30]However, there are also interpretations that the kiss is merely fraternal.
Release and reception
editWellman dedicated the film "to those young warriors of the sky whose wings are folded about them forever".[19]A sneak preview was shown May 19, 1927, at the Texas Theater on Houston Street inSan Antonio.The premiere was held at the Criterion Theater, in New York City, on August 12, 1927, and was screened for 63 weeks before being moved to second-run theaters.[31]The film eventually opened in Los Angeles on January 15, 1928. The original Paramount release ofWingswas color tinted and had some sequences in an earlywidescreenprocess known as Magnascope, also used in the 1926 Paramount filmOld Ironsides.The original release also had the aerial scenes use theHandschiegl color processfor flames and explosions. Late in 1928, a sound version was prepared with synchronized sound effects and music, using theGeneral ElectricKinegraphone (laterRCA Photophone)sound-on-filmprocess.[4]
Wingswas an immediate success upon release and became the yardstick against which successive aviation films were measured for years thereafter, in terms of "authenticity of combat and scope of production".[19]One of the reasons for its resounding popularity was the public infatuation with aviation in the wake ofCharles Lindbergh'stransatlantic flight.[32]The Air Corps who had supervised production expressed satisfaction with the end product.[19]The critical response was equally enthusiastic and the film was widely praised for its realism and technical prowess, despite a superficial plot, "an aviation picnic" as Gene Brown called it.[33][34]The combat scenes of the film were so realistic that one writer studying the film in the early 1970s was wondering if Wellman had used actual imagery of planes crashing to earth during World War I.[35]One critic observed: "The exceptional quality ofWingslies in its appeal as a spectacle and as a picture of at least some of the actualities of flying under wartime conditions. "[19]Another wrote: "Nothing in the line of war pictures ever has packed a greater proportion of real thrills into an equal footage. As a spectacle,Wingsis a technical triumph. It piles punch upon punch until the spectator is almost nervously exhausted ".[35]Mordaunt HallofThe New York Timespraised the cinematography of the flying scenes and the direction and acting of the entire cast in his review dated August 13, 1927. Hall notes only two criticisms, one slight on Richard Arlen's performance and of the ending, which he described as "like so many screen stories, much too sentimental, and there is far more of it than one wants."[36]
By June 1932,Wingshad earned $3.6 million in worldwidetheatrical rentals.[37]
On review aggregatorRotten Tomatoes,the film holds a score of 93% based on 61 reviews, with an average rating of 7.6/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "Subsequent war epics may have borrowed heavily from the original Best Picture winner, but they've all lacked Clara Bow's luminous screen presence and William Wellman's deft direction."[38]
Accolades
editOn May 16, 1929, thefirst Academy Award ceremonywas held at theHotel Rooseveltin Hollywood to honor outstanding film achievements of 1927–1928.Wingswas entered in a number of categories and was the first film to win theAcademy Award for Best Picture(then called "Best Picture, Production" ) andBest Engineering EffectsforRoy Pomeroyfor the year. It remains the only silent film to win Best Picture.
Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans,which won Unique and Artistic Production, was considered an equal top winner of the night but the following year, the Academy dropped the Unique and Artistic Production award and decided retroactively that the award won byWingswas the highest honor that could be awarded.[39]The statuette, not yet known as the "Oscar",was presented byDouglas Fairbanksto Clara Bow on behalf of the producers, Adolph Zukor and B.P. Schulberg.[40]
Legacy
editTheCross and Cockade,a World War I pilots association, decided to host a tribute toWingsin 1968. They found Paramount did not even have photos. They recreated stock film, reprinted the picture and had a retrospective inviting the director and stars Richard Arlen and Buddy Rogers. The brochure was available for a small period of years but is reprinted in a book narrated by Richard Arlen, published by Judy Watson, titledWings and other Recollections of Early HollywoodISBN1507552386andLCCN2015-900786.
For many years,Wingswas considered alost filmuntil a print was found in theCinémathèque Françaisefilm archive in Paris and quickly copied fromnitrate filmtosafety film stock.[4][41]It was again shown in theaters, including some theaters where the film was accompanied byWurlitzerpipe organs.[42]
In retrospect, film scholarScott Eymanin his 1997 bookThe Speed of Sound: Hollywood and the Talkie Revolution 1926–1930highlights both the diverse structure and adapted aspects ofWingsin that transitional period in Americancinematography:
Ironically, a mass-market silent spectacular like William Wellman'sWingseffortlessly showcases far more visual variety than mainstream American films have offered since: it displays shifts from brutal realism to nonrealistic techniques associated with Soviet avant-garde or impressionistic French cinema – double exposures, subjective point-of-view shots, trick effects, symbolic illustrations on the titles, and so on.[43]
In 1997,Wingswas selected for preservation in the United StatesNational Film Registryby theLibrary of Congressas being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[44][45][46]In 2006, director Wellman's son, William Wellman Jr., authored a book about the film and his father's participation in the making of it, titledThe Man and His Wings: William A. Wellman and the Making of the First Best Picture.[47]
The film was the focus of an episode of the television seriesPetticoat Junctionthat originally aired November 9, 1968, the show's sixth season. Arlen and Rogers were scheduled to appear during the film's opening at one of the local cinemas in 1928. They opted instead to attend the New York screening that was held the same night.Uncle Joewrites a letter chiding the pair for forsaking the town. To atone and generate publicity, they agreed to attend a second opening, 40 years later. This episode features actual clips from the movie.[48][49]
Arlen and Rogers also appeared together as themselves on a December 18, 1967, episode ofThe Lucy Showtitled "Lucy and Carol Burnett: Part 2". They are introduced as the stars ofWingsat a ceremony to mark the graduation ofLucille BallandCarol Burnettfrom stewardess training. They appear on stage beneath stills taken from the film and later in the ceremony, star in a musical with Ball and Burnett, as two World War I pilots.[50]
Restoration
editAs the original negatives are lost, the closest to an original copy is a spare negative rediscovered in Paramount's vaults subsequent to the Cinémathèque Française print. Suffering from decay and defects, the negative was fully restored with modern technology. The original synchronized soundtrack to the sound version survives at UCLA.[6]For the restored version ofWings,it was decided not to use the original, now public-domain, synchronized score so that a new modern soundtrack could be used. The original music score was re-orchestrated. The sound effects were recreated atSkywalker Soundusing archived audio tracks. The scenes using theHandschiegl color processwere also recreated for the restored version.[51]
The first restored version was released on Laserdisc in the US in 1985, was one of the earliest discs with digital sound, and featured an organ score byGaylord Carter.This version would be released in a double feature withThe Big Paradefor its Japanese Laserdisc release.
In 1996, Paramount issued aVHSrelease.[52]In 2012, the company issued a "meticulously restored" version forDVDandBlu-ray.[51]The remastered version inhigh definitioncoincided with the centennial anniversary of Paramount. It opens with a logo montage, which starts with the 2010-2013 version of the previous logo or the 2011-2012 "100 Years" version of the current logo and looks back at previous logos from the past 100 years, starting with the 1990 version of the 1986 logo, up into the opening logo of the film.[51]On May 2 and 16, 2012, selectCinemarktheaters screened an exclusivelimited re-releasetwice daily to coincide with the film's 85th anniversary. It received a worldwide limited release for its 90th anniversary celebration.[53][54]
The film was preserved by theAcademy Film Archive,in conjunction with theLibrary of Congressand Paramount Pictures, in 2002.[55]
The sound version of the film was created late in 1928 due to the public's apathy towards silent films and therefore this was the version that most audiences saw back in 1928 and 1929. Even though the original synchronized soundtrack survives at UCLA it has not yet been restored to the film and released.
See also
edit- List of early sound feature films (1926–1929)
- List of rediscovered films
- The House That Shadows Built(1931 promotional film by Paramount)
- "Wings" (1927 film score)
References
editNotes
edit- ^William Wellman on production ofWingsin episodeHollywood Goes to Warwhere he stated Otto Kahn was a financier onWingsvisiting the production on location in Texas
- ^The 2011 winnerThe Artist,mostly silent but with synchronized sound, contained recorded dialogue at the end.
- ^Primary stunt pilot Dick Grace broke his neck when an aircraft supposed to flip over after being shot down on takeoff failed to do so.[13]
Citations
edit- ^Brownlow, Kevinand David Gill,Hollywood: A Celebration of American Silent Film(13-part television documentary series). New York: HBO Home Video, 1980.
- ^"WINGS(A) ".Famous Lasky Film Service.British Board of Film Classification.January 12, 1928.RetrievedMay 7,2014.
- ^"WINGS(PG) ".Paramount Pictures.British Board of Film Classification.February 22, 2013.RetrievedMay 7,2014.
- ^abcBennett, Carl."Progressive Silent Film List: Wings".Silent Era.2012. Retrieved: February 27, 2012.
- ^Cohn, Lawrence (October 15, 1990). "All Time Film Rental Champs".Variety.p. M-194.ISSN0042-2738.
- ^ab"Wings / Paramount Famous Lasky Corp".library.ucla.edu.
- ^"Dorothy Wellman dies at 95".Variety.September 17, 2009.RetrievedFebruary 2,2013.
- ^"Preserved Projects".Academy Film Archive.
- ^Porter 2005,p. 148.
- ^Wellman, William Jr. (March–April 1970)."William Wellman: Rebel Director".Action.Vol. 5, no. 2. Directors Guild of America. pp. 13–15.
- ^abcdStenn 2000,p. 73.
- ^ab"Hollywood Goes to War".Hollywood.January 29, 1980. 36:24 minutes in.RetrievedOctober 30,2022– via YouTube.
- ^abcLusier, Tim (2004)."Daredevils in the Air: Three of the Greats, Wilson, Locklear and Grace".SilentsAreGolden.Archived fromthe originalon December 28, 2012.RetrievedFebruary 2,2013.
- ^Suid 2002,p. 35.
- ^abcdSuid 2002,p. 36.
- ^Farmer 2006,p. 36.
- ^abcSuid 2002,p. 37.
- ^Hopkinson 2007,p. 217.
- ^abcdeSuid 2002,p. 39.
- ^abThompson 1983,p. 72.
- ^Stenn 2000,p. 73-4.
- ^abPorter 2005,p. 147.
- ^Stenn 2000,p. 75.
- ^Mast 1986,pp. 213–214.
- ^Brownlow 1968,p. 170.
- ^Stenn 2000,p. 74.
- ^Russo, Vito (1981).The Celluloid Closet: Homosexuality in the Movies.New York: Harper & Row. pp. 85–86.ISBN978-0-06-337019-7.RetrievedFebruary 14,2022.
- ^"Before Brokeback: The First Same-Sex Kiss in Cinema (1927)".Open Culture.January 26, 2012.
- ^Strike, Karen (October 16, 2016)."The First Same-Sex Kiss in Cinema (1916)".Flashbak.RetrievedJanuary 30,2022.
- ^Monteil, Abby (October 14, 2021)."A history of LGBTQ+ representation in film".Stacker.RetrievedJanuary 30,2022.
- ^Thompson 2002,p. 25.
- ^Farmer 2006,p. 14.
- ^Suid 2002,p. 28-39.
- ^Brown 1984,p. 4-5.
- ^abSuid 2002,p. 38.
- ^Hall, Mourdant (August 13, 1927)."The Screen: The Flying Fighters".The New York Times.RetrievedFebruary 2,2013.
- ^"Big Sound Grosses".Variety.New York. June 21, 1932. p. 62.
- ^"Wings".Rotten Tomatoes.RetrievedAugust 13,2023.
- ^"The 1st Academy Awards (1929) Nominees and Winners".AMPAS.RetrievedFebruary 2,2013.
- ^Stenn 2000,p. 159.
- ^"Silent Oscar winner Wings out for anniversary".Euronews.January 19, 2012. Archived fromthe originalon October 1, 2015.RetrievedOctober 1,2015.
- ^"Datebook" magazine,San Francisco Chronicle.[full citation needed]
- ^Eyman 1997,p. 220.
- ^The Code of Federal Regulations of the United States of America.US Government Printing Office. 1999. p. 93.
- ^"Complete National Film Registry Listing".Library of Congress: National Film Preservation Board.RetrievedJune 10,2020.
- ^"New to the National Film Registry".Library of Congress.December 1997.RetrievedJune 10,2020.
- ^Wellman 2006.
- ^Petticoat Junction; Season 6, Episode 6: Wings.RetrievedOctober 30,2022– via YouTube.
- ^Humphrey, Hal (October 25, 1968)."Out of the Air: Buddy Rogers–47 Years Later".East Liverpool Review.p. 15.RetrievedJune 12,2023.
- ^The Lucy Show – Episode: Lucy Becomes an Airline Stewardess Pt 2.December 18, 1967. Archived fromthe originalon May 11, 2014.RetrievedFebruary 2,2013– viaYouTube.
- ^abc"Paramount Home Entertainment proudly presents the very first Best Picture Academy Award® Winner on Blu-ray™ and DVD for the first time ever-Wings".Paramount Home Entertainment. November 15, 2011.RetrievedFebruary 2,2013.
- ^Wings.Wings VHS.ASIN6300215482.
- ^"Oscar-winning silent film returns to cinemas work".BBC News.May 3, 2012.RetrievedFebruary 2,2013.
- ^Beggs, Scott (May 2, 2012)."'Wings,' The First Best Picture Winner to Hit Big Screens Again ".Film School Rejects.RetrievedJune 10,2020.
- ^"Preserved Projects".Academy Film Archive.
Bibliography
edit- Brown, Gene (1984).The New York Times Encyclopedia of Film: 1896–1928.Times Books.ISBN978-0-8129-1046-9.
- Brownlow, Kevin(1968).The Parade's Gone by.University of California Press.ISBN978-0-520-03068-8.
- Danesi, Marcel (2013).The History of the Kiss: The Birth of Popular Culture.Palgrave Macmillan.ISBN978-1-137-37685-5.
- Dolan, Edward F. (1985).Hollywood Goes to War.Hamlyn.ISBN978-0-600-50053-7.
- Eyman, Scott(1997).The Speed of Sound: Hollywood and the Talkie Revolution 1926-1930.Simon & Schuster.ISBN978-1-4391-0428-6.
- Farmer, Jim (November 2006). "The Making of Flyboys".Air Classics.Vol. 42, no. 11.
- Hardwick, Jack; Schnepf, Ed (1989).A Viewer's Guide to Aviation Movies: The Making of the Great Aviation Films.General Aviation Series. Vol. 2. Challenge Publications.
- Hopkinson, Peter (2007).Screen of Change.UKA Press.ISBN978-1-905796-12-0.
- Mast, Gerald(1986).The Movies in Our Midst: Documents in the Cultural History of Film in America.University of Chicago Press.ISBN978-0-226-50979-2.
- Oldfield, Barney (Spring 1991)."'WINGS' A Movie and an Inspiration ".Air Power History.38(1): 55–58.JSTOR26272296.RetrievedFebruary 14,2022.
- Orriss, Bruce W. (1986).When Hollywood Ruled the Skies.Aero Associates.ISBN978-0-87910-056-8.
- Porter, Darwin (2005).Howard Hughes: Hell's Angel.Blood Moon Productions, Ltd.ISBN978-0-9748118-1-9.
- Silke, James R. (June 2019)."Fists, Dames & Wings!"(PDF).Air Classics.Vol. 55, no. 6.ISSN0002-2241.[permanent dead link]
- Suid, Lawrence H. (2002).Guts & Glory: The Making of the American Military Image in Film.University Press of Kentucky.ISBN978-0-8131-9018-1.
- Stenn, David(2000).Clara Bow: Runnin' Wild.Rowman & Littlefield.ISBN978-0-8154-1025-6.
- Thompson, Frank T. (1983).William A. Wellman.Scarecrow Press.ISBN978-0-8108-1594-0.
- Thompson, Frank T. (2002).Texas Hollywood: Filmmaking in San Antonio since 1910.Maverick Publishing Company.ISBN978-1-893271-21-0.
- Gallagher, John Andrew; Thompson, Frank T. (2018).Nothing Sacred: The Cinema of William Wellman.Men With Wings Press.ISBN978-0-9987699-2-9.
- Wellman, William A. Jr. (2006).The Man and His Wings: William A. Wellman and the Making of the First Best Picture.Greenwood Publishing Group.ISBN978-0-275-98541-7.
External links
edit- WingsatIMDb
- Wingsat theTCM Movie Database
- WingsatAllMovie
- Wingsat theAFI Catalog of Feature Films
- Wingsessay by Dino EverettatNational Film Registry
- Wingsis available for free viewing and download at theInternet Archive
- Wingsat Virtual History
- Q&A With Paramount's VP of Archives on the restoration ofWings
- WingsatRotten Tomatoes