Wikipedia

World Wide Fund for Nature

(Redirected fromWorld Wildlife Fund)

TheWorld Wide Fund for Nature(WWF) is aSwiss-basedinternational non-governmental organizationfounded in 1961 that works in the field of wilderness preservation and the reduction ofhuman impact on the environment.[5]It was formerly named theWorld Wildlife Fund,which remains its official name inCanadaand theUnited States.WWF is the world's largestconservation organization,with over five million supporters worldwide, working in more than 100 countries and supporting around 3,000 conservation and environmental projects.[6]They have invested over $1 billion in more than 12,000 conservation initiatives since 1995.[7]WWF is afoundationwith 65% of funding from individuals and bequests, 17% from government sources (such as theWorld Bank,DFID,andUSAID) and 8% from corporations in 2020.[8][9]

World Wide Fund for Nature
AbbreviationWWF
Formation29 April 1961;63 years ago(1961-04-29)
Founders
TypeInternational NGO
Purpose
HeadquartersRue Mauverney 28
Gland,Vaud,Switzerland
Region
Worldwide
Methods
  • Lobbying
  • Research
  • Consultancy
President
Adil Najam
Director General
Kirsten Schuijt
Revenue
IncreaseUS$433 million(2022)[3]
Websitewwf.panda.org
worldwildlife.org(US)
^b:Also the WWF's first president.[4]

WWF aims to "stop the degradation of the planet's natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature."[10]TheLiving Planet Reporthas been published every two years by WWF since 1998; it is based on aLiving Planet Indexandecological footprintcalculation.[5]In addition, WWF has launched several notable worldwide campaigns, includingEarth HourandDebt-for-nature swap,and its current work is organized around these six areas: food, climate, freshwater, wildlife, forests, and oceans.[5][7]

WWF has faced criticism for its corporate ties[11][12][13]and for supporting conservation measures that have resulted in violent conflict with local people.[14][15]WWF is part of the Steering Group of the Foundations Platform F20, an international network of foundations andphilanthropicorganizations.[16]

History

edit
Prince Bernhardwith a WWF field vehicle, 1971

The idea for a fund on behalf of endangered animals was officially proposed byVictor StolantoSir Julian Huxleyin response to articles he published in the British newspaperThe Observer.This proposal led Huxley to put Stolan in contact withEdward Max Nicholson,a person who had had thirty years experience of linkingprogressiveintellectuals withbig businessinterests through thePolitical and Economic Planningthink tank.[1][17][18]Nicholson thought up the name of the organization and the original panda logo was designed bySir Peter Scott.WWF was conceived on 29 April 1961, under the name ofWorld Wildlife Fund.Its first office was opened on 11 September inIUCN's headquarters atMorges,Switzerland.

The WWF was conceived to act as an international fundraising organisation to support the work of existing conservation groups, primarily theInternational Union for Conservation of Nature.[19]Its establishment was marked with the signing of theMorges Manifesto,the founding document that sets out the fund's commitment to assisting worthy organizations struggling to save the world's wildlife:[20]

They need above all money, to carry out mercy missions and to meet conservation emergencies by buying land where wildlife treasures are threatened, and in many other ways. Money, for example, to pay guardians of wildlife refuges.... Money for education and propaganda among those who would care and help if only they understood. Money to send out experts to danger spots and to train more local wardens and helpers in Africa and elsewhere. Money to maintain a sort of 'war room' at the international headquarters of conservation, showing where the danger spots are and making it possible to ensure that their needs are met before it is too late.

— Morges Manifesto
Princess Beatrixvisiting the organization, 1971

Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeldhelped to found the WWF, becoming its first president in 1961. In 1963, the Foundation held a conference and published a major report warning ofanthropogenicglobal warming,written by Noel Eichhorn based on the work ofFrank Fraser Darling(then foundation vice president),Edward Deevey,Erik Eriksson,Charles Keeling,Gilbert Plass,Lionel Walford,andWilliam Garnett.[21]

In 1970, along withPrince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh,and a few associates, Bernhard established the WWF'sfinancial endowmentThe 1001: A Nature Trustto handle the organization's administration and fundraising. 1001 members each contributed $10,000 to the trust.[22]Prince Bernhard resigned his post after being involved in theLockheed bribery scandals.[23]

List of presidents

edit
Dr.Adil Najamfrom Pakistan is WWF's current president since 2023
Years[24] Name[24] Country
1961–1976 Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld Netherlands
1976–1981 John Hugo Loudon Netherlands
1981–1996 Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh United Kingdom
1996–1999 Syed Babar Ali Pakistan
2000 Ruud Lubbers Netherlands
2000–2001 Sara Morrison[fr] United Kingdom
2001–2010 Chief Emeka Anyaoku Nigeria
2010–2017 Yolanda Kakabadse Ecuador
2018–2022 Pavan Sukhdev India
2023–present Adil Najam[25] Pakistan

Recent developments

edit
A WWF hot air balloon in Mexico, 2013
WWF at thePeople's Climate March,2017

The WWF has set up offices and operations around the world. It originally worked by fundraising and providing grants to existing non-governmental organizations with an initial focus on the protection ofendangered species.As more resources became available, its operations expanded into other areas such as the preservation ofbiological diversity,sustainable use ofnatural resources,the reduction ofpollution,andclimate change.The organization also began to run its own conservation projects and campaigns.[citation needed]In 1986, the organization changed its name toWorld Wide Fund for Nature,while retaining the WWF initials. However, it continued at that time to operate under the original name in the United States and Canada.[26]

1986 was the 25th anniversary of WWF's foundation, an event marked by a gathering in Assisi, Italy to which the organization's International President Prince Philip, the Duke of Edinburgh, invited religious authorities representing Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam and Judaism. These leaders produced The Assisi Declarations, theological statements showing the spiritual relationship between their followers and nature that triggered a growth in the engagement of those religions with conservation around the world.[26]

In the 1990s, WWF revised its mission statement to:[citation needed]

Stop the degradation of the planet's natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature,

  • conserving the world's biological diversity;
  • ensuring that the use of renewable natural resources is sustainable; [and]
  • promoting the reduction of pollution and wasteful consumption.

WWF researchers and many others identified 238ecoregionsthat represent the world's most biologically outstandingterrestrial,freshwaterandmarinehabitats, based on a worldwide biodiversity analysis which the organization says was the first of its kind.[27]In the early 2000s (decade), its work was focused on a subset of these ecoregions, in the areas of forest, freshwater and marinehabitat conservation,endangered species conservation, climate change, and the elimination of the most toxic chemicals.

We shan't save all we should like to, but we shall save a great deal more than if we had never tried.

— SirPeter Scott[22]

Harvard University published a case study on WWF called "Negotiating Toward the Paris Accords: WWF & the Role of Forests in the 2015 Climate Agreement":[28]In 2023, Prof.Adil Najam,a globally renowned climate scientist and policy expert from Pakistan, was appointed as the President of WWF International signifying the growing importance on climate change as well as of human well-being in the WWF agenda.[29]

Conservation Foundation

edit
Further information:Russell E. Train

In 1947 the Conservation Foundation was formed in New York City byFairfield Osborn.It arranged funding for scientific research into global conservation issues. It did not lobby or engage in politics. In 1985 it became an affiliate of the WWF. In 1990, it completely merged into WWF.[5]

Conservation Foundation in the United States

edit

The organization now known as theConservation Foundation in the United Statesis the former Forest Foundation of DuPage County.[19][30]In 1996, the organization obtained generalconsultative statusfromUNESCO.[31]

Panda symbol

edit
The giant panda has become the symbol of WWF.

WWF'sgiant pandalogo originated from a panda namedChi Chithat had been transferred fromBeijing ZootoLondon Zooin 1958, three years before WWF was established. Being famous as the only panda residing in the Western world at that time, her uniquely recognisable physical features and status as an endangered species were seen as ideal to serve the organization's need for a strong recognisable symbol that would overcome all language barriers.[32]The organization also needed an animal that would have an impact in black and white printing. The logo was then designed bySir Peter Scottfrom preliminary sketches by Gerald Watterson, a Scottish naturalist.[33][34]

The logo was slightly simplified and made more geometric in 1978, and was stylized and made less detailed in 1986, at the time that the organization changed its name, with the new version featuring solid black shapes for eyes.[35]In 2000 a change was made to the font used for the initials "WWF" in the logo.[36]

Organization and operation

edit

Policy-making

edit
The nature reserve, Oasis of Stagni di Casale, managed by WWF in Vicenza, Italy

Policies of the WWF are made by board members elected for three-year terms. An Executive Team guides and develops WWF's strategy. There is also a National Council which stands as an advisory group to the board and a team of scientists and experts in conservation who research for WWF.

National and international law plays an important role in determining how habitats and resources are managed and used. Laws and regulations become one of the organization's global priorities.

The WWF has been opposed to the extraction of oil from the Canadiantar sandsand has campaigned on this matter. Between 2008 and 2010 the WWF worked withThe Co-operative Group,theUK's largestconsumer co-operativeto publish reports which concluded that: (1) exploiting the Canadian tar sands to their full potential would be sufficient to bring about what they described as 'runaway climate change;[37](2)carbon capture and storage(CCS) technology cannot be used to reduce the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere to a level comparable to that of other methods of oil extraction;[38](3) the $379 billion which is expected to be spent extracting oil fromtar sandscould be better spent on research and development in renewable energy technology;[39]and (4) the expansion of tar sands extraction poses a serious threat to the caribou in Alberta.[40]

The organization convinces and helps governments and other political bodies to adopt, enforce, strengthen and/or change policies, guidelines and laws that affect biodiversity and natural resource use. It also ensures government consent and/or keeps their commitment to international instruments relating to the protection of biodiversity and natural resources.[41][42]

In 2012, David Nussbaum, Chief Executive of WWF-UK, spoke out against the wayshale gasis used in the UK, saying: "...the Government must reaffirm its commitment to tackling climate change and prioritise renewables and energy efficiency. "[43]

Collaboration

edit
Le Cesine,a natural wetlands in Italy, managed by WWF since 1979

The organisation works on a number ofglobal issuesdrivingbiodiversity lossand unsustainable use of natural resources, including species conservation, finance, business practices, laws, and consumption choices. Local offices also work on national or regional issues.[44]

WWF works with a large number of different groups to achieve its goals, including other NGOs, governments, business, investment banks, scientists, fishermen, farmers and local communities. It also undertakes public campaigns to influence decision makers, and seeks to educate people on how to live in a more environmentally friendly manner. It urges people to donate funds to protect the environment. The donors can also choose to receive gifts in return.[citation needed]

In October 2020, WWF was named as one of the alliance partner's ofPrince William's Earthshot Prize, to find solutions to environmental issues.[45]

In March 2021, WWF announced an extension of their partnership withH&Mto address sustainable supply chain practices.[46]

Notable initiatives and programs

edit

Campaigns

edit
Earth Hour2013 at theVerona Arenaamphitheatre,Piazza Bra,Verona,Italy, before (top) and while the street lighting was switched off

Publications

edit

WWF publishes theLiving Planet Indexin collaboration with theZoological Society of London.Along withecological footprintcalculations, theIndexis used to produce a bi-yearlyLiving Planet Reportgiving an overview of the impact of human activity on the world.[47]In 2019, WWF andKnorrjointly published theFuture 50 Foods reportidentifying "50 Foods for Healthier People and a Healthier Planet".[48]In 2018, WWF, TRAFFIC and IFAW launched the Coalition to End Wildlife Trafficking Online with 21 tech companies.[49]In 2017, Instagram accounts, Sal Lavallo and Jessica Nabongo ate a trafficked, endangered pangolin at a hotel in Gabon.[50]There is often no penalty to social media accounts for cruelty to animals on social media platforms.[51][52]

The organization also regularly publishes reports, fact sheets and other documents on issues related to its work, to raise awareness and provide information to policy and decision makers.[53]

Promotions

edit
Multiple conservation projects by WWF at Ili-Balkhash in Kazakhstan
  • No One's Gonna Change Our Worldwas a charity album released in 1969, for the benefit of the WWF.[54]
  • Peter Rose and Anne Conlonare music theatre writers, well known for their environmental musicals for children, who were commissioned by WWF-UK to write several environmental musicals as part of an education plan.[55]Some were narrated byDavid Attenborough,and broadcast on television in numerous countries.
  • The British pop groupS Club 7were ambassadors for WWF-UK during their time together as a band (1999–2003).[56]Each of the members sponsored an endangered animal, and in 2000, traveled to the various locations around the world of their chosen animals for a seven-partBBCdocumentary series entitledS Club 7 Go Wild.
  • Environmentally Sound: A Select Anthology of Songs Inspired by the Earthis a benefit album released in 2006, for WWF-Philippines, featuring artists that includedUp Dharma Down,Radioactive Sago Project,Kala,Johnny Alegre Affinity,Cynthia Alexander,andJoey Ayala.[57]
  • In June 2012, WWF launched an onlinemusic downloadstore with fairsharemusic from which 50% of the profit goes to the charity.[58]
  • In April 2015,Hailey Gardinerreleased her solo EP, titled The Woods. In honor ofEarth Day,15% of the proceeds made towards the purchase of the EP would be donated to the WWF.[59]

Environmental education

edit

From 1997 to 2007, the WWF's China office conducted its Environmental Educators' Initiative, which trained thousands of teachers, established environmental education training centers at teachers' universities, and influenced the drafting of theMinistry of Education's 2003 guidelines for public school environmental education.[60]: 145 

Controversies and disputes

edit

ARD documentary andPandaLeaksbook

edit

The German public televisionARDaired a documentary on 22 June 2011 that claimed to show how the WWF cooperates with corporations such asMonsanto,providing sustainability certification in exchange for donations– essentiallygreenwashing.[61]WWF has denied the allegations.[62]By encouraging high-impact eco-tourism, the program alleges that WWF contributes to the destruction of habitat and species it claims to protect while also harming indigenous peoples.[63]

The filmmaker, German investigative journalistWilfried Huismann,was sued by the WWF over his documentary and the bookSchwarzbuch WWFpublished in 2012, which was based on the documentary. In an out of court settlement, he agreed to remove or revise certain claims. Speaking on behalf of WWF Germany, Marco Vollmar indicated "[Huismann] draws a distorted picture of false statements, defamations and exaggerations, but we will accept that as expressions of opinion." (Translated from the original German: "ein Zerrbild aus falschen Aussagen, Diffamierungen und Übertreibungen, aber das werden wir als Meinungsäußerungen hinnehmen.")[64]

In 2014, Huismann published a revised edition of his 2012 book, originally calledThe Silence of the Pandas.The original edition had become a bestseller in Germany, but was banned from Britain until 2014, when it was released under the title ofPandaLeaks – The Dark Side of the WWF,after a series of injunctions and court orders.[65]The book criticizes WWF for its involvement with corporations that are responsible for large-scale destruction of the environment, such as Coca-Cola, and gives details into the existence of the secret1001 Club,whose members, Huismann claims, continue to have an unhealthy influence on WWF's policy making.[65]WWF has denied the allegations made against it.[66]

Corporate partnerships

edit

WWF has been accused by the campaignerCorporate Watchof being too close to business to campaign objectively.[11][12]WWF claims partnering with corporations such asCoca-Cola,Lafarge,Carlos Slim's andIKEAwill reduce their effect on the environment.[67]WWF received €56 million (US$80 million) from corporations in 2010 (an 8% increase in support from corporations compared to 2009), accounting for 11% of total revenue for the year.[9]

For their 2019 fiscal year, WWF reported 4% of their total operating revenue coming from corporations.[68]

Alleged human rights abuses by paramilitaries

edit

In 2017, a report bySurvival Internationalclaimed that WWF-funded paramilitaries are not only committing abuses against the indigenousBakaandBayakain theCongo Basin,who "face harassment and beatings, torture and death", but are also corrupt and aid in the destruction of conserved areas. The report accused WWF and its guards of partnering with several logging companies who carried outdeforestation,while the rangers ignored wildlife trafficking networks.[69]

In 2019, an investigation byBuzzFeed Newsalleged thatparamilitarygroups funded by the organisation are engaged in serious human rights abuses against villagers, and the organisation has covered up the incidents and acted to protect the perpetrators from law enforcement. These armed groups were claimed to torture, sexually assault, and execute villagers based on false accusations. In one instance found byBuzzFeed Newsinvestigators, an 11-year-old boy was allegedly tortured by WWF-funded rangers in front of his parents;[70]WWF ignored all complaints against the rangers. In another incident, a ranger attempted to rape a Tharu woman and, when she resisted, attacked her with bamboo stick until she lost consciousness. While the ranger was arrested, the woman was pressured not to press charges, resulting in the ranger going free. In 2010, WWF-sponsored rangers reportedly killed a 12-year-old girl who was collecting tree bark inBardiya National Park.Park and WWF officials allegedly obstructed investigations in these cases, by "falsifying and destroying evidence, falsely claiming the victims were poachers, and pressuring the families of the victims to withdraw criminal complaints".[70][71]

In July 2019,Buzzfeedreported that a leaked report by the WWF accused guards of beating and raping women including pregnant women while torturing men by tying their penises with fishing lines. The investigations were cut short after paramilitary groups threatened investigators with death. The investigators accused WWF of covering up the crimes. Releasing an official statement, the WWF claimed that the report was not made public to ensure the safety of the victims and that the guards were suspended and are awaiting prosecution. However Buzzfeed accused the WWF of attempting to withhold the report to the US congressional committee investigating the human rights violations by providing highly redacted versions instead.[72][73]

In theCentral African Republic,WWF officials were reportedly involved in an arms deal, where the organization paid for 15Kalashnikovassault rifles and ammunition; but part of the money went unaccounted for and they were apparently defrauded by the CAR army representatives selling the weapons.[70]

The Kathmandu Post,which cooperated withBuzzFeed Newson the investigations inNepal,claimed there was intense lobbying and political pressure to release WWF-funded rangers arrested for murder. They interviewed activists who claimed they were promised donations for pressuring victims of abuse to drop charges against the rangers. When the localTharucommunity protested, WWF officials carried out a counter-protest in favour of the accused and used park elephants to blockPrithvi Highway.[74]

An investigation byRainforest Foundation UKfound evidence of widespread physical and sexual assault by 'eco-guards' employed by theSalonga National Parkin theDemocratic Republic of Congofunded by WWF. These include two cases of gang rape, two extrajudicial killings, and multiple accounts of torture and other forms of mistreatment committed by park guards.[75]

In reply to the investigations, WWF stated that it takes any allegations seriously and would be launching an independent review into the cases raised. The organisation stated it has stringent policies designed to ensure it and its partners are safeguarding the rights and well-being of indigenous peoples and local communities, and should the review uncover any breaches, it is committed to taking swift action.[76]

These accusations were central to a four day sit-in protest carried out by members ofExtinction Rebellion's XR Youth Solidarity Network at WWF-UK's headquarters in September 2021.[77]

Initialism dispute

edit
See also:WWE § Legal disputes and controversies

In 2000, the World Wide Fund for Nature sued the World Wrestling Federation (now namedWWE) for unfair trade practices. Both parties had shared the initials "WWF" since 1979. The conservation organization claimed that theprofessional wrestlingcompany had violated a 1994 agreement regarding international use of the WWF initials.[78][79]

On 10 August 2001, a UK court ruled in favour of the World Wide Fund for Nature. The World Wrestling Federation filed an appeal in October 2001, but later withdrew their appeal. On 5 May 2002, the World Wrestling Federation changed itsWeb addressfromWWF.comtoWWE.com,and replaced every "WWF" reference on the existing site with "WWE", officially announcing their name change to "World Wrestling Entertainment" a day later with a "Get the 'F' Out" marketing campaign. The company's stock ticker also switched from WWF to WWE shortly after.

The wrestling organization's abandonment of "WWF"initialismdid not end the two organizations' legal conflict. Later in 2002, the World Wide Fund for Nature petitioned the court for $360 million in damages, but was not successful. A subsequent request to overturn by the World Wide Fund for Nature was dismissed by the BritishCourt of Appealon 28 June 2007. In 2003, World Wrestling Entertainment won a limited decision which permitted them to continue marketing certain pre-existing products with the abandoned WWF logo. However, WWE was mandated to issue newly branded merchandise such as apparel, action figures, video games, andDVDswith the "WWE" initials. Additionally, the court order required the company to remove both auditory and visual references to "WWF" in its library of video footage outside the United Kingdom.

Starting with the 1,000th episode ofRawin July 2012, the WWF "scratch" logo is no longer censored in archival footage. In addition, the WWF initials are no longer censored when spoken or when written in plain text in archival footage. In exchange, WWE is no longer permitted to use WWF initials or logo in any new, original footage, packaging, or advertising, with any old-school logos for retro-themed programming now using a modification of the original WWF logo without the F.

Mekong River dolphins report

edit

In June 2009, Touch Seang Tana, chairman ofCambodia's Commission for Conservation and Development of theMekong RiverDolphins Eco-tourism Zone, argued that the WWF had misrepresented the danger of extinction of theMekong dolphinto boost fundraising.[80]The report stated that the deaths were caused by a bacterial disease that became fatal due to environmental contaminants suppressing the dolphins' immune systems.[81]He called the report unscientific and harmful to the Cambodian government and threatened WWF's Cambodian branch with suspension unless they met with him to discuss his claims.[82]Touch Seang Tana later said he would not press charges of supplying false information and would not make any attempt to prevent WWF from continuing its work in Cambodia, but advised WWF to adequately explain its findings and check with the commission before publishing another report. Criticism of the validity of reports critical of government action or inaction, where 'approval' has not been sought before publication, is common in Cambodia.[83]

In January 2012, Touch Seang Tana signed the "Kratie Declaration on the Conservation of the Mekong River Irrawaddy Dolphin" along with WWF and the Cambodian Fisheries Administration, an agreement binding the parties to work together on a "roadmap" addressing dolphin conservation in the Mekong River.[84]

Accountability

edit

TheCharity Navigatorgave the WWF a 3-star overall rating, a 2-star financial rating and a 4-star accountability and transparency rating for the 2018 fiscal year.[85]

Manipulation of CO2emissions data from nuclear energy

edit

In 2009, in a scorecard report that they authored on carbon emissions in G8 countries, the WWF portrayed thegreenhouse gas emissionsof countries who uselow-carbonnuclear powerin their mix as a higher amount of emissions than realistically calculated. For example, for France, the WWF displayed a false value of 362 gCO2eq/kWh which is over 400% larger than the actual emissions in France. WWF explained the manipulation as follows:[86][87]

WWF does not consider nuclear power to be a viable policy option. The indicators "emissions per capita", "emissions per GdP" and "Co2per kWh electricity "for all countries have therefore been adjusted as if the generation of electricity from nuclear power had produced 350 gCo2/kWh (emission factor for natural gas). Without the adjustment, the original indicators for France would have been much lower, e.g. 86 gCo2/kWh.

The scorecard for Sweden was also "adjusted" in similar way, where the WWF replaced the actual emissions of 47 gCO2eq/kWh with 212 gCO2eq/kWh.[87]

Nord Stream involvement

edit

In 2011 Jochen Lamp, head of WWF Germany, was also head of Conservation Foundation German Baltic, sponsored byNord Stream AGcompany building a controversial gas pipeline from Russia to Germany. While WWF headed by Lamp has been actively blocking the project using court cases, Nord Stream reached "an out-of-court agreement" with the Foundation, also headed by Lamp, involving transfer of 10 million EUR, after which WWF withdrew the case.[88][89]

Controversy on investments in multiple fossil fuel developments

edit

Investigative journalism byNBCand laterNaomi Klein,in 2008 and 2013 respectively, uncovered that the WWF has invested and profits from, multi-million dollar investment contracts it has put into oil, gas, coal and tar sands developments and did not pull out of these, divesting, when confronted but indicated it would at the minimum wait until 2020 to do so, in some of its fossil fuel ventures, as early ending would have not been as profitable for them. The WWF does not oppose fossil fuels but engages in what it internally terms as the "responsible development" of fossil fuels.[90]

Proposal to sell non-fungible tokens

edit

In February 2022, WWF UK released plans to raise funds through selling NFTs (non-fungible tokens).[91]NFT is a unit of data stored on ablockchain.Critics point out transacting NFTs causes significant environmental impact.[92][93]

Listing as a "foreign agent" and an "undesirable organisation" in Russia

edit

On 10 March 2023, during the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine,WWF was listed as a so-called "foreign agent"in Russia, for allegedly trying to influence the Russian authorities" under the guise of protecting nature and the environment ".[94] About two and a half months later, theProsecutor-General of Russiadesignated it as a so-called "undesirable organisation",on similar grounds. This decision effectively bans the group from operating in the country.[95]

Regional organisations

edit

WWF-Australia

edit

The Australian arm of WWF was established on 29 June 1978 in an old factory inSydney,with three staff and a budget of aroundA$80,000for the first year, consisting of aA$50,000grant from theCommonwealth Governmentand a furtherA$20,500in corporate donations. As of 2020,WWF-Australia is the country's biggest conservation organisation, which operates projects throughout Australia as well as the widerOceaniaregion.[96]Between 2015 and 2019 WWF-Australia reported an average revenue of $28.74 million per year. In 2020, WWF-Australia reported a total revenue of over $80 million driven by the global & local response to the Australian bushfires.[97]

In 1990, WWF-Australia established the national Threatened Species Network (TSN) with the federal government, which remained operational until 2009. In 1999 it participated in the creation of theEnvironment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act,at that time the most encompassingbiodiversityconservation laws in the world. In 2003/4 the organisation played a part in getting the government to raise the level of protection for theGreat Barrier Reefand theNingaloo Reef,and since then has participated in or managed many conservation programs, such as the reintroduction ofblack-flanked rock-wallabiestoKalbarri National ParkinWestern Australia.[96]

Fundación Vida Silvestre Argentina

edit

In Argentina, WWF is represented byFundación Vida Silvestre Argentina,an independent organization which is also a part of the network.

See also

edit

Notes

edit
  1. ^The logo's panda symbol has been in use since 1986.

References

edit
  1. ^ab"WWF in the 60s".World Wide Fund for Nature.Archivedfrom the original on 26 January 2011.Retrieved19 August2012.
  2. ^In Memoriam: Godfrey A. RockefellerArchived14 May 2012 at theWayback Machine,World Wildlife Fund, 29 January 2010.
  3. ^"Financial Info".World Wildlife Fund.Retrieved29 November2023.
  4. ^"WWF – Who We Are – History".Worldwildlife.org.Archivedfrom the original on 6 February 2012.Retrieved19 August2012.
  5. ^abcd"History | WWF".World Wildlife Fund.Archivedfrom the original on 13 April 2020.Retrieved22 January2019.
  6. ^"WWF conservation projects around the world".Archivedfrom the original on 12 February 2021.Retrieved6 February2009.
  7. ^ab"WWF – Endangered Species Conservation".World Wildlife Fund.Archivedfrom the original on 17 April 2018.Retrieved18 April2018.
  8. ^"How is WWF run?".Archived from the original on 13 June 2022.Retrieved13 June2022.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  9. ^abWWFN-International Annual Review(PDF).World Wide Fund for Nature. 2020. p. 60.Archived(PDF)from the original on 10 October 2022.Retrieved13 June2022.
  10. ^"WWF's Mission, Guiding Principles and Goals".WWF.Archivedfrom the original on 13 January 2019.Retrieved13 January2019.
  11. ^ab"PANDA-ING TO THE SOYA BARONS?".Corporate Watch. 30 September 2009.Archivedfrom the original on 25 July 2011.Retrieved9 December2009.
  12. ^abFred Pearce (2 April 2009)."Ikea – you can't build a green reputation with a flatpack DIY manual".London: Guardian UK.Archivedfrom the original on 5 November 2013.Retrieved9 December2009.
  13. ^Paddison, Laura (15 October 2013)."WWF's president on business partnerships and greenwashing".The Guardian.ISSN0261-3077.Retrieved3 March2024.
  14. ^"Green Violence: 'Eco-Guards' Are Abusing Indigenous Groups in Africa".Yale E360.Archivedfrom the original on 19 July 2020.Retrieved7 July2020.
  15. ^Beaumont, Peter (25 November 2020)."Report clears WWF of complicity in violent abuses by conservation rangers".The Guardian.ISSN0261-3077.Retrieved3 March2024.
  16. ^"F20 – For a transformation that leaves no one behind – F20 – For a transformation that leaves no one behind".Archivedfrom the original on 16 November 2020.Retrieved18 November2020.
  17. ^Kate Kellaway (7 November 2010).How the Observer brought the WWF into beingArchived9 December 2019 at theWayback MachineThe Observer.
  18. ^Scott, P. (1965). The launching of a new ark: first report of the President and Trustees of the World Wildlife Fund, an international foundation for saving the world's wildlife and wild places and countries; 1962–1965 (Collins).
  19. ^ab"History – WWF".World Wildlife Fund.Archivedfrom the original on 13 April 2020.Retrieved27 March2015.
  20. ^"History: Fifty Years of Environmental ConservationArchived3 January 2013 at theWayback Machine".With link toPDFArchived15 March 2012 at theWayback Machineof "Morges Manisto". World Wide Fund for Nature. wwf.panda.org. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
  21. ^Eichhorn, Noel (1963).Implications of Rising Carbon Dioxide Content of the Atmosphere: A statement of trends and implications of carbon dioxide research reviewed at a conference of scientists.New York: The Conservation Foundation.Archivedfrom the original on 6 September 2015.Retrieved27 March2015.
  22. ^ab(in English)WWF Finland – History of WWF International
  23. ^"Obituary: HRH Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands".The Telegraph. 4 December 2004. Archived fromthe originalon 8 November 2008.Retrieved30 November2017.
  24. ^abPresidents – past and presentArchived10 October 2014 at theWayback Machine,official website of the World Wide Fund for Nature (page visited on 4 March 2018).
  25. ^"WWF International announces Wolfson Scholar as new President".Wolfson College, University of Oxford. 17 April 2023.Retrieved6 July2023.
  26. ^ab"WWF in the 80's".WWF.Archivedfrom the original on 13 January 2019.Retrieved13 January2019.
  27. ^"About global ecoregions".World Wide Fund for Nature. Archived fromthe originalon 22 April 2010.Retrieved19 August2012.
  28. ^"Negotiating Toward the Paris Accords: WWF & the Role of Forests in the 2015 Climate Agreement".HKS Case Program.Archivedfrom the original on 29 March 2021.Retrieved13 May2021.
  29. ^"Dr Adil Najam appointed new President of WWF International".WWF site. 3 April 2023.Retrieved21 January2024.
  30. ^"The Conservation Foundation".theconservationfoundation.org.Archived fromthe originalon 2 April 2015.Retrieved27 March2015.
  31. ^For the Illinois group seeAbout Us
  32. ^"WWF – WWF in the 60's".WWF.Archivedfrom the original on 26 January 2011.Retrieved10 August2014.
  33. ^"WWF in the 60's".Archivedfrom the original on 26 January 2011.Retrieved7 November2010.
  34. ^"WWF – Giant Panda – Overview".Worldwildlife.org.Archivedfrom the original on 9 August 2012.Retrieved19 August2012.
  35. ^"World Wildlife Fund logo sketchesArchived26 September 2019 at theWayback Machine".Logo Design Love. 7 June 2011; updated by Jerry Kuyper, 9 June 2011. logodesignlove.com. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
  36. ^"WWF LogoArchived14 October 2019 at theWayback Machine".Famous Logos. famouslogos.us. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
  37. ^"Unconventional Oil"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 8 July 2015.Retrieved5 June2015.
  38. ^"Carbon capture and storage in the Alberta oil sands – a dangerous myth"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 23 September 2015.Retrieved5 June2015.
  39. ^"Opportunity cost of tar sands development"(PDF).co-operative.coop.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 6 September 2015.Retrieved25 September2018.
  40. ^"Archived copy"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 4 March 2016.Retrieved5 June2015.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  41. ^"Tackling the Causes".Archivedfrom the original on 2 January 2011.Retrieved13 December2010.
  42. ^"Advocacy & policy".Archivedfrom the original on 28 December 2010.Retrieved13 December2010.
  43. ^Buckler, Scott."'Take foot off the pedal on shale gas', charities warn Government ".www.securingthefuture.co.uk.Archivedfrom the original on 1 January 2013.Retrieved10 September2012.
  44. ^"What does the World Wild Life Fund do?".World Wide Fund for Nature.Archivedfrom the original on 19 April 2010.Retrieved19 August2012.
  45. ^Frangoul, Anmar (8 October 2020)."Prince William launches £50 million Earthshot Prize, with a nod to John F. Kennedy".CNBC.Archivedfrom the original on 14 October 2020.Retrieved14 October2020.
  46. ^Glover, Simon (26 March 2021)."H&M extends partnership with WWF".Ecotextile News.Archivedfrom the original on 30 March 2021.Retrieved26 March2021.
  47. ^"Living Planet Report".World Wide Fund for Nature.Archivedfrom the original on 19 April 2010.Retrieved19 August2012.
  48. ^Drewnowski, Adam (February 2019)."Future 50 Foods: 50 foods for healthier people and a healthier planet"(PDF).World Wide Fund for Nature.Archived(PDF)from the original on 25 March 2019.Retrieved4 April2019.
  49. ^"End Wildlife Trafficking Online".Archivedfrom the original on 30 December 2022.Retrieved30 December2022.
  50. ^"Instagram influencers eat pangolin in Gabon - call it 'armadillo'".africageographic.com.6 June 2019.Archivedfrom the original on 13 February 2023.Retrieved23 March2023.
  51. ^Shrivastava, Rashi(22 November 2022)."Hundreds Of Social Media Videos With Billions Of Views Show Wild Animals Being Tortured, Report Finds".forbes.com.Archivedfrom the original on 21 May 2023.Retrieved23 March2023.
  52. ^Dalton, Jane (28 August 2020)."Anger as Instagram refuses to remove 'vile' videos of animal cruelty".independent.co.uk.The Independent.Archivedfrom the original on 13 February 2023.Retrieved23 March2023.
  53. ^"Publication & Resources".Archived fromthe originalon 25 April 2010.Retrieved28 March2010.
  54. ^"Story of the Song: Across the Universe by The Beatles in 1968 and".The Independent.8 April 2011.Archivedfrom the original on 7 March 2019.Retrieved6 March2019.
  55. ^Rose, Peter; Conlon, Anne; Dept, World Wide Fund for Nature UK Education (1993).Yanomamo: an ecological musical for soloists, chorus, narrator & stage band.London: Josef Weinberger in association with the World Wide Fund for Nature.Archivedfrom the original on 23 March 2022.Retrieved6 March2019.
  56. ^Golden, Anna Louise (17 June 2014).S Club 7.St. Martin's Press.ISBN9781466873940.Archivedfrom the original on 23 March 2022.Retrieved29 October2020.
  57. ^"The Harmonics of being Environmentally Sound".World Wide Fund for Nature – Philippines. 18 August 2006. Archived fromthe originalon 20 July 2011.Retrieved30 June2010.
  58. ^Trachtenberg, Bruce S. (22 June 2010)."Nonprofit Newswire | British Website Connects Music Lovers and Charities".Non Profit News | Nonprofit Quarterly.Archivedfrom the original on 6 March 2019.Retrieved6 March2019.
  59. ^"The Woods".Gardiner Sisters.Archivedfrom the original on 6 March 2019.Retrieved6 March2019.
  60. ^Efird, Rob (2020). "Nature for Nurture in Urban Chinese Childrearing". In Esarey, Ashley; Haddad, Mary Alice; Lewis, Joanna I.; Harrell, Stevan (eds.).Greening East Asia: The Rise of the Eco-Developmental State.Seattle:University of Washington Press.ISBN978-0-295-74791-0.JSTORj.ctv19rs1b2.
  61. ^"Der Pakt mit dem Panda: Was uns der WWF verschweigt(Pact with the Panda: What the WWF conceals) ".DasErste.de.tagesschau.de ARD. 22 June 2011. Archived fromthe originalon 28 July 2011.Retrieved25 July2011.See also:program overview for rebroadcastArchived2 April 2018 at theWayback Machine,2 April 2012, programm.ARD.de, noting the objections raised by WWF supporters after the initial broadcast, and retracting two claims made in the film; retrieved 16 July 2017.
  62. ^WWF."WWF-Mitarbeiter treffen Chief Kasimirus Sangara".Archivedfrom the original on 9 July 2011.Retrieved9 July2011.
  63. ^Harryman, Ian (Spring 2016).Ecological Problem Solving: A Comparative Study of Primate Conservation(Undergraduate Honors). University of Colorado, Boulder.Retrieved15 July2019.[permanent dead link]
  64. ^Seidler, Christoph (20 July 2012)."environmental organization and critics before agreement".www.spiegel.de.Spiegel Online.Archivedfrom the original on 12 March 2019.Retrieved15 July2019.
  65. ^abVidal, John (4 October 2014)."WWF International accused of 'selling its soul' to corporations".The Guardian.Archivedfrom the original on 12 October 2014.Retrieved13 December2016.
  66. ^"A quick guide to the silence of the pandas documentary".WWF.Archivedfrom the original on 2 April 2015.Retrieved26 March2015.
  67. ^"Changing the nature of business".World Wide Fund for Nature.Archivedfrom the original on 23 April 2010.Retrieved19 August2012.
  68. ^"Funding and Financial Overview | WWF".World Wildlife Fund.Archivedfrom the original on 28 March 2020.Retrieved19 February2020.
  69. ^"How will we survive?"(PDF).Survival International.2017.Archived(PDF)from the original on 6 January 2019.Retrieved6 March2019.
  70. ^abcWarren, Tom; Baker, Katie J. M. (4 March 2019)."WWF Funds Guards Who Have Tortured And Killed People".www.buzzfeednews.com.Archivedfrom the original on 4 March 2019.Retrieved4 March2019.
  71. ^McVeigh, Karen (4 March 2019)."WWF accused of funding guards who 'tortured and killed scores of people'".The Guardian.Archivedfrom the original on 4 March 2019.Retrieved4 March2019.
  72. ^"Leaked Report: WWF-Backed Guards Raped Pregnant Women And Tortured Villagers At A Wildlife Park Funded By The US Government".BuzzFeed News.11 July 2019.Archivedfrom the original on 19 July 2019.Retrieved19 July2019.
  73. ^"Statement on safeguarding human rights in conservation, and addressing allegations of human rights abuse | WWF".wwf.panda.org.Archivedfrom the original on 6 August 2019.Retrieved19 July2019.
  74. ^"Nepali park officials tortured a man to death. Then, the government and the World Wide Fund for Nature rewarded them".Kathmandu Post.3 March 2019.Archivedfrom the original on 5 March 2019.Retrieved5 March2019.
  75. ^"Widespread human rights abuses in Africa's largest forest park".Rainforest Foundation UK.4 March 2019.Archivedfrom the original on 8 March 2019.Retrieved7 March2019.
  76. ^"WWF response to Buzzfeed reports".wwf.panda.org.4 March 2019.Archivedfrom the original on 6 October 2021.Retrieved6 March2019.
  77. ^"WWF office sit-in enters second day as XR keeps up London protests".The Guardian.1 September 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 21 October 2021.Retrieved20 October2021.
  78. ^InternetNews Realtime IT News – Wildlife Fund Pins Wrestling FederationArchived14 November 2006 at theWayback Machine
  79. ^Text of the 1994 legal agreement with the World Wrestling FederationArchived13 October 2006 at theWayback Machine
  80. ^"Cambodia Rejects CNN, WWF Reports about Mekong Dolphin".CRIEnglish.com. 24 June 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 20 October 2012.Retrieved2 March2013.
  81. ^"Mekong dolphins on the brink of extinction".Archivedfrom the original on 16 September 2016.Retrieved21 September2016.
  82. ^"Cambodia threatens to suspend WWF after dolphin report".24 June 2009.Archivedfrom the original on 3 August 2017.Retrieved2 August2017.
  83. ^"Cambodian Government's Request for 'Meetings' Seen as Intimidation".17 September 2019.Archivedfrom the original on 25 February 2020.Retrieved24 April2020.
  84. ^"Authors of report on dolphins will not face charges official says".Archivedfrom the original on 25 February 2014.Retrieved22 August2009.
  85. ^World Wide FundArchived1 November 2020 at theWayback Machine– Charity Navigator
  86. ^"G8 Climate Scorecards"(PDF).WWF.2009.Archived(PDF)from the original on 2 August 2021.Retrieved1 April2021.Alt URL
  87. ^ab"The WWF cheats on the climate scorecards | Nuclear Power? Yes Please".Archived fromthe originalon 14 January 2012.Retrieved1 April2021.
  88. ^KAMIŃSKI, Michał Tomasz."Parliamentary question | Funding of German ecologists by Nord Stream | E-004021/2011 | European Parliament".www.europarl.europa.eu.Archivedfrom the original on 10 October 2022.Retrieved1 September2022.
  89. ^"Parliamentary question | Answer to Question No E-004021/11 | E-004021/2011(ASW) | European Parliament".www.europarl.europa.eu.Archivedfrom the original on 10 October 2022.Retrieved1 September2022.
  90. ^"WWF scandal (Part 9): WWF invested US million in an oil and gas fund | REDD-Monitor".Archivedfrom the original on 30 May 2022.Retrieved30 May2022.
  91. ^"Tokens for Nature".WWF.Archived fromthe originalon 2 February 2022.Retrieved2 February2022.
  92. ^Seabrook, Victoria (2 February 2022)."WWF UK faces backlash over 'destructive' plans to sell 'eco-friendly' NFTs".Sky News.Archivedfrom the original on 2 February 2022.Retrieved2 February2022.
  93. ^Stewart, Josh (25 October 2021)."World Wildlife Foundation Launches NFT to Help Protect Endangered Species".NFT Magazine. Archived fromthe originalon 1 January 2022.Retrieved18 January2022.
  94. ^"Russia lists World Wildlife Fund, others as foreign agents"Archived11 March 2023 at theWayback Machine,ABC News, 11 March 2023
  95. ^"Russia bans WWF, citing 'threats' from fossil fuel campaigns"Archived21 June 2023 at theWayback Machine,Reuters, 21 June 2023
  96. ^ab"The Brief History Of WWF Australia".WWF-Australia.Archivedfrom the original on 23 March 2022.Retrieved13 December2020.
  97. ^"Australian Charities and Not-for-profits Commission – WWF Australia".ACNC.23 January 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 11 April 2021.Retrieved11 April2021.
edit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
WWF
(World Wide Fund For Nature).

Archived22 September 2021 at theWayback Machine

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature&oldid=1232812294"