TheXooy[1][2](meaning "macerate" inSerer,[3]sometimes spelledXoy[4]orKhoy[5]) is aSererdivinationceremony held once a year inFatick,Senegal.The Xooy is one of the most important and well known ceremonies in theSerer religiouscalendar, and is a national event in Senegal's cultural calendar which attracts government officials and dignitaries. The ceremony is held yearly at the CentreMALANGOinSine,Senegal and attracts a large crowd from Senegal, and Serers from neighbouringGambiaand the diaspora. It is somewhat of a yearly pilgrimage. TheLeboualso attend the ceremony in homage to their Serer ancestors. The Lebougeniesare actual the Sererpangool.The Xooy takes place around late May early June before the rainy season where the Serer high priests and priestesses—theSaltiguedressed in their traditional gowns and hats takes centre stage to divine the future. There is a master of ceremonies, and as the public are seated in a circle, each Saltigue enters the circle in turn and give their divination on matters relating to the weather, politics, economics, health, etc. The ceremony goes on for two days (sometimes more)—and throughout the night—accompanied by the rhythm of drums.[2][1][6][7]The Serer people have traditionally beenfarmers,cattle herders,boat buildersandfisher people.The Xooy therefore serves both a religious andagriculturalfunction.[1][4][8][9]
The Xooy should not be confused with the Raan festival, which is another major event in the Serer religious calendar. The Xooy is organized by MALANGO, whilst the Raan is organized and presided over by theJoof family—attheir ancestralhome inTukar.The Xooy takes place in late May early June, whilst the Raan takes place yearly on the second Thursday in April after the appearance of thenew moon[10]
On the last day of the Xooy ceremony, the Serer cosmological starYooniris drawn on the ground and surrounded by saltigues and watchers. A fire is lit, and acalabashcontainingsacred wateris placed by its side. A priest would then sip some of the water and blow it onto the fire. This ritual pays homage to the elements ofearth,water andfire,and the significants of the star inSerer primordial time.[11]This in essence signals the beginning of the SererNew Yearwhich starts in the month ofO nGool ɓetaafoleng(in Serer;GaminSaafi)—corresponding to the month of June in the Gregorian calendar. The Serer sayingNgam jam, o yas jam(Rain in peace! Sow in peace!) are the first words Serer farmers say to one another during the first rain. It is also the way Serers wish each other Happy New Year! This saying is also a prayer.[12]
The late Saltigue Biram Pouye from Diobass, Senegal, was one of the renowned saltigues of his generation. However, he stopped attending the event, but instead, used to send his messenger every year to Fatick MALANGO to deliver his divination to the public.[13]Saltigue Khane Diouf is another revered Saltigue who historically have had a high accuracy record in her predictions.[14][15]
The Xooy was added toUNESCO'sIntangible Cultural Heritage Listin 2013.[2][16]
Controversy
editIn recent years, some followers of Serer religion, as well as Serer organizations like the Seereer Resource Centre (SRC) and Seereer Radio have criticised the organizers (MALANGO) for their over-commercialization of this sacred ceremony, and for the ceremony not being a true reflection of how their Serer ancestors used to do it. In this regard, the Seereer Resource Centre has been extremely vocal about some of the Saltigue allowed to participate in this sacred ceremony, who proclaim themselves as bona fides saltigues—but whom the SRC refer to as "charlatans proclaiming themselves as genuine saltigis." Yet, "have neither been initiated nor do they adhere to the tenets of Seereer/African spirituality."[13]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^abcKalis, Simone,Médecine traditionnelle, religion et divination ches les Seereer Siin du Sénégal–La connaissance de la nuit,L'Harmattan(1997), pp. 51, 60, 139, 173, 177, 213ISBN2-7384-5196-9
- ^abc"Xooy, a divination ceremony among the Serer of Senegal".UNESCO Culture Sector.Retrieved3 March2020.
- ^Kalis, Simone,Médecine traditionnelle, religion et divination ches les Seereer Siin du Sénégal – La connaissance de la nuit,L'Harmattan (1997), p. 300,ISBN2-7384-5196-9
- ^abAfrica Consultants International (2000),Yëgóo: magazine d'échanges inter-culturels, Issues 0-11,p. lix
- ^Meurtres à la chaîne: "le Sénégal sous l'emprise des djinns"(30 Nov. 2016)
- ^Dione, Salif,L'appel du ndut: ou, L'initiation des garçons seereer,IFAN(2004), pp. 43, 144,ISBN9789291300471
- ^"Hivernage pluvieux, deuxième mandat de Macky Sall, mort d'un journaliste: Les prédications des" Saltigués "Sérères"(in French). Dakar Actu. 25 June 2018.Retrieved31 August2022.
- ^Seneweb News,XOY 2012 A FATICK:Les Saltigués prédisent une victoire finale des Lions pour la Can 2013(3 June 2012)[1]
- ^Seneweb News,Fatick – « Xoy » 2013: Un serpent « mystique » disperse les reporters et divise les Saltigui(3 June 2013)[2]
- ^Galvan, Dennis Charles,The State Must Be Our Master of Fire:How Peasants Craft Culturally Sustainable Development in Senegal. Berkeley, University of California Press, 2004, p. 202,ISBN0-520-23591-6
- ^Xoy: 5th June 2016,by The Seereer Resource Centre and Seereer Radio
- ^Gravrand,Pangool,p. 100
- ^abThe Seereer Resource Centre, Seereer Radio and Seereer Heritage Press,Our special tribute to Saltigi Biram Pouye.16 September 1940 (Sanghe, Jooɓaas) - 2 February 2019 (Sanghe) [in] Seereer Radio (9 February 2019)[3](retrieved 3 March 2020)
- ^Coulibaly. Aly, « Médecine traditionnelle »Malango et ses 450 tradipraticiens(correspondant de la Pana)[4](retrieved 3 March 2020)
- ^LeQuotidien,Séance de xoy: Les Saltigués voient le pire partout(25 Jun 2018)[5](retrieved 3 March 2020)
- ^Biagetti, Stefano; Lugli, Francesca;The Intangible Elements of Culture in Ethnoarchaeological Research,Springer(2016), p. 78,ISBN9783319231532[6](retrieved 3 March 2020)
Bibliography
edit- Kalis, Simone,Médecine traditionnelle, religion et divination ches les Seereer Siin du Sénégal – La connaissance de la nuit,L'Harmattan(1997), pp. 51, 60, 139, 173, 177, 213. 300ISBN2-7384-5196-9
- UNESCO,Xooy, a divination ceremony among the Serer of Senegal.UNESCO Culture Sector[7](retrieved 3 March 2020)
- Biagetti, Stefano; Lugli, Francesca;The Intangible Elements of Culture in Ethnoarchaeological Research,Springer(2016), p. 78,ISBN9783319231532[8](retrieved 3 March 2020)
- Africa Consultants International (2000),Yëgóo: magazine d'échanges inter-culturels, Issues 0-11,p. lix
- Dione, Salif,L'appel du ndut: ou, L'initiation des garçons seereer,IFAN(2004), pp. 43, 144,ISBN9789291300471
- Galvan, Dennis Charles,The State Must Be Our Master of Fire:How Peasants Craft Culturally Sustainable Development in Senegal. Berkeley, University of California Press, 2004, p. 202,ISBN0-520-23591-6
- Gravrand, Henry,La Civilisation Sereer- "Pangool",vol. 2. Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines du Senegal (1990),ISBN2-7236-1055-1
External links
edit- Xooy onUNESCO's official YouTube Channel:Xooy, a divination ceremony among the Serer of Senegal[9](retrieved 3 March 2020)
- Xoy:5 June 2016;;, by The Seereer Resource Centre and Seereer Radio on the Seereer Resource Centre and Seereer Radio's official YouTube Channel[10](retrieved 3 March 2020)
- Sene News,Les « Saltigués » sérères prédisent la réélection de Macky Sall et annoncent un décès(25 June 2018)[11](retrieved 3 March 2020)
- Meurtres à la chaîne: "le Sénégal sous l'emprise des djinns(30 Nov 2016)[12](retrieved 3 March 2020)
- The Seereer Resource Centre, Seereer Radio and Seereer Heritage Press,Our special tribute to Saltigi Biram Pouye.16 September 1940 (Sanghe, Jooɓaas) - 2 February 2019 (Sanghe) [in] Seereer Radio (9 February 2019)[13](retrieved 3 March 2020)
- LeQuotidien,Séance de xoy: Les Saltigués voient le pire partout(25 Jun 2018)[14](retrieved 3 March 2020)
Further reading
edit- École pratique des hautes études (France). Section des sciences économiques et sociales, École des hautes études en sciences sociales,Cahiers d'études africaines, Volume 42, Issues 1-2; Volume 42, Issues 165-166,Mouton (2002)
- Diouf, Marcel Mahawa,Lances mâles: Léopold Sédar Senghor et les traditions sérères,Centre d'études linguistiques et historiques par tradition orale (1996)
- Diarra, Malick,Echos d'un regard lointain,Editions Publibook (2006),ISBN9782748333282,[15]
- Samb, Djibril,Clef alphabétique des songes(ed. 2), Nouvelles éditions africaines du Sénégal (1998)