Xylosma/zaɪˈlɒzmə/[3]is agenusofflowering plantsin the familySalicaceae.[2]It contains around 100speciesofevergreenshrubsandtrees[4]commonly known asbrushhollies,xylosmas,or, more ambiguously,"logwoods".The generic name is derived from theGreekwords ξύλον (xylon), meaning "wood, tree", and ὀσμή (osmé), meaning "smell",[5]referring to the fragrant wood of some of the species.[4]TheTakhtajan systemplaces it in the familyFlacourtiaceae,[6]which is considered defunct by theAngiosperm Phylogeny Group.[2]
| Xylosma | |
|---|---|
| |
| Xylosma hawaiensis | |
Scientific classification
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Salicaceae |
| Subfamily: | Salicoideae |
| Tribe: | Saliceae |
| Genus: | Xylosma G.Forst.,1786[1] |
| Type species | |
| Xylosma orbiculata (J.R.Forst.& G.Forst.) G.Forst.[1]
| |
| Species | |
|
About 100, seetext | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
Description
editTheleavesarealternate,simple, entire or finely toothed, 2–10 cm (0.79–3.94 in) long. Theflowersare small, yellowish, produced onracemes1–3 cm (0.39–1.18 in) long, usuallydioecious,[7]and have a strong scent. Thefruitis a small purple-blackberry5–10 mm (0.20–0.39 in) in diameter that contains 2 to 8seeds.[4]
Species
editAs of February 2023[update],Plants of the World Onlineaccepted the following species:[8]
- Xylosma acunaeBorhidi & O.Muñiz
- Xylosma avilaeSleumer
- Xylosma bahamensis(Britton)Standl.– Bahamas xylosma (The Bahamas)
- Xylosma benthamii(Tul.) Triana & Planch.
- Xylosma bernardianaSleumer
- Xylosma bolivianaSleumer
- Xylosma boulindaeSleumer(New Caledonia)
- Xylosma brachystachysCraib
- Xylosma buxifoliaA.Gray– boxleaf xylosma (theCaribbean)
- Xylosma capillipesGuillaumin(New Caledonia)
- Xylosma characanthaStandl.
- Xylosma chiapensisLundell
- Xylosma chloranthaDonn.Sm.
- Xylosma ciliatifolia(Clos) Eichler
- Xylosma cinerea(Clos) Hemsl.
- Xylosma claraensisUrb.
- Xylosma confusaGuillaumin
- Xylosma congesta(Lour.) Merr.– shiny xylosma
- Xylosma controversaClos
- Xylosma cordata(Kunth) Gilg
- Xylosma coriacea(Poit.) Eichler
- Xylosma crenata(H.St.John) H.St.John– sawtooth logwood (Kauaʻiin Hawaii)
- Xylosma domingensis(Urb.) M.H.Alford
- Xylosma dothioensisGuillaumin
- Xylosma elegans(Tul.) Triana & Planch.
- Xylosma fawcettiiUrb.(Jamaica)
- Xylosma flexuosa(Kunth)Hemsl.– brushholly (Mexico,Central America)
- Xylosma gigantifoliaSleumer
- Xylosma glaberrimaSleumer(Brazil)
- Xylosma glaucescensUrb.
- Xylosma grossecrenata(Sleumer) Lescot(New Caledonia)
- Xylosma guillauminiiSleumer
- Xylosma hawaiensisSeem.– Hawaiian brushholly,maua(Hawaii)
- Xylosma hispidulaStandl.
- Xylosma horridaRose
- Xylosma iberiensisJ.E.Gut.
- Xylosma inaequinerviaSleumer(New Caledonia)
- Xylosma intermedia(Seem.) Triana & Planch.
- Xylosma kaalaensisSleumer(New Caledonia)
- Xylosma lancifoliaSleumer
- Xylosma lifuanaGuillaumin
- Xylosma lineolataUrb. & Ekman
- Xylosma longifoliaClos(WesternHimalayas)
- Xylosma longipedicellataA.Pool
- Xylosma longipetiolataLegname
- Xylosma lucida(Tul.) Sleumer
- Xylosma luzonensisClos
- Xylosma maideniiSleumer
- Xylosma martinicensis(Krug & Urb.) Urb.
- Xylosma molestaSleumer(New Caledonia)
- Xylosma nelsoniiMerr.
- Xylosma nervosaGuillaumin
- Xylosma nipensisBorhidi
- Xylosma nitida(Hell.) A.Gray ex Griseb.
- Xylosma obovata(Karsten) Triana & Planchon(Colombia)
- Xylosma oligandraDonn.Sm.
- Xylosma orbiculata(J.R.Forst.&G.Forst.) G.Forst.(Fiji,Tonga,Niue)
- Xylosma ovataBenth.
- Xylosma pachyphylla(Krug & Urb.) Urb.– spiny logwood (Puerto Rico)
- Xylosma palawanensisMend.(Philippines)
- Xylosma panamensisTurcz.
- Xylosma pancheriGuillaumin
- Xylosma papuanaGilg
- Xylosma parvifoliaJessup
- Xylosma paucinervosa(Steyerm.) Sleumer
- Xylosma peltata(Sleumer) Lescot(New Caledonia)
- Xylosma pininsularisGuillaumin(New Caledonia)
- Xylosma prockia(Turcz.) Turcz.
- Xylosma prockia(Turcz.) Turcz.
- Xylosma proctoriiSleumer(Jamaica)
- Xylosma pseudosalzmanniiSleumer
- Xylosma pubescensGriseb.
- Xylosma quichensisDonn.Sm.
- Xylosma raimondiiSleumer
- Xylosma rhombifolia(Britton & P.Wilson) Sleumer
- Xylosma roigianaBorhidi
- Xylosma rubicunda(H.Karst.) Gilg
- Xylosma ruizianaSleumer(Peru)
- Xylosma rusbyanaSleumer
- Xylosma samoensis(Christoph.) Sleumer(Savai'i)
- Xylosma sanctae-annaeSleumer
- Xylosma schaefferioidesA.Gray
- Xylosma schaefferioidesA.Gray– white logwood (Greater Antilles)
- Xylosma schwaneckeana(Krug & Urb.) Urb.– Schwaneck's logwood (Puerto Rico)
- Xylosma senticosaHance
- Xylosma serpentinaSleumer(New Caledonia)
- Xylosma serrata(Sw.) Urb.
- Xylosma shaferi(P.Wilson) R.A.Howard & W.R.Briggs
- Xylosma simulansA.C.Sm.
- Xylosma smithianaFosberg
- Xylosma spiculifera(Tul.) Triana & Planch.(Colombia)
- Xylosma suaveolens(J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) G.Forst.
- Xylosma suluensisMerr.
- Xylosma sumatranaSlooten
- Xylosma terrae-reginaeC.T.White& Sleumer(NSW and Queensland, Australia)
- Xylosma tessmanniiSleumer
- Xylosma tuberculataSleumer(New Caledonia)
- Xylosma tweediana(Clos) Eichler
- Xylosma velutina(Tul.) Triana & Planch.
- Xylosma venosaN.E.Br.
- Xylosma vincentiiGuillaumin
Distribution
editThe genus is predominantly native to thetropicsandsubtropics,[4]from theCaribbean,Central America,northernSouth America,thePacific Islands,southernAsiaand northernAustralasia.One species,X. congesta,is found in warm-temperateeastern Asia(China,KoreaandJapan). Molecular phylogenetic analysis suggest that the genusLasiochlamysfromNew Caledoniamay be nested inXylosma.[9]
Ecology
editXylosmafoliage is used as food by thecaterpillarsof somelepidoptera,such as the rustic (Cupha erymanthis), which feeds onX. congesta(syn.X. racemosa), and the common leopard (Phalanta phalantha), which feeds onX. longifoliaandX. congesta.
Uses
editThe main use for the genus is ashedgeandtopiaryplants among gardeners indesertandchaparralclimates.Xylosma congestais the species usually seen in garden hedges and in road landscaping, despite the fact it bearsthorns.Other species cultivated for these purposes includeX. bahamensis,X. flexuosa,andX. spiculifera(syn.X. heterophylla).[4]X. longifoliais sometimes grown inIndiafor its edible fruits.[10]In addition, amedicinalextract is made from its young leaves that acts asantispasmodic,narcotic,andsedative.[11]15 species of the genus have reported medicinal or veterinary use.[12]
References
edit- ^ab"!XylosmaG. Forst ".TROPICOS.Missouri Botanical Garden.Retrieved2010-03-05.
- ^abc"Genus:XylosmaG. Forst ".Germplasm Resources Information Network.United States Department of Agriculture. 2018-07-31.Retrieved2023-08-31.
- ^Brenzel, K. N. (1995).Sunset Western Garden Book(6 ed.). Sunset Publishing Corporation. pp. 606–07.ISBN978-0-376-03851-7.
- ^abcdeEverett, T. H. (1982).The New York Botanical Garden Illustrated Encyclopedia of Horticulture.Vol. 10. Taylor & Francis. p. 3572.ISBN978-0-8240-7240-7.
- ^Quattrocchi, U. (2000).CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology.Vol. IV R-Z. Taylor & Francis US. p. 2857.ISBN978-0-8493-2678-3.
- ^Takhtajan, A. (2009).Flowering Plants(2 ed.). Springer. p. 226.ISBN978-1-4020-9608-2.
- ^"XylosmaG. Forster, Fl. Ins. Austr. 72. 1786 ".Flora of China.eFloras.org.Retrieved2010-02-03.
- ^"XylosmaG.Forst ".The International Plant Names Index.Retrieved2023-02-16.
- ^Alford, M.A (2005). Systematics Studies in Flacourtiaceae. PhD Thesis, Cornell University, 2005.
- ^P. Hanelt, ed. (2001).Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops (Except Ornamentals).Vol. 3. Springer. p. 1374.ISBN978-3-540-41017-1.
- ^Khare, C. P. (2007).Indian Medicinal Plants: An Illustrated Dictionary.Springer. p. 725.ISBN978-0-387-70637-5.
- ^Duarte-Casar, Rodrigo; Romero-Benavides, Juan Carlos (January 2022)."Xylosma G. Forst. Genus: Medicinal and Veterinary Use, Phytochemical Composition, and Biological Activity".Plants.11(9): 1252.doi:10.3390/plants11091252.ISSN2223-7747.PMC9103172.PMID35567253.
