TheYemaekorYamaekare an ancient tribal group native to the northernKorean PeninsulaandManchuriaand are commonly regarded as the ancestors of modernKoreans.[1][2][3][4]The Yemaek have ancestral ties to multiple kingdoms inNortheast AsiaincludingGojoseon,Buyeo,Goguryeo,and multiple tribes includingOkjeo,Dongye,Yangmaek (양맥; lương mạch ) and the Sosumaek (소수맥; tiểu thủy mạch ).[5]
| Yemaek | |
| Hangul | 예맥 |
|---|---|
| Hanja | |
| Revised Romanization | Yemaek |
| McCune–Reischauer | Yemaek |
History
editThe Yemaek are believed to be the mix of theYe( uế ) andMaek( mạch ) people.[6]He Qiutao ( hà thu đào ) believesYeis the short name ofBuyeo.[7]
According toChinese Records of Three Kingdoms,theYeworshiped tigers.[8]The Chinese characters mạch and hạc, which were used to transcribeMaek,were also used as ahomophonicphonetic loan characterto write mô, meaning "whiteleopard";[9]however,Guo Pubelieves mô means a kind of bear,[10]now identified as thegiant panda.[11]
Gomnaru,the capital of theBaekje Kingdomwith ancestral ties to the Yemaek, means "bear port". Historians suggest tigers and bears may have beentotemsworshiped byYeandMaektribes. The Chinese character bạc, a variant form mạch forMaek,is used in theJapanese languageto transcribeKoma(cf.Komainu).Komais sometimes written with the characters cao lệ "Go(gu)ryeo,Goryeo."The similarity between the pronunciation ofKoma (bear)andgōm (bear)is notable.
A recent study believes the ancestor ofMaek( mạch ) is the Bal ( phát ). According toRecords of the Grand Historian,theBalhaepeople lived next to theShanrongnomads and theSushen.According toGuanzi,the Bal-Joseons once sold patterned fur skins and visited the Royal Court. Written in theYi Zhou Shu,there are theYeandBal,but noMaek.Due to this, it is believedBalhaepeople andGojoseonmay have lived in adjacent areas.[12][13][14][15][16]
The main culture is theSeodansan culture.Korean historians believe the Yemaek established their cultural zone in the 12th to 10th century BC. These tribes began to grow more heterogeneously by the 7th and 8th centuries BC due to different geographical and environmental circumstances.[17]The Yemaek are believed influenced by theMongol-Siberiannomadic cultures and that their ethnic origins were distinct from those of theHan Chinese.[18]By the lateBronze AgeandEarly Iron Age,the Yemaek were technologically and culturally influenced by ancientHan Chinesewho introduced ironmaking technology to them.[19]
In 705 BC, theShanrongnomads ( sơn nhung ) planned to plunder theYan,QiandZhaokingdoms in theGuzhutext( cô trúc quốc ). However, these nomads were defeated by the alliedYanandQi(660 BC) and were pushed north. There were many northern peoples within theShanrongAlliance for plunder, one of them is believed to be theBal( phát ).[20]After theGojoseon–Yan WarandHan conquest of Gojoseon,theBal people( phát ) moved east and became absorbed into theMaektribe.
It is believed theGojoseon,the firstKorean kingdomin history, was established by the Yemaek.[21]
- According to Chinese recordShiji,to the east of theXiongnupeople lived the Yemaek andGojoseon.[22]
- Tombstone ofYeon Namsan(연남산) found inLuoyangwrites that the son ofGoguryeoleaderYeon GaesomunisJoseon.[23]
- InDangun's legend of the creation ofGojoseon,a tiger and bear pray toHwanungthat they may become human but promised to stay in a cave eating only garlic and mugwort, however, while the tiger gave up and left the cave, the bear remained and in 21 days transformed into a woman who later marriedHwanung.She then gave birth toDangun Wanggeom,[24]who is believed to symbolize the combination ofYeandMaektribes into one Yemaek tribe.[25]
Japanese researcherShiratori Kurakichiis the first to connect between Yemaek tribal people and the origins of the "Korean race."He believed thatKoreanracial origins can be traced toManchuriaand treated theYeand the Yemaek as a single racial entity. However, Pai argues that theYeorMaekcould not have referred to a homogeneous tribe or racial unity, or a unified state.[26]Chinese records were inconsistent and frequently mentionsYewithout any connections toMaek.
Language
editIt is believed the replacement of the native Yemaek andGojoseonlanguagesin the existing three kingdoms was accelerated by the southward expansion of a large number of northern people in the late 3rd century.[27]
Currently, there are academic attempts to recover Yemaek language based ontoponymfragments recorded in theSamguk Sagifrom occupied areas ofGoguryeoand the Buyeo-Baekje.[relevant?]
Legacy
editAccording toSamguk Sagi,Silla Kingdomwas established by the Six Clans of Jihan who wereGojoseonin origin.[28]
The Royal Seal of Ye (예왕지인; uế vương chi ấn ), used previously byBuyeo Kings,was found in theSilla Kingdom(19 AD) and was presented for KingNamhae Chachaung.[29]
TheGoguryeo,Baekje,BuyeoandGayaare all believed to have originated from the Yemaek tribes.[30]
The Yemaek culture is seen as ancestral to the modernCulture of Korea.[31]
Historian Sang-Yil Kim claims the Yemaek did also influenceChinese cultureand had an overall large cultural impact in all ofNortheast Asia.
Some other related ancestry aroundEast Asiaare theDongyi.Some of which were ofproto-Koreanorigin.[32]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^Pai, Hyung Il (2000).Constructing "Korean" Origins: A Critical Review of Archaeology, Historiography, and Racial Myth in Korean State-formation Theories.Harvard University Asia Center. p. 86.ISBN9780674002449.
As the first "Koreans", the Yemaek are considered responsible for the formation of Tan'gun's kingdom of Kochoson
- ^Xu, Stella Yingzi (2007).That Glorious Ancient History of Our Nation: The Contested Re-readings of "Korea" in Early Chinese Historical Records and Their Legacy on the Formation of Korean-ness.Ann Arbor. p. 220.ISBN9780549440369.ProQuest304872860.
The majority of the Kija Choson and Wiman Choson people were Yemaek, the ancestors of the Korean people
{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^Preucel, Robert; Mrozowski, Stephen; Nelson, Sarah (2010).Contemporary Archaeology in Theory: The New Pragmatism(2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 218–221.
- ^Park, Kyeong-chul (December 2004). "History of Koguryŏ and China's Northeast Asian Project".International Journal of Korean Histor.6:2–5.
- ^Park, Kyeong-chul (December 2004). "History of Koguryŏ and China's Northeast Asian Project".International Journal of Korean Histor.6:4–5.
- ^"Quan vu đông bắc cổ đại sử nghiên cứu đích kỉ cá vấn đề"(PDF).
- ^"Dân tộc tham u: Phu dư dữ uế mạch".
- ^Chen Shou,Records of Three Kingdoms,Volume 30,Weizhi,Chapter 30,Dongyizhuan,"Thường dụng thập nguyệt tiết tế thiên, trú dạ ẩm tửu ca vũ, danh chi vi vũ thiên, hựu tế hổ dĩ vi thần"
- ^Erya,Elucidation on the Beastsquote: "Mô, bạch báo."
- ^Erya: Commentated and ClarifiedCh. 10 - môquote "Tự hùng, tiểu đầu bí cước, hắc bạch bác, năng thỉ thực đồng thiết cập trúc cốt. Cốt tiết cường trực. Trung thật thiếu tủy, bì tích thấp, hoặc viết báo bạch sắc giả biệt danh mô." Translation by Harper (2013) "Resembles a bear, with a small head, short legs, mixed black and white; able to lick and consume iron, copper, and bamboo joints; its bones are strong and solid within, having little marrow; and its pelt can repel dampness. Some say that a white-colored leopard has the separate name mo."
- ^Harper, Donald (2012)."The Cultural History of the Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) in Early China".Early China 35/36 (2012): 185-224.35/36: 185–224.JSTOR24392405.Retrieved2023-09-02.
- ^Records of the Grand Historian( sử ký ) > nam phủ giao chỉ bắc phát, tây nhung tích chi cừ sưu để khương bắc sơn nhung phát tức thận đông trường điểu di
- ^Guanzi( quản tử ) > hoàn công vấn quản tử viết ngô văn hải nội ngọc tệ hữu thất sách khả đắc dĩ văn hồ quản tử đối viết âm sơn chi lôi 礝 nhất sách dã yến chi tử sơn bạch kim sách dã phát triều tiên chi văn bì sách dã
- ^Yi Zhou Shu( dật chu thư ) > tắc thận đại chủ uế nhân tiền nhi... Phát nhân tiêu tiêu giả nhược lộc tấn tẩu / khổng tiều chú: Phát diệc đông bắc di
- ^엄순천. 2019, "Sơn nhung 과 phát 의 종족정체성 및 알타이계, 고아시아계 종족과의 상관관계분석", 동양문화연구, vol.31, pp.77-106. Available from: doi:10.22863/eacs.2019.31..77
- ^:The Analysis of the Ethnic Identity of Sanjung( sơn nhung ) and Pal( phát ) and the Correlation with Altaic and Paleoasiatic Tribes
- ^Park, Kyeong-chul (December 2004). "History of Koguryŏ and China's Northeast Asian Project".International Journal of Korean Histor.6:2.
- ^Park, Kyeong-chul (December 2004). "History of Koguryŏ and China's Northeast Asian Project".International Journal of Korean Histor.6:2.
- ^Park, Kyeong-chul (December 2004). "History of Koguryŏ and China's Northeast Asian Project".International Journal of Korean Histor.6:4.
- ^Book of Sui( tùy thư ) Volume67 裵 củ truyện > cao lệ chi địa bổn cô trúc quốc dã chu đại dĩ chi phong vu ki tử hán thế phân vi tam quận tấn thị diệc thống liêu đông
- ^한국민족문화대백과(한국학중앙연구원 편집) 참조
- ^Sima Qian,Records of the Grand Historian,Vol.110,XiongnuLiezhuan,"Chư tả phương vương tương cư đông phương, trực thượng cốc dĩ vãng giả, đông tiếp uế hạc, triều tiên"
- ^"Archived copy".Archived fromthe originalon 2016-03-06.Retrieved2010-12-17.
{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^Il-yeon,Samguk Yusa,Vol.1,Giyi Chapter I,[1]
- ^Hankyore, 'Why are Korean more familiar with tigers than with bears?',Dec 21, 2008
- ^Hyung Il Pai (2020).Constructing "Korean" Origins A Critical Review of Archaeology, Historiography, and Racial Myth in Korean State-Formation Theories.BRILL. pp. 104–111.ISBN9781684173372.
- ^A series of displaced peoples southward movements following the Wei invasion to Goguryeo in 242, Xianbei invasion to Buyeo in 285, fall of Lelang in 313
- ^Kim Bu-sik,Samguk Sagi,Silla Bongi,Vol.1, "Tiên thị triều tiên di dân phân cư sơn cốc chi gian vi lục thôn"[2]
- ^Kim Bu-sik,Samguk Sagi,Silla Bongi,Vol.1, "Xuân nhị nguyệt bắc minh nhân canh điền đắc uế vương ấn hiến chi"[3]
- ^Park, Kyeong-chul (December 2004). "History of Koguryŏ and China's Northeast Asian Project".International Journal of Korean Histor.6:4–5.
- ^Son, Chang-Hee (2000).Haan (han, Han) of Minjung Theology and Han (han, Han) of Han Philosophy: In the Paradigm of Process Philosophy and Metaphysics of Relatedness.University Press of America.ISBN9780761818601.
- ^Son, Chang-Hee (2000).Haan (han, Han) of Minjung Theology and Han (han, Han) of Han Philosophy: In the Paradigm of Process Philosophy and Metaphysics of Relatedness.University Press of America.ISBN9780761818601.