Bug (river)

Bug
Bug
	Bug River in the vicinity of Wyszków, Poland
	Bug River
Native name	Bug (Polish); Західний Буг (Ukrainian); Заходні Буг (Belarusian); Западный Буг (Russian);
Location
Country	Poland, Belarus, Ukraine
Voivodeship; Region; Oblast	Podlaskie, Mazovian, Lublin, Brest, Lviv
Cities	Sheptytskyi, Sokal, Włodawa, Brest, Drohiczyn, Wyszków, Serock
Physical characteristics
Source
• location	near Verkhobuzh, Lviv Oblast, Ukraine
• coordinates	49°52′0.5736″N 25°5′48.609″E / 49.866826000°N 25.09683583°E
• elevation	310 m (1,020 ft)
Mouth	Narew
• location	near Serock, Poland
• coordinates	52°30′29.286″N 21°5′2.688″E / 52.50813500°N 21.08408000°E
• elevation	75 m (246 ft)
Length	774 km (481 mi)
Basin size	38,712 km2 (14,947 sq mi)
Discharge
• location	Serock
• average	1 m3/s (35 cu ft/s)
Discharge
• location	Narew
• average	155 m3/s (5,500 cu ft/s)
Basin features
Progression	Narew→ Vistula→ Baltic Sea

The Bug or Western Bug^[a] is a major river in Central Europe that flows through Belarus (border), Poland, and Ukraine, with a total length of 774 kilometres (481 mi).^[1] A tributary of the Narew, the Bug forms part of the border between Belarus and Poland for 178 kilometres (111 mi) and part of the border between Ukraine and Poland for 185 kilometres (115 mi).^[2]^[3]

The Bug is connected with the Dnieper by the Dnieper–Bug Canal. Out of its 38,712 square kilometres (14,947 sq mi) drainage basin, half is in Poland,^[1] just over a quarter in Belarus, and slightly under a quarter in Ukraine.^[2]

History

According to Zbigniew Gołąb, the Slavic hydronym Bug as *bugъ/*buga derives from the Proto-Indo-European verbal root *bheug- (with cognates in old Proto-Germanic *bheugh- etc. with the meaning 'bend, turn, move away'), with the hypothetical original meaning 'pertaining to a (river) bend', and derivatives in Russian búga 'low banks of a river overgrown with bushes', Polish bugaj 'bushes or woods in a river valley or on a steep river bank', and Latvian bauga 'marshy place by a river'.^[4]

Traditionally (e.g., by the drafters of the Curzon Line), the Bug River has been considered the ethnographic border between the East and West as well as the border between Orthodox (Ukrainians, Belarusians) and Catholic (Poles) peoples.^[5] ^{[verification needed]}

The Bug was part of the frontier between the territories occupied by Austria, Russia, and Prussia after the Third Partition of Poland in 1795, the southern half of the eastern border of the Duchy of Warsaw and Lithuanian Provisional Governing Commission (1809–1815), Congress Poland and Russia proper (1815–1867), of the Vistula Land and Russia proper (1867–1913), and of the Regency Kingdom of Poland and BPR (1917–1918). The Bug also formed part of the dividing line between German Wehrmacht and Soviet Red Army zones specified in a secret clause of the German–Soviet Frontier Treaty of 28 September 1939 following the September 1939 invasion of Poland in the Second World War.

Geographic characteristics

Allegory of the Bug River, a statue on the terrace of the Łazienki Palace in Royal Baths Park, Warsaw, Poland

The Bug is a left tributary of the Narew. It flows from the Lviv Oblast in the west of Ukraine northwards into the Volyn Oblast, before passing along the Ukraine-Polish and Polish-Belarusian border and into Poland, where it follows part of the border between the Masovian and Podlaskie Voivodeships. It joins the Narew at Serock, a few kilometers upstream of the artificial Zegrze Lake.^[2]

This part of the Narew between the confluence and the Vistula is sometimes referred to as Bugo-Narew but on December 27, 1962, the Prime Minister of Poland's act abolished the name "Bugo-Narew", soon after Zegrze Lake was completed.^[6]

On the Bug, a few kilometers from the Vysokaye in Kamenets District of the Brest Region, is the westernmost point of Belarus.^[7] It is also connected with the Dnieper via the Mukhavets, a right-bank tributary, by the Dnieper-Bug Canal.

Basin

The total basin area of the Bug is 38,712 square kilometres (14,947 sq mi) of which half, 19,239 square kilometres (7,428 sq mi) or, 50%, is in Poland.^[1] Somewhat more than a quarter, 11,400 square kilometres (4,400 sq mi) or 29%, is in Belarus, and a bit under a quarter, 8,700 square kilometres (3,400 sq mi) or 22% lies in Ukraine.^[2]

The climate of the Bug basin is temperate.^[2]

The basin experiences annual high-water levels during spring flooding due to thawing snow, after which a low flow period starts and lasts until October or mid-November. Occasional summer floods often occur in the headlands, where mountains influence favorable flash-flood conditions. In Autumn the water level increases are inconsiderable; in some years they do not happen at all. During the winter the river can have temporary ice-outs that sometimes provoke ice jams, causing an increase of the level up to 2 metres (6.6 ft). The resultant water levels are changeable due to the instability of ice cover.^[2]

Flooding

Significant floods during the last 60 years in Belarus were registered in 1958, 1962, 1967, 1971 and 1974.^[2] The largest spring flood was observed in 1979, when the maximum water discharge was 19.1 cubic metres per second on 24 March 1979, at the village of Chersk; 166 cubic metres per second near the village of Tyukhinichi (Lyasnaya river) on 31 March 1979; and 269 cubic metres per second near Brest on 1 April 1979. A similar spring flood occurred in 1999 when the spring run-off in March–May exceeded the average annual value by almost half again (48%).

The last time the Bug flooded in Poland and Ukraine was in 2010 and the last time it flooded in Belarus was in 1999.^[2]