Sparta (Greek: Σπάρτη, Spárti [ˈsparti]) is a city and municipality in Laconia, Peloponnese, Greece. It lies at the site of ancient Sparta within the Evrotas Valley. The municipality was merged with six nearby municipalities in 2011, for a total population (as of 2021) of 32,786, of whom 17,773 lived in the city.
Sparta
Σπάρτη | |
|---|---|
Clockwise from top: Ancient Theatre of Sparta, Gkortsologou Street, Archaeological Museum of Sparta, Koumantareios gallery on Balasaki House, Olive and Greek Olive Oil Museum, Statue of Leonidas, Spartathlon monument | |
  Sparta Location within the region  | |
| Coordinates: 37°04′26″N 22°25′46″E / 37.07389°N 22.42944°E | |
| Country | Greece |
| Administrative region | Peloponnese |
| Regional unit | Laconia |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Michail Vakalopoulos[1] (since 2023) |
| Area | |
• Municipality | 1,181.8 km2 (456.3 sq mi) |
| • Municipal unit | 84.5 km2 (32.6 sq mi) |
| Lowest elevation | 200 m (700 ft) |
| Population (2021)[2] | |
• Municipality | 32,786 |
| • Density | 28/km2 (72/sq mi) |
| • Municipal unit | 19,865 |
| • Municipal unit density | 240/km2 (610/sq mi) |
| • Community | 17,773 |
| Demonym | Spartan(s) |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |
| Postal code | 231 00 |
| Area code(s) | 27310 |
| Vehicle registration | ΑΚ |
| Website | www |
History
edit
Beginning in the 13th century, the political and cultural center of Laconia shifted to Mystras, some 4 km to the west. The settlement at ancient Sparta, named Lacedaemonia, continued to exist, although greatly depopulated, until modern times as a town of a few thousand people who lived among the ruins, in the shadow of Mystras.[3] The Palaiologos family (the last Byzantine Greek imperial dynasty) also lived in Mystras. The Despotate of the Morea was captured by the Ottomans under Mehmed II in 1460.
In 1834, after the Greek War of Independence, King Otto of Greece decreed the town should be expanded into a city. Modern-day Sparta, the capital of the prefecture of Lakonia, lies on the eastern foothills of Mount Taygetos in the Evrotas River valley. The city has been built upon the site of ancient Sparta, whose Acropolis lies north of the modern city.[4] To the southwest stands Mt. Taygetos. To the east of the city stands the Parnonas mountain range, which is forested predominantly with Greek fir trees and other conifers.
Modern Sparta's origins date back to October 20, 1834, when King Otto issued a decree on the construction of the new city. Bavarian city planners, headed by Fr. Stauffert, designed a city of 100,000 inhabitants based on the neo-classical architectural model.
Today Sparta maintains its good design, boasting large squares and wide streets lined with trees, while many of the older buildings remain in excellent condition. The city of Sparta is the economic, administrative and cultural center of Lakonia. A key factor in the advancement of the city's development is the operation of two departments of the University of Peloponnese and a department of the Technological Educational Institute.
The centrally located main square is dominated by the most imposing neo-classical building in Sparta, the City Hall. Built in 1909, City Hall bears the signature of the Greek architect G. Katsaros.[5] During the monarchy (which was abolished by referendum in 1973), the title of Duke of Sparta was used for the Greek crown prince, the διάδοχος (diádokhos).
Municipality
edit
The municipality of Sparta was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following seven former municipalities, that became municipal units:[6]
The municipality has an area of 1,181.780 km2, the municipal unit 84.453 km2.[7] The municipal unit consists of the local communities Sparta, Afisi, Amykles, Kalyvia Sochas and Kladas.[6]
Politics
editSparta is regarded as one of the most conservative cities in Greece; it has never had a left-wing mayor and it was one of the few cities that voted in 1974 to retain the monarchy.[8] Υet in the 2015 bailout referendum conducted by the left-wing government, voted "no".[9]
Demographics
edit| Year | Town | Municipal unit | Municipality |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1961 | 10,412 | — | — |
| 1981 | 12,975 | — | — |
| 1991 | 13,011 | 16,322 | — |
| 2001 | 14,817 | 19,567 | — |
| 2011 | 17,408 | 19,854 | 35,259 |
| 2021 | 17,773 | 19,865 | 32,786 |
Climate
editThe city of Sparta enjoys a sunny and warm Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa). January highs are around 14 °C (57 °F) while July and August highs are around 36 °C (97 °F) in the city proper. Sparta records the highest summer average maximum temperatures in Greece.[10] The highest temperature ever recorded in Sparta is 45.7 °C (114.3 °F) in August 2021.[11] On average, Sparta records 6 days per year with temperatures of over 40.0 °C (104.0 °F).[12] In June 2024, Sparta recorded an astonishing mean max temperature of 37.6 °C (99.7 °F).[13] In July 2024 the HNMS station in Sparta registered a record average maximum temperature of 38.6 °C (101.5 °F) while the NOA station registered a record of 38.5 °C (101.3 °F) [14]
| Climate data for Sparta (2009–2024) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 23.5 (74.3) |
26.4 (79.5) |
27.2 (81.0) |
34.1 (93.4) |
40.7 (105.3) |
44.4 (111.9) |
44.2 (111.6) |
45.7 (114.3) |
40.3 (104.5) |
36.4 (97.5) |
30.8 (87.4) |
23.5 (74.3) |
45.7 (114.3) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 14.4 (57.9) |
16.1 (61.0) |
18.5 (65.3) |
23.0 (73.4) |
27.8 (82.0) |
32.8 (91.0) |
36.1 (97.0) |
36.0 (96.8) |
31.3 (88.3) |
25.3 (77.5) |
20.2 (68.4) |
16.1 (61.0) |
24.8 (76.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 8.8 (47.8) |
10.0 (50.0) |
12.0 (53.6) |
15.6 (60.1) |
20.0 (68.0) |
24.8 (76.6) |
27.9 (82.2) |
27.7 (81.9) |
23.8 (74.8) |
18.5 (65.3) |
14.1 (57.4) |
10.2 (50.4) |
17.8 (64.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.1 (37.6) |
4.0 (39.2) |
5.6 (42.1) |
8.1 (46.6) |
12.2 (54.0) |
16.8 (62.2) |
19.6 (67.3) |
19.7 (67.5) |
16.4 (61.5) |
11.8 (53.2) |
7.9 (46.2) |
4.4 (39.9) |
10.8 (51.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −5.3 (22.5) |
−4.2 (24.4) |
−4.6 (23.7) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
6.2 (43.2) |
9.4 (48.9) |
14.2 (57.6) |
13.1 (55.6) |
9.1 (48.4) |
1.5 (34.7) |
−1.7 (28.9) |
−5.2 (22.6) |
−5.3 (22.5) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 122.6 (4.83) |
82.3 (3.24) |
62.1 (2.44) |
31.4 (1.24) |
24.7 (0.97) |
33.1 (1.30) |
11.6 (0.46) |
19.4 (0.76) |
52.2 (2.06) |
61.5 (2.42) |
88.1 (3.47) |
92.0 (3.62) |
681 (26.81) |
| Source: National Observatory of Athens (Feb 2009 - Aug 2024),[15][16] Sparta N.O.A station,[17] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Sparta Air Base (HNMS ,1974–2004) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 14.4 (57.9) |
15.1 (59.2) |
17.7 (63.9) |
21.3 (70.3) |
27.0 (80.6) |
32.2 (90.0) |
34.8 (94.6) |
34.3 (93.7) |
30.5 (86.9) |
25.7 (78.3) |
19.4 (66.9) |
15.2 (59.4) |
24.0 (75.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 9.6 (49.3) |
10.2 (50.4) |
12.4 (54.3) |
15.8 (60.4) |
21.2 (70.2) |
26.2 (79.2) |
28.5 (83.3) |
27.8 (82.0) |
24.2 (75.6) |
19.6 (67.3) |
14.2 (57.6) |
10.8 (51.4) |
18.4 (65.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.5 (38.3) |
3.8 (38.8) |
5.5 (41.9) |
7.6 (45.7) |
11.8 (53.2) |
15.9 (60.6) |
18.7 (65.7) |
18.0 (64.4) |
15.3 (59.5) |
12.3 (54.1) |
8.2 (46.8) |
5.1 (41.2) |
10.5 (50.9) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 90.7 (3.57) |
84.6 (3.33) |
73.3 (2.89) |
66.0 (2.60) |
47.4 (1.87) |
14.6 (0.57) |
18.8 (0.74) |
26.4 (1.04) |
30.8 (1.21) |
54.6 (2.15) |
90.0 (3.54) |
107.9 (4.25) |
705.1 (27.76) |
| Source: Meteoclub.gr[18] | |||||||||||||
Tourism
editMain sites
edit
In the center of the city is the Archaeological Museum. Built by architect G. Katsaros, in 1874–76 to house the collection of local archaeological finds by Panagiotis Stamatakis, it was the first Greek museum in a provincial city.
The city's cathedral is at the southwest end.
The ruins of ancient Sparta lie north of the city. Entering by the South Gate of the Acropolis, known as Lakedaemonia, there is the Rotunda, the Theatre and the Temple of Athena Chalkioikos to the West. Exiting the Acropolis by the North Gate there are the remains of the earliest ancient walls, the Heroon and the Altar of Lycourgos, whereas to the East there is the Sanctuary of Artemis Orthia. To the North is the Monastic Church of Osios Nikonas (10th century).
The "Tomb of Leonidas", or Leonidaion (37°04′36″N 22°25′31″E / 37.0767°N 22.4254°E), is a limestone structure of the late 5th century BC, likely a temple, but named for Leonidas I in the 19th century, being the only ancient monument indicated within the limits of the newly planned town in 1834.[19]
Museums
edit- Archaeological Museum of Sparta
- The Museum of the Olive and Greek Olive Oil in the South West end highlights the culture of the olive and the technology of olive production, 129 Othonos–Amalias Street [1]
- Archaeological Museum of Mystras, founded by Gabriel Lilianthal in the late 19th century
- The Manousakeio Museum of urban and folk life [2]
- Koumantareios Art Gallery of Sparta [3]
- Angakis Art Gallery [4]
Sports
editThe Spartathlon has taken place every September since 1983. It is an ultramarathon starting in Athens and finishing in Sparta at the statue of Leonidas, with many international participants.
The local football club of Sparta, Laconia was Sparta F.C. The club dissolved in 2019.
People
edit- Babis Petrakos, footballer
- Nikiforos Vrettakos, writer
Twin towns – sister cities
edit
Brunswick (Melbourne), Australia
Lapithos, Cyprus- Morphou, Cyprus
Le Plessis-Trévise, France
Sopron, Hungary
Stamford, United States
Tanagura, Japan
Taranto, Italy
Salamanca, Spain
References
edit- ^ Municipality of Sparti, Municipal elections – October 2023, Ministry of Interior
- ^ "Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό" [Results of the 2021 Population - Housing Census, Permanent population by settlement] (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority. 29 March 2024.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition
- ^ "Αρχαία Σπάρτη". Αρχαιολογία Online (in Greek). Retrieved 17 July 2019.
- ^ "Modern day Sparta". Retrieved 6 September 2014.
- ^ a b "ΦΕΚ A 87/2010, Kallikratis reform law text" (in Greek). Government Gazette.
- ^ "Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)" (PDF) (in Greek). National Statistical Service of Greece.
- ^ Greek referendum of 1974 - Laconia and Messinia wanted the King!(el)
- ^ https://ekloges-prev.singularlogic.eu/r2015/e/public/index.html#{%22cls%22:%22level%22,%22params%22:{%22level%22:%22ep%22,%22id%22:%2247%22}}
- ^ "Meteoclub.gr". Retrieved 5 September 2014.
- ^ Deltio data
- ^ "Meteo.gr - Προγνώσεις καιρού για όλη την Ελλάδα".
- ^ "Sparta NOA June 2024 mean max 37.6C". Retrieved 1 July 2024.
- ^ "Sparta mean max records". Retrieved 1 August 2024.
- ^ "Climate" (in Greek). National Observatory of Athens. Archived from the original on 27 September 2022.
- ^ "N.O.A Monthly Bulletins".
- ^ "Latest Conditions in Sparta".
- ^ Σπάρτη : H υπερδύναμη της καλοκαιρινής ζέστης στην Ελλάδα (in Greek). Meteoclub. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
- ^ Sofia Voutsaki, Paul Cartledge, Ancient Monuments and Modern Identities: A Critical History of Archaeology in 19th and 20th Century Greece (2017), p. 50f.
- ^ "Αδελφοποιημένες Πόλεις". sparti.gov.gr (in Greek). Sparta. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
External links
edit
- Laconia.org
- Official website Sparta municipality (in Greek)