Wikipedia

Australian pound

Thepound(sign:£,£A[1]for distinction) was the currency ofAustraliafrom 1910 until 14 February 1966, when it was replaced by theAustralian dollar.Like other£sdcurrencies, it was subdivided into 20shillings(denoted by the symbolsor/–), each of 12pence(denoted by the symbold).

Australian pound
Five PoundsThreepence
Unit
Unitpound
Pluralpounds
Symbol£‎
Denominations
Subunit
 1⁄20shilling
 1⁄240penny
Plural
 pennypence
Symbol
 shillings, /–
 pennyd
Banknotes
 Freq. used10/–,£1,£5,£10
 Rarely used£20, £50, £100, £1,000
Coins1⁄2d,1d,3d,6d,1/-,2/-, 5/-(5/- only used from 1937 to 1938)
Demographics
Date of introduction1910;114 years ago(1910)
Date of withdrawal14 February 1966;58 years ago(1966-02-14)
Replaced byAustralian dollar
User(s)Australia
Issuance
Central bank
Valuation
Pegged withinitially tosterlingat par, then at £A 1 = 16 shillings sterling
Pegged byNew Guinea poundat par
This infobox shows the latest status before this currency was rendered obsolete.

History

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Main article:History of Australian currency

The establishment of a separate Australian currency was contemplated bysection 51(xii) of the Constitution of Australia,which gaveFederal Parliamentthe right to legislate with respect to "currency, coinage, and legal tender".[2]

Establishment

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Coinage

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TheDeakin government'sCoinage Act 1909[3]distinguished between "British coin" and "Australian coin", giving both status aslegal tenderof equal value. The Act gave theTreasurerthe power to issue silver, bronze and nickel coins, with the dimensions, size, denominations, weight and fineness to be determined by proclamation of theGovernor-General.The first coins were issued in 1910, produced by theRoyal Mintin London.[4]

Paper currency

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City Bank of Sydney in Australia cancelled £20 banknote
Commonwealth of Australia, £1 (1918)[nb 1]

TheFisher Government'sAustralian Notes Act 1910[6]gave the Governor-General the power to authorise the Treasurer to issue "Australian notes" as legal tender, "payable in gold coin on demand at theCommonwealth Treasury".It also prohibited the circulation of state notes and withdrew their status as legal tender.[4][7]In the same year theBank Notes Tax Act 1910was passed imposing a prohibitive tax of 10% per annum on "all bank notes issued or re-issued by any bank in the Commonwealth after the commencement of this Act, and not redeemed", which effectively ended the use ofprivate currencyin Australia.

As a transitional measure lasting three years, blank note forms of 16 banks were supplied to the government in 1911 to be overprinted as redeemable in gold and issued as the first Commonwealth notes. Some of these banknotes were overprinted by the Treasury, and circulated as Australian banknotes until new designs were ready for Australia's first federal government-issued banknotes, which commenced in 1913.[7]

In May 2015, theNational Library of Australiaannounced that it had discovered thefirst £A 1 banknoteprinted by the Commonwealth of Australia, among a collection ofspecimen banknotes.This uncirculated Australian pound note, with the serial number (red-ink) P000001, was the first piece of currency to carry thecoat of arms of Australia.[8]

Gold standard

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A corner grocery store in Sydney in 1934 with prices inshillings (/-)andpence (d).

The Australian currency was fixed in value to sterling. As such Australia was on thegold standardso long as Britain was.

In 1914, the British government removed sterling from the gold standard. When it was returned to the gold standard in 1925, the sudden increase in its value (imposed by the nominal gold price) unleashed crushingdeflationarypressures. Both the initial 1914inflationand the subsequent 1926 deflation had far-reaching economic effects throughout theBritish Empire,Australia and the world. In 1929, as an emergency measure during theGreat Depression,Australia left the gold standard, resulting in a devaluation relative to sterling. A variety of pegs to sterling applied until December 1931, when the government devalued the local unit by 20%, making one Australian pound equal to 16 shillings sterling and one pound sterling equal to 25 Australian shillings.

Coins of the Australian pound also circulated freely in New Zealand, although they were never legal tender. By 1931, Australian coins made up approximately 30% of the total circulation in New Zealand. The devaluation of Australian and New Zealand exchange rates relative to thepound sterlingled to New Zealand'sCoinage Act 1933and the issuing of the first coinage of theNew Zealand pound.[9]

World War II

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During World War II, theEmpire of Japanproduced currency notesdenominatedin the Australian pound for use in Pacific island countries intended for occupation. Since mainland Australia was never occupied orintended to be occupied,the occupation currency was not used there, but it was used in the captured parts of the then-Australian territories ofPapuaandNew Guinea.[10]

Post-war devaluation

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In 1949, when the United Kingdom devalued sterling against theUS dollar,Australian Prime Minister and TreasurerBen Chifleyfollowed suit so the Australian pound would not become over-valued insterling zonecountries with which Australia did most of its external trade at the time. As one pound sterling went from US$4.03 to US$2.80, the Australian pound went from US$3.224 to US$2.24.[11]

Decimalisation

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Decimalisation had been proposed for Australian currency since 1902, when a select committee of theHouse of Representatives,chaired byGeorge Edwards,had recommended that Australia adopt a decimal currency with theflorin(two shillings) as its base.[12]

In February 1959 the Commonwealth Government appointed a Decimal Currency Committee to investigate the advantages and disadvantages of a decimal currency, and, if a decimal currency was favoured, the unit of account and denominations of subsidiary currency most appropriate for Australia, the method of introduction and the cost involved.[13]

The committee presented its report in August 1960. It recommended the introduction of the new system on the second Monday in February 1963.[13]In July 1961 the Commonwealth Government confirmed its support of a decimal currency system, but considered it undesirable to make final decisions on the detailed arrangement that would be necessary to effect the change.[13]On 7 April 1963 the Commonwealth Government announced that a system of decimal currency was to be introduced into Australia at the earliest practicable date, and gave February 1966, as the tentative change-over date.[13]On 14 February 1966, adecimalcurrency, thedollarof one hundredcents,was introduced.[14]

Under the implementation conversion rate, £A1 was set as the equivalent of $2. Thus, ten shillings became $1 and one shilling became 10¢. As a shilling was equal to twelve pence, a new cent was worth slightly more than a penny.

Coins

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Main article:Coins of the Australian pound

In 1855, gold full and half sovereigns (worth, respectively, £1 and 10/– sterling) were first minted by the Sydney Mint. These coins were the only non-Imperial denominations issued by any of the Australian mints until after Federation (the Sydney Mint struck Imperial gold sovereigns and half sovereigns starting in 1871, and the Melbourne Mint starting in 1872).

In 1910,.925 finenesssterling silvercoins were minted in denominations of 3d, 6d, 1/– and 2/– (known as a Trey, Zac, Deena, andFlorinrespectively). Unusually nohalf crown(worth 2/6) was ever issued. Bronze ½d and 1d coins followed in 1911. Production of half sovereigns ceased in 1916, followed by that of sovereigns in 1931. In 1937 a crown (5/– piece, known as a Dollar) was issued to commemorate the coronation of KingGeorge VI.This coin proved unpopular in circulation and was discontinued shortly after being reissued in 1938.

In 1946, the fineness of Australian silver sixpences, shillings, and florins was reduced to.500, a quarter of a century after the same change had been made in Britain. In New Zealand and the United Kingdom, silver was soon abandoned completely in everyday coinage, but Australian.500 silver coins continued to be minted until after decimalisation.

Banknotes

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Main article:Banknotes of the Australian pound

Examples of private issue paper currency in New South Wales, denominated in sterling, exist from 1814 (and may date back to the 1790s).[15]Denominated in sterling (and in some casesSpanish dollars), these private banker and merchantscripnotes were used in Sydney and Hobart through 1829.[16]Private issue banknotes were issued between 1817 and 1910 in denominations ranging from £1 to £100.[17]In 1910,superscribed banknoteswere used as the Commonwealth's first national paper currency until the Treasury began issuingCommonwealth banknotesin 1913. The Commonwealth Bank Act of 1920 gave note-issuing authority to theCommonwealth Bank.

See also

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Footnotes

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  1. ^The pound (in banknote form) was first issued in Australia in 1910 by a limited number of Australian chartered banks. The first year of issue for the Commonwealth of Australia Treasury Note pound was 1913. The pictured note is from the 1913 second issue (printed in 1918).[5]

References

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  1. ^"CBCS Pocket Compendium of Australian Statistics, No. 30 - 1944".December 1944.
  2. ^"Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act - sect 51 Legislative powers of the Parliament [see Notes 10 and 11]".classic.austlii.edu.au.Retrieved8 September2020.
  3. ^Coinage Act 1909.Federal Register of Legislation. 4 September 1909.Retrieved6 April2020.
  4. ^abTilley, Paul (2019).Changing Fortunes: A History of the Australian Treasury.Melbourne University Publishing.ISBN978-0522873894.
  5. ^Cuhaj, George S. (2010).Standard Catalog of World Paper Money General Issues (1368–1960)(13 ed.). Krause Publications.ISBN978-1-4402-1293-2.
  6. ^Australian Notes Act 1910.Federal Register of Legislation. 16 September 1910.Retrieved6 April2020.
  7. ^abReserve Bank of Australia,"History of Banknotes"
  8. ^Jordan Hayne (5 May 2015),"National Library finds Australia's first pound note, thought to be lost for nearly 80 years",ABC News Online
  9. ^Stocker, Mark (2005)."'A Very Satisfactory Series': The 1933 New Zealand Coinage Designs "(PDF).British Numismatic Journal.75:142–160.
  10. ^"The Commonwealth Bank and the note issue: 1920–1960".Archived fromthe originalon 1 April 2010.
  11. ^Historical rates derived from"Tables of modern monetary history: Australia","Tables of modern monetary history: Asia"Archived19 February 2007 at theWayback Machine(India's section), and"Foreign Currency Units per 1 U.S. dollar, 1948–2005, PACIFIC Exchange Rate Service".Each source may contradict one another. The rates above are the "most plausible facts" derived from these web pages.
  12. ^"Report from the Select Committee on Coinage"(PDF).Commonwealth of Australia. 3 April 1902.
  13. ^abcdCommonwealth of Australia (1963)."Chapter 20. Private finance".Year Book Australia.Retrieved12 July2013.
  14. ^Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (November 2009)."Our currency".About Australia.Commonwealth of Australia. Archived fromthe originalon 23 May 2012.Retrieved12 July2013.
  15. ^Pitt 2013,p. 158.
  16. ^Pitt 2013,pp. 158–59.
  17. ^Pitt 2013,pp. 163–175.

Sources

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Preceded by:
Sterling
Ratio:at par 		Currency ofAustralia
1910 – 1966 		Succeeded by:
Australian dollar
Reason:decimalisation
Ratio:2 dollars = 1 pound
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