Black Twitter

Black Twitteris aninternet communitylargely consisting of theBlack diasporaof users in the United States and other nations onTwitter,focused on issues of interest to the black community.Feminista Jonesdescribed it inSalonas "a collective of active, primarily African-American Twitter users who have created a virtual community proving adept at bringing about a wide range of sociopolitical changes."A similar Black Twitter community arose inSouth Africain the early 2010s.

User base

According to a 2013 report by thePew Research Center,28 percent ofAfrican Americanswho had used the Internet, also used Twitter, compared to 20 percent of onlinewhite,non-Hispanic Americans.By 2018, this gap had shrunk, with 26 percent of all African American adults usingTwitter,compared to 24 percent of white adults and 20 percent of Hispanic adults.In addition, in 2013, 11 percent of African-American Twitter users said they used Twitter at least once a day, compared to 3 percent of white users.BlackTwitter was launched as anews aggregatorreflective of black culture in 2020.

User and social media researcher André Brock of theUniversity of Iowadates the first published comments on Black Twitter usage to a 2008 piece by bloggerAnil Dash,and a 2009 article by Chris Wilson inThe Rootdescribing the viral success of Twittermemessuch as #YouKnowYoureBlackWhen and #YouKnowYoureFromQueens that were primarily aimed at Black Twitter users. Brock cites the first reference to a Black Twitter community—as "Late Night Black People Twitter" and "Black People Twitter" —in the November 2009 article "What Were Black People Talking About on Twitter Last Night?" byChoire Sicha,co-founder of current-affairs websiteThe Awl.Sicha described it as "huge, organic and… seemingly seriously nocturnal" —in fact, active around the clock.

Kyra Gaunt,an early adopter who participated in Black Twitter, who also became asocial mediaresearcher, shared reactions to black users at the first 140 Characters Conference (#140Conf) that took place on November 17, 2009, at the O2 Indigo inLondon.Her slide deck offered examples of racist reactions to the topic #ThatsAfrican that started trending in July 2008. She and other users claimed the trending topic was censored by the platform.She and other Black Twitter users beganbloggingandmicro-bloggingabout Black Twitter identity.The blogging led to buzz-worthy media appearances about Twitter.Social media researcher Sarah Florini prefers to discuss the interactions among this community of users as an "enclave."

Reciprocity and community

Further information:Hashtag

Brown Twitter birds. Shown top left is the original illustration by Alex Eben Meyer that appeared in theSlatearticle, "How Black People Use Twitter". The remaining birds are parodies by Twitter user @InnyVinny illustrating the diversity of the Black Twitter community. The resulting #browntwitterbird hashtag game went viral, as users adopted or suggested new Twitter birds.

An August 2010 article byFarhad ManjooinSlate,"How Black People Use Twitter," brought the community to wider attention.Manjoo wrote that young black people appeared to use Twitter in a particular way: "They form tighter clusters on the network—they follow one another more readily, they retweet each other more often, and more of their posts are @-replies—posts directed at other users."Manjoo cited Brendan Meeder ofCarnegie Mellon University,who argued that the high level ofreciprocitybetween the many users who initiatehashtags(or "blacktags" ) leads to a high-density, influential network.

A 2014 dissertation byMeredith Clarkexplains that users on Black Twitter began to use hashtags as a way to attract members of society with similar ideals to a single conversation in order to interact with each other and feel as though they are engaged in a “safe space”. Clark characterizes the use of Black Twitter as critically important to the group, as the conversation helps “cement the hashtag as a cultural artifact recognizable in the minds of both Black Twitter participants and individuals with no knowledge of the initial discussion”. She stated that hashtags have transitioned from serving as a method of setting up a conversation between separate parties to an underlying reason behind how users outside Black Twitter learn about the thoughts and feelings of African Americans in the present world.

Manjoo's article inSlatedrew criticism from American andAfricana studiesscholar Kimberly C. Ellis. She concluded that large parts of the article had generalized too much, and published a response to it titled "Why 'They' Don't Understand What Black People Do On Twitter." Pointing out the diversity of black people on Twitter, she said, "[I]t's clear that not only Slate but the rest of mainstream America has no real idea who Black people are, no real clue about our humanity, in general [...]. For us, Twitter is an electronic medium that allows enough flexibility for uninhibited and fabricated creativity while exhibiting more of the strengths ofsocial mediathat allow us to build community. [...] Actually, we talk to each other AND we broadcast a message to the world, hence the popularity of the Trending Topics and Twitter usage, yes? "Ellis said that the most appropriate response she had seen to theSlatearticle was that by Twitter user @InnyVinny, who made the point that "black people are not a monolith" and then presented a wide array of brown Twitter bird drawings on her blog site to express the diverse range of Black Twitter users; the #browntwitterbird hashtag immediately went viral, as users adopted or suggested new Twitter birds.

According toShani O. Hiltonwriting in 2013, the defining characteristic of Black Twitter is that its members "a) are interested in issues of race in the news andpop cultureand b) tweet A LOT. "She adds that while the community includes thousands of black Twitter users, in fact," not everyone within Black Twitter is black, and not every black person on Twitter is in Black Twitter ". She also notes that the viral reach and focus of Black Twitter's hashtags have transformed it from a mere source of entertainment, and object of outside curiosity, to" a cultural force in its own right... Now, black folks on Twitter aren't just influencing the conversation online, they're creating it. "

Apryl Williams and Doris Domoszlai (2013) similarly state, "There is no single identity or set of characteristics that define Black Twitter. Like all cultural groups, Black Twitter is dynamic, containing a variety of viewpoints and identities. We think of Black Twitter as asocial constructcreated by a self-selecting community of users to describe aspects of black American society through their use of the Twitter platform. Not everyone on Black Twitter is black, and not everyone who is black is represented by Black Twitter. "

Signifyin'

Further information:Signifyin'

Feminista Jones has argued that Black Twitter's historical cultural roots are thespirituals,orwork songs,sung byenslaved people in the United States,when finding a universal means of communication was essential to survival and grassroots organization.

Several writers see Black Twitter interaction as a form of signifyin', wordplay involvingtropessuch asironyandhyperbole.André Brock states that the Black Tweeter is the signifier, while the hashtag is the signifier,signand signified, "marking... the concept to be signified, the cultural context within which the tweet should be understood, and the 'call' awaiting a response." He writes: "Tweet-as-signifyin', then, can be understood as a discursive, public performance of Black identity."

Sarah Florini ofUW-Madisonalso interprets Black Twitter within the context of signifyin'. She writes that race is normally "deeply tied to corporeal signifiers"; in the absence of the body, black users display their racial identities throughwordplayand other languages that shows knowledge of black culture. Black Twitter has become an important platform for this performance.

Florini notes that the specific construction of Twitter contributes to African Americans' ability to signify on Black Twitter. She contends that "Twitter’s architecture creates participant structures that accommodate the crucial function of the audience during signifyin’". By seeing each other's replies and retweets, the user base can jointly partake in an extended dialogue where each person tries to participate in the signifyin’. In addition, Florini adds that "Twitter mimics another key aspect of how signifyin’ games are traditionally played—speed". Specifically, the retweets and replies are able to be sent so quickly that it replaces the need for the audience members to interact in person.

In addition the practices of signifying create a signal that one is entering a communicative collective space rather than functioning as an individual. Tweets become part of Black Twitter by responding to the calls in the tag.Hashtagsembody a performance of blackness through the transmission of racial knowledge into wordplay. Sarah Florini in particular focuses on how an active self-identification of blackness rejects notions of apost-racialsociety by disrupting the narratives of a color-blind society. This rejection of a post-racial society gets tied into the collective practices of performance by turning narratives such as theRepublican National Committee's declaration ofRosa Parksending racisminto a moment of critique and ridicule under the guise of a game. Moments, where the performance of blackness meets social critique, allow for the spaces of activism to be created. TheRepublican Partylater rescinded its statement to acknowledge that racism was not over.

Manjoo referred to the hashtags the black community uses as "blacktags," citingBaratunde Thurston,then ofThe Onion,who argued that blacktags are a version ofthe dozens.Also an example of signifyin', this is a game popular with African Americans in which participants outdo each other by throwing insults back and forth ( "Yo mommaso bowlegged, she look like a bite out of a donut, "" Yo momma sent her picture to the lonely hearts club, but they sent it back and said, 'We ain't that lonely!'").According to Thurston, the brevity of tweets and the instant feedback mean Twitter fits well into the African tradition ofcall and response.

Black Twitter humor

Humor as a form of social commentary

Many scholars have highlighted how Black Twitter offers a platform for users to share humorous, yet insightful messages.

More recently, Black Twitter spotlighted the "BBQingWhile Black ", incident during which a white woman called police officers on a black family barbecuing in the park.Oakland policearrived; no one was arrested.

When speaking onCNNabout her dissent towards former PresidentDonald Trump,CNN commentatorAngela Ryestated "[she] will never claim Trump as her bigot president."

Black Twitter and image repair

In their 2018 book,Race, Gender & Image Repair Case Studies in the Early 21st Century,Mia Moody-Ramirez and Hazel Cole explored how Black Twitter has been used to repair the image of individuals and corporations usingWilliam Benoit'stypology of image repair.The popularity of #NiggerNavy provides an example of how social media users used Twitter to call out social injustices.Black Twitter reacted in January 2017 whenYahoo Financemisspelled the word "bigger" with an "n" instead of a "b", in a Twitter link to a story on President-electDonald Trump's plans to enlargeAmerica's navy,thus unintentionally changing what was meant as a "bigger navy" into a "niggernavy ". This is a notable example of an"atomic typo"where a typo is undetected byspell checkersbecause the typo happens to be a correctly spelled word. The tweet containing a racial slur gained more than 1,000 retweets before being deleted, almost one hour after it was shared.YahooFinance published an apology shortly after, saying it was a "mistake". It was too late. Black Twitter turned #NiggerNavy into a joke for many Twitter users.

Black women's experience on Black Twitter

Black Twitter is anintersectionalspace, as Black people have intersecting identities that impact how they engage in spaces. As research shows that college-aged women use social media more than college-aged men, Black college-aged women also use social media more than Black-college aged men.Digital spaces like Twitter have been important spaces for students to resistwhite supremacy.Dr. Marc Lamont Hillhas positioned that, Black Twitter. "Is a digital [space] that enable[s]critical pedagogy,political organizing, and both symbolic and material forms of resistance toanti-Black state violencewithin the United States ".It was also mentioned by former CEOJack Dorseythat Black Twitter is "such a powerful force".Although Black Twitter is used to unite black people in the fight against white supremacy, it is also a space where Black women face disproportionate abuse. A study performed byAmnesty Internationalshows that Black women are the most abused group on the platform.The study concludes that Black women are 84 percent more likely to be targeted than their white counterparts and that they, along withLatinxwomen, are faced with more abuse on the platform than any other demographic.Twitter’s acquisition byElon Musk'shas led to the Black community fear that blocked accounts used for harassment, abuse, misinformation and violence may be allowed back on the platform due to Musk's differing viewpoints on free speech, stating that he will be "very reluctant to delete things".

With Black women spending a lot of time on social media, their resistance to white supremacy and creatingcounter-narrativescan be seen through hashtags developed like #BlackGirlMagic, #BlackGirlsMatter, etc. "Social media has become a crucial space for discussing, dismantling, and organizing against anti-Black racism for young Black women."

Influence

The aftermath of the death ofTrayvon Martinbrought Black Twitter to wider public attention.

Having been the topic of a 2012SXSW Interactivepanel led by Kimberly Ellis,Black Twitter came to wider public attention in July 2013, when it was credited with having stopped a book deal between a Seattle literary agent and one of the jurors in thetrial of George Zimmerman.Zimmerman – who had only been arrested and charged after a large-scale social media campaign including petitions circulated on Twitter that attracted millions of signatures– was controversially acquitted that month of charges stemming from the February 2012killing of Trayvon Martin,a black teenager in Florida.Black Twitter's swift response to the juror's proposed book, spearheaded by Twitter user Genie Lauren, who launched achange.orgpetition, resulted in coverage onCNN.

The community was also involved in June 2013 in protesting to companies selling products byPaula Deen,the celebrity chef, after she was accused of racism, reportedly resulting in the loss of millions of dollars' worth of business.A #paulasbestdishes hashtag game started by writer and humoristTracy Claytonwent viral.

In August 2013, outrage on Black Twitter over aHarriet Tubman"sex parody" videoRussell Simmonshad posted on hisDef Comedy Jamwebsite persuaded him to remove the video; he apologized for his error in judgment.

Another example of Black Twitter's influence occurred in May 2018 afterAmbienmakerSanofi Aventisresponded toRoseanne Barr,who blamed theirsedativefor the racist tweet she posted, which resulted in thecancellationof her TV show,Roseanne.Barr explained that she was "ambien tweeting" when she compared former Obama adviserValerie Jarrettto the "spawn" of "Muslim brotherhood&Planet of the Apes."Sanofi responded: "People of all races, religions and nationalities work at Sanofi every day to improve the lives of people around the world. While allpharmaceutical treatmentshave side effects, racism is not a known side effect of any Sanofi medication. "In response to Twitter chatter and criticism, Barr was killed off inRoseannevia anopioid overdose.The show was renamedThe Conners.

Demonstrating the continued influence of Black Twitter, a 2019 SXSW Education panel, organized by Kennetta Piper, was selected to address the topic, "We Tried to Tell Y’all: Black Twitter as a Source!" Panelists includedMeredith Clark,Feminista Jones,Mia Moody-Ramirez and L. Joy Williams.

In 2022, Black Twitter was credited with prompting national media coverage of thekilling of Shanquella Robinson,a young American woman who mysteriously died inMexico.

#SolidarityIsForWhiteWomen

The #SolidarityIsForWhiteWomen hashtag was created byblack feministblogger/authorMikki Kendallin response to the Twitter comments ofmale feministHugo Schwyzer,a critique ofmainstream feminismas catering to the needs of white women, while the concerns of black feminists are pushed to the side.The hashtag and subsequent conversations have been part of Black Twitter culture. In Kendall's own words: "#SolidarityIsForWhiteWomen started in a moment of frustration. [...] When I launched the hashtag #SolidarityIsForWhiteWomen, I thought it would largely be a discussion between people impacted by the latest bout of problematic behavior from mainstreamwhite feminists.It was intended to be Twitter shorthand for how often feminists of color are told that the racism they feel they experience 'isn't a feminist issue'. The first few tweets reflect the deeply personal impact of such a long-running structural issue. "

#IfTheyGunnedMeDown

AfterFerguson, Missouripolice officer Darren Wilsonfatally shot unarmed resident Michael Brown,an attorney fromJackson, Mississippinamed CJ Lawrence tweeted a photo of himself speaking at his commencement atTougaloo Collegewith former PresidentBill Clintonlaughing in the background and a second photo of himself holding a bottle ofHennessyand a microphone. Lawrence posed the question, "If They Gunned me down which photo would the media use?" The hashtag became the number one trending topic in the world overnight and was ultimately named the most influential hashtag of 2014 byTimemagazine. This was a direct criticism of the way Black victims of police violence were portrayed in media, with theassassination of their charactersas a result of the choices of images used to depict them. #IfTheyGunnedMeDown spreadvirallyin the course of worldwide social media attention paid to theFerguson crisis.The hashtag was posted several thousand times in the weeks following Lawrence's initial use of it. #IfTheyGunnedMeDown is now taught in elementary classrooms and in universities around the world.Lawrence, the creator, still lectures on #IfTheyGunnedMeDown and has since established his own media company, Black With No Chaser, to continue the mission of making sure that Black people control their narratives.

#MigosSaid

The call and response aspects of a game where users work to outdo the other are exemplified in the creation of the blacktag #MigosSaid. Black Twitter engaged in a public display of usingoral traditionsto critique the hierarchy of pop culture. The movement stemmed from an initial tweet on June 22, 2014, when @Pipe_Tyson tweeted, "Migosbest music group since theBeatles."This sparked an online joke where users began to use the hashtag #MigosSaid to examine lyrics of the popular rap group. While the game could widely be seen as a joke it also embodied a critique of popular representations of black artists. The hashtag made in fun was used to offer a counter argument to the view the Beatles and other white popular music figures are more culturally relevant than their black counterparts.

#BlackLivesMatter

Main article:Black Lives Matter

BLM mural

The#BlackLivesMatterhashtag was created in 2013 by activistsAlicia Garza,Patrisse CullorsandOpal Tometi.They felt that African Americans received unequal treatment from law enforcement. Alicia Garza describes the hashtag as follows: "Black Lives Matter is an ideological and political intervention in a world where Black lives are systematically and intentionally targeted for demise. It is an affirmation of Black folks’ contributions to this society, our humanity, and our resilience in the face of deadly oppression."

#OscarsSoWhite

The #OscarsSoWhite hashtag was originally created in 2015 in response to the87th Academy Awards' lack of diversity amongst the nominees in major categories. The hashtag was used again when the nominations were announced for the88th Academy Awardsthe following year.April Reign,activist and former attorney, who is credited with starting the hashtag, tweeted, "It's actually worse than last year.Best Documentary and Best Original Screenplay. That's it. #OscarsSoWhite. "In addition, she mentions that none of the African-American cast ofStraight Outta Comptonwere recognized, while the Caucasian screenwriter received nominations.

#SayHerName

Main article:#SayHerName

The#SayHerNamehashtag was created in February 2015 as part of a gender-inclusive racial justice movement. The movement campaigns for black women in the United States against anti-Black violence and police violence. Gender-specific ways black women are affected by police brutality and anti-Black violence are highlighted in this movement, including the specific impact blackqueerwomen and blacktrans womenencounter. The hashtag gained more popularity and the movement gained more momentum followingSandra Bland's death in police custody in July 2015. This hashtag is commonly used with #BlackLivesMatter, reinforcing the intersectionality of the movement.

#IfIDieInPoliceCustody

#IfIDieInPoliceCustody is another hashtag that started trending afterSandra Bland's death.With the growing tweets following the BLM movement police brutality was one of the major themes that struck the black culture. Unsure as to the exact cause of Sandra Bland death the hashtag started as a result.In the tweets, people ask what you would want people to know about you if you died in police custody.

#ICantBreathe

Main article:I can't breathe

George Floyd portrait

The #ICantBreathe hashtag was created after the police killing ofEric Garnerand the grand jury's decision to not indict Daniel Pantaleo, the police officer that choked Garner to death, on December 3, 2014. "I can't breathe"were Garner's final words and can be heard in the video footage of the arrest that led to his death. The hashtag trended for days and gained attention beyond Twitter. Basketball players, includingLeBron James,wore shirts with the words for warm ups on December 8, 2014.The hashtag saw resurgence in 2020, following themurder of George Floydand theproteststhat followed.

#HandsUpDontShoot

Main article:Hands up, don't shoot

The #HandsUpDontShoot hashtag was created after the police shooting ofMichael Brownand the grand jury's decision to not indict Darren Wilson, the white Ferguson police officer that shot Brown, on November 24, 2015. Witnesses claimed that Brown had his hands up and was surrendering when Wilson fatally shot him. However, this information was deemed not credible in the face of conflicting testimonies and impacted the jury's decision. What made this particular shooting unique, was that Michael Brown's deceased body lied in the ground for four hours. Ferguson residents took to Black Twitter to share images of his body, share the story of Michael Brown being killed with his hands up, and ultimately the failure of the state to value his life. As Dr. Marc Lamont Hill puts it, "These efforts, anchored by the hashtags #MichaelBrown, #Ferguson, and #HandsUpDontShoot, transformed Brown’s death from a local event to an international cause."Hands up, don't shootis a slogan used by theBlack Lives Mattermovement and was used during protests after the ruling. The slogan was supported by members of theSt. Louis Ramsfootball team, who entered the field during aNational Football Leaguegame holding their hands up. Using the hashtag on Twitter was a form of showing solidarity with those protesting, show opposition to the decision, and bring attention to police brutality.The #HandsUpDontShoot hashtag was immediately satirized with #PantsUpDontLoot when peaceful protests turned into riotouslootingandfirebombingthat same evening.

#BlackGirlMagic/#BlackBoyJoy

Main article:Black Girl Magic

Black Twitter has also been used as a method of praise.

According to Ayanna Harrison, the hashtag #BlackBoyJoy first appeared as a "natural and necessary counterpart to the more established #BlackGirlMagic".The hashtag #BlackBoyJoy appeared following the2016 Video Music Awardsceremony, afterChance the Rappertweeted an image of himself on the red carpet using the hashtag.

#StayMadAbby

In 2015, #StayMadAbby surfaced on Black Twitter as Black students and college graduates rallied against Supreme Court JusticeAntonin Scaliaafter he made comments about their supposed inability to graduate from universities he labeled "too fast". Scalia's comments came in 2015 during oral arguments for the affirmative action caseFisher v. University of Texas.The suit, filed by one-time prospective student Abigail Fisher, alleged that she was denied admission to theUniversity of Texas at Austinbecause she was white, and that other, less qualified candidates were admitted because of their race.

The hashtag #StayMadAbby took off with hundreds of Black graduates tweeting photos of themselves clad incaps and gowns,as well as statistics pointedly noting that Black students only account for a small share of the UT Austin student body. The hashtag #BeckyWithTheBadGrades also emerged to spotlight Fisher. The hashtag referred both to Fisher and to a lyric fromBeyoncé's song "Sorry".

Reception

Jonathan Pitts-Wiley, a former writer forThe Root,cautioned in 2010 that Black Twitter was just a slice ofcontemporary African-American culture."For people who aren't on the inside," he wrote, "it's sort of an inside look at a slice of the black American modes of thought. I want to be particular about that—it's just a slice of it. Unfortunately, it may be a slice that confirms what many people already think they know about black culture."

Daniella Gibbs Leger, wrote in a 2013HuffPostBlack Voicesarticle that "Black Twitter is a real thing. It is often hilarious (as with thePaula Deenrecipes hashtag); sometimes that humor comes with a bit of a sting (see any hashtag related toDon Lemon). "Referring to the controversy over the Tubman video, she concluded," 1. Don't mess with Black Twitter because it will come for you. 2. If you're about to post a really offensive joke, take 10 minutes and really think about it. 3. There are some really funny and clever people out there on Twitter. And 4. See number 1. "

Criticism

Labeling

While Black Twitter is used as a way to communicate within the black community, many people outside of said community and within do not understand the need to label it. In regards to this concern, Meredith Clark, a professor at theUniversity of North Texaswho studies black online communities, recalls one user's remarks, "Black Twitter is just Twitter".

Intersectionality

Additional criticism of Black Twitter is the lack ofintersectionality.One example is the tweets made after rapperTygawas pictured with thetransgender pornactressMia Isabella.Alicia Garza,one of the founders of theBlack Lives Mattermovement, explained the importance of intersectionalityand makes it one of the priorities in the movement. She wrote that many people find certain "charismatic black men" more appealing, which leaves "sisters, queers,trans,anddisabled[black] folk [to] take up roles in the background. "

South Africa

Kenichi Serino wrote in 2013 inThe Christian Science Monitorthat South Africa was experiencing a similar Black Twitter phenomenon, with black discourse on Twitter becoming increasingly influential.In a country that has 11 official languages, Black Twitter users regularly embedded words fromisiZulu,isiXhosa,andSesothoin their tweets.In August 2016 there were approximately 7.7 million South Africans on Twitter – by August 2017, this grew to about eight million users, with 63.8% of South Africans being online.But according to journalism lecturer Unathi Kondile, black people had taken to Twitter as "a free online platform where black voices can assert themselves and their views without editors or publishers deciding if their views matter."

#FeesMustFall

#FeesMustFallwas the most significant hashtag in South African Black Twitter. It started with a student-led protest movement that began in mid October 2015 in response to an increase in fees at South African universities. The protests also called for higher wages for low earning university staff who worked for private contractors such as cleaning services andcampus securityand for them to be employed directly by universities.

#MenAreTrash

The #MenAreTrash hashtag was another prominent topic in 2017 on South African Twitter. Black women took to the social media platform to address numerous issues such as rape,patriarchyanddomestic violence.

#OperationDudula

Main article:Operation Dudula

Trending almost on a daily basis in South Africa is the #OperationDudula hashtag. The hashtag is used to rally people against immigration. According to journalist Pumza Fihlani, the movement behind the hashtag was founded byNhlanhla "Lux" Dlamini,and became prominent in 2021.

See also

• Afrofuturism
• History of Twitter

Further reading

• Arceneaux, Michael."The Miseducation of Black Twitter: Why It's Not What You Think",ComplexTech,December 20, 2012.
• Editorial Staff."Black Twitter Wikipedia Page Gives The Social Media Force An Official Stamp Of Approval",HuffPost, August 21, 2013.
• Greenfield, Rebecca."Why Conservatives Love Black Twitter"ArchivedJuly 21, 2013, at theWayback Machine,The Wire,July 18, 2013.
• Telusma, Blue."Study: Black Twitter Matters to the news media (although they don't admit it)",The Grio,February 27, 2018.