Ashipyard,also called adockyardorboatyard,is a place whereshipsarebuiltand repaired. These can beyachts,military vessels,cruise linersor other cargo or passenger ships. Compared to shipyards, which are sometimes more involved with original construction, dockyards are sometimes more linked with maintenance and basing activities. The terms are routinely used interchangeably, in part because theevolutionof dockyards and shipyards has often caused them to change or merge roles.
Countries with large shipbuilding industries includeAustralia,Brazil,China,Croatia,Denmark,Finland,France,Germany,India,Ireland,Italy,Japan,theNetherlands,Norway,thePhilippines,Poland,Romania,Russia,Singapore,South Korea,Sweden,Taiwan,Turkey,theUnited Arab Emirates,Ukraine,theUnited Kingdom,theUnited StatesandVietnam.The shipbuilding industry is more fragmented inEuropethan inAsiawhere countries tend to have fewer, larger companies. Many naval vessels are built or maintained in shipyards owned or operated by the national government or navy.
Shipyards are constructed near the sea or tidal rivers to allow easy access for their ships. TheUnited Kingdom,for example, has shipyards on many of its rivers.
The site of a large shipyard will contain many specialisedcranes,dry docks,slipways,dust-free warehouses, painting facilities and extremely large areas for fabrication of the ships. After a ship's useful life is over, it makes its final voyage to aship-breakingyard, often on abeachinSouth Asia.Historically ship-breaking was carried out in drydock in developed countries, but high wages and environmental regulations have resulted in movement of the industry to third-world regions.
History
editThis sectionneeds additional citations forverification.(January 2021) |
The oldest structure sometimes identified as a dockyard[a]was builtc. 2400 BCby theIndus Valley civilisationin theHarappanport city ofLothal(in present-dayGujarat, India).[2][3] Lothal's dockyards connected to an ancient course of theSabarmatiriver on the trade route betweenHarappancities inSindhand the peninsula ofSaurashtrawhen the present-day surroundingKutchdesert formed a part of theArabian Sea.
Lothal engineers accorded high priority to the creation of a dockyard and awarehouseto serve the purposes of maritime trade.[4]The dock was built on the eastern flank of the town, and is regarded by archaeologists as an engineering feat of the highest order. It was located away from the main current of the river to avoid silting, but provided access to ships at high tide as well.
The name of the ancient Greek city on the Gulf of Corinth,Naupactus,means "shipyard" (combination of theGreekwords ναύςnaus:"ship, boat"; and πήγνυμιpêgnumi,pegnymi:"builder, fixer" ). Naupactus' reputation in this field extended back into legendary times – the site is traditionally identified by Greek authors such asEphorusandStraboas the place where a fleet was said to have been built by the legendaryHeraclidae[5] to invade thePeloponnesus.
In the Spanish city ofBarcelona,theDrassanesshipyards were active from at least the mid-13th century until the 18th century, although at times they served as a barracks for troops as well as an arsenal. During their time of operation the Drassanes were continuously changed, rebuilt and modified, but two original towers and part of the original eight construction-naves remain today. The site is currently a maritime museum.
From the 14th century, several hundred years before theIndustrial Revolution,ships were the first items to be manufactured in afactory– in theVenice Arsenalof theVenetian Republicin present-dayItaly.The Arsenal apparentlymass-producednearly one ship every day usingpre-manufactured partsandassembly lines.At its height in the 16th century the enterprise employed 16,000 people.
Spain built component ships of theGreat Armadaof 1588 at ports such asAlgecirasorMálaga.[6]
Historic shipyards
edit- LothalinGujarat,Indiacirca 2400 BC to 1900 BC[2]
- Naupactus
- Tel Abu Saifi,NorthernSinai,a 4th-century BCE, Ptolemaic Era, Egyptian dockyard, with two dry docks.[7]
- Roman shipyard of Stifone (Narni)
- Blackwall Yard1614 to 1987
- Scotts Shipbuilding and Engineering Company,Greenock, Scotland, 1711–1984
- Kraljevica Shipyardestablished on 28 April 1729 and still operating yard
- Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Co. Ltd1837 to 1912
- William Denny and Brothers,Dumbarton, Scotland 1840 to 1963
- John Brown & Company,Clydebank, Scotland 1851 to 1972
- Gdańsk Shipyardthe birthplace ofSolidarity Movement– (still a working yard)
- Swan Hunter– (closed in April 2006 and sold to Bharati Shipyards, India's second largest private sector shipbuilder)
- Harland & Wolff– (still a working yard)
- Cammell Laird– (still a working repair yard)
- Blohm+Voss,whereBismarckwas constructed (still a major yard)
- Havana,long the only dockyard in theCaribbeanduring the colonial period, theSantísima Trinidad,largest warship of its time, was built there in 1769.
- Royal Naval Dockyardsin theUK(includingWoolwich,Deptford,Chatham,PortsmouthandDevonport),Gibraltar,Bombay,Bermuda,Hong Kongand elsewhere worldwide
- Charlestown Navy Yard, laterBoston Navy Yard,Boston,Massachusetts1800 to 1974
- Ulstein Verft,Norway, established in 1917 (still a working yard under theUlstein Group)
- Navy Island,Ontario,Canada– French in the 18th century, then British 1763 toWar of 1812
- Mare Island Naval Shipyard,Mare Island,California,1854 to 1996
- New York Naval Shipyard (NYNSY), also known as the Brooklyn Navy Yard, theNew York Navy Yard,and United States Navy Yard, New York 1801 to 1966
- Philadelphia Naval Shipyard1799 to 1995, at two locations
- San Francisco Naval Shipyard,later Hunters Point Naval Shipyard, then Treasure Island Naval Station Hunters Point Annex, 1941 to 1994
- Long Beach Naval Shipyard,1943 to 1997
- Portsmouth Naval Shipyard,located onMaine-New Hampshireborder; Operational: 1800 to present, making it the oldest continuously operating shipyard of the US Navy.
- Chantiers de l'Atlantique(STX France) – established in 1861 (still a working yard)
- Nantes-Indret, France – Establish in 1771 it built ships for the American Revolution including theDeane.
- 3. Maj– One of the largest shipyard inMediterranean,established in 1892 inRijeka(still a working yard)
- SLKB Komarno (Komárno) – Slovak Shipyard Komárno– European shipyard onDanube,established in 1898
- Jean Street Shipyard1843–present – The oldest continually operated shipyard in the U.S. Located on theHillsborough RiverinTampa, Florida.
- Gloucester Marine Railways1859–present – Oldest working shipyard in New England. Located onRocky NeckinGloucester, Massachusetts.
Prominent dockyards and shipyards
editAfrica
edit- Alexandria shipyard,the oldest shipyard in Africa founded in 1831 located inAlexandria,Egypt.
North America
edit- Davie Shipbuilding,(formerly Chantier Davie Canada Inc) in Lévis, Québec, is the oldest continually operating shipbuilder in North America.
- Newport News Shipbuilding,(formerly Northrop Grumman Newport News) is the largest private ship builder in theUSand the one best known for its unique capacity to build theNimitz-class aircraft carriers.
- Ingalls Shipbuilding,part ofHuntington Ingalls Industries,located inPascagoula, Mississippi,repaired theUSSColeand buildsoffshore drilling rigs,cruise shipsand naval vessels.
- National Steel and Shipbuilding Company (NASSCO)shipyard inSan Diego,California, part ofGeneral Dynamics;is the primary shipbuilding location on the west coast of the United States.
- Norfolk Naval ShipyardinPortsmouth, Virginia,is one of the largest shipyards in the world; specializing in repairing, overhauling and modernizing naval ships and submarines. It's the oldest and largest industrial facility that belongs to theUnited States Navy
- Electric Boat Division(EBDiv) ofGeneral DynamicsinGroton, Connecticut,with an accessory facility inQuonset Point, Rhode Island,builder of many Navalsubmarinesover the past 100 years, with some types built only here.
- Bath Iron Works(BIW), subsidiary of General Dynamics, is a major American shipyard located on theKennebec RiverinBath, Maine.
- Puget Sound Naval ShipyardinBremerton, Washington,is also owned by the U.S. Navy. It services ships and submarines from the West Coast.
- ThePortland, Oregon,shipyard, operated by Cascade General Ship Repair (which is owned by Vigor Industrial)[8]is the largest such facility on theUnited StatesWest Coast.
- Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard and Intermediate Maintenance Facilityis operated by the US Navy. It services surface ships and submarines from the Pacific region
South America
edit- COTECMARshipyard inCartagena de Indias,Colombia.
- TheDIANCAshipyard inPuerto Cabello,Venezuela.
- TheSIMAshipyard inCallao,Peru.
- ASMARshipyards inValparaíso,TalcahuanoandPunta Arenas,Chile.
Europe
edit- Imperial Arsenalis inIstanbul,Turkey.Founded in 1454, it is still operated today under the nameHaliç Shipyard.
- Riga Shipyardis inRiga,Latvia.Established in 1913 and revived after both world wars, it remains one of the largest shipyards in the Baltic region.
- Ferguson Shipbuildersis inPort GlasgowininverclydeScotlandon theRiver Clyde.The Ferguson yard has been building ships for over a 110 years
- BAE Systems Surface Shipsoperates three shipbuilding yards in the United Kingdom;Portsmouth,England andScotstounandGovanon theRiver ClydeinGlasgow,Scotland. Major projects include theType 45 destroyerand theQueen Elizabeth-class aircraft carriers.
- BAE Systems Submarine Solutionsoperates a major shipyard atBarrow-in-FurnessinCumbria,England.It is one of the few yards in the world capable of buildingnuclear submarinessuch as the Royal Navy'sVanguardclass.Preceding companies such asVickers Shipbuilding and Engineeringhave constructed hundreds of surface ships and civilian vessels in Barrow since the late 19th century.
- Fincantieri– Cantieri Navali Italiani S.p.A.[9]is an Italianshipbuildingcompany based inTrieste,Italy.It was formed in 1959 and is the largest shipbuilder in Europe, and one of the largest in the world. The company has built both commercial and military vessels during its history.
- Lürssen(or Lürssen Werft) is a Germanshipbuildingcompany based inBremen-Vegesack.Lürssen designs and constructsyachts,naval shipsand special vessels. Trading as Lürssen Yachts, it is one of the leading builders of customsuperyachts.
- Chantiers de l'AtlantiqueinSaint-Nazaire
- Fayard– also known as Lindøværftet.
- Helsinki Shipyard
- Meyer Turku
- Rauma Marine Constructions
- TheMeyer Werft GmbHis one of the major German shipyards, headquartered inPapenburgat the riverEms.Founded in 1795 and starting with small wooden vessels, today Meyer Werft is one of world's leading builders of luxury passenger ships. Altogether about 700 ships of different types have been built at the yard.
- Navantia:major public Spanish shipbuilding firm, which offers its services to both military and civil sector in three industrial areas:Cartagena/Cádiz/Ferrol(headquarters:Madrid) and with recent important projects asF100-class frigateprogram andS-80-classsubmarine program
- Construcciones Navales del NorteLaNaval,Sestao (Bilbao)
- Lisnave:repair facilities inSetúbal(Lisbon,Portugal)
- Devonport Dockyard,located in the city ofPlymouth,Englandin the county ofDevonis the largest naval base in WesternEurope.It has 15dry docks,four miles (6.4 km) of waterfront, 25 tidal berths, five basins and covers 650 acres (2.6 km2). It is the main refitting base forRoyal Navynuclear submarines and also handles work on frigates. It is the base for seven of theTrafalgar-class nuclear-powered hunter-killer submarines and many frigates, exploiting its convenient access to theAtlantic Ocean.It supports theVanguard-classTrident missilenuclear ballistic missile submarines in a custom-built refitting dock. It housesHMSCourageous,a nuclear-powered submarine used in theFalklands Warand open to the general public.[10]Facilities in the local area also include a major naval training establishment and a base for theRoyal Marines.
- Chatham Dockyard,located on theRiver MedwayinKent,was established as a royal dockyard by QueenElizabeth Iin 1567. For 414 years, the Dockyard provided over 500 ships for the Royal Navy, and was forefront of shipbuilding, industrial and architectural technology. At its height, it employed over 10,000 skilled artisans and covered 400 acres (1.6 km2). The dockyard closed in 1984, and most of theGeorgiandockyard is now managed as a visitor attraction by the Chatham Historic Dockyard Trust.
- Damen ShiprepairinBrest, France.It operates threedrydocks,up to 420 by 80 metres (1,380 by 260 ft).
- Sunderland,County Durhama town once hailed as the "Largest Shipbuilding Town in the World".[11]ships were built at theSunderland Docksfrom at least 1346[12]and by the mid-18th century Sunderland was one of the chief shipbuilding towns in the country.
- Constanța ShipyardinRomaniaon the shores of theBlack Sea Basin.
- Mangalia Shipyardagain in Romania, 45 km (28 mi) south of theport of Constanța.
- Galați shipyardGalați is the largest naval shipyard on the Danube, given its strategic positioning inland but with access to the sea through either Sulina or Danube-Black Sea canal its output ranges from large tankers to research vessels,yachtsand small coast guard patrol boats. The yard is known for taking on specialty projects and under Damen has completed over such 250 vessels since 1999.
- TheBlack Sea Shipyardin Mykolaiv, Ukraine, is one of the largest shipyards in Europe, and is where all Soviet and Russian aircraft carriers were built.
East Asia
edit- Kawasaki Shipbuilding Corporation's Kobe Shipyard & Machinery Works inJapanbuilds oil tankers, LNG carriers, bulk carriers, container ships, Ro/Ro vessels, jetfoils and warships for theJapan Maritime Self-Defense Force
- Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding's Tamano Works builds bulk carriers, ore carriers, crude oil tankers, oil product carriers, LNG carriers, LPG carriers, reefers, container ships, pure car carriers, cargo ships, patrol vessels, ocean surveillance ships, training vessels, fishery patrol boats and fishing boats
- Mitsubishi Heavy Industries's Nagasaki Shipyard & Machinery Works primarily produces specialized commercial vessels, including LNG carriers, oil tankers and passenger cruise ships
- Hyundai Heavy IndustriesUlsan Shipyard & Gunsan shipyard,in South Korea, is currently the largest in the world and has the capability to build a variety of vessels including Commercial Cargo, FPSO offshore, container ship, LNG Carrier, Car carriers, Tankers like VLCC & ULCC, Iron ore carrier and Naval vessels like Aegis destroyers & submarines.
- Hyundai Samho Heavy IndustriesSamho shipyard near Mokpo4th largest South Korean shipyard for VLCC Oil tankers, container ships & LNG, Offshore, Subsidiary of Hyundai heavy industries.
- CSBC Corporation, Taiwan,in Taiwan, is a private company that produces ships for civilian and military use. It was a state-owned enterprise of Taiwan (Republic of China) but transitioned to private ownership via an IPO in 2008. It is headquartered in Kaohsiung and shipyards in Kaohsiung and Keelung.
- Yantai Raffles Shipyard,inYantai,China,is that country's largest offshore builder. It employs the 20,000 ton craneTaisun,the holder of the Heavy Lift World Record.[13]Yantai Raffles' portfolio includes offshore platforms, pipe lay and other specialized vessels.
- Jiangnan Shipyard,inShanghai,China, is a subsidiary ofChina State Shipbuilding Corporationthat produces both military and civilian ships. Its headquarters and main shipyard are based in Shanghai, with subsidiary shipyards in Shanghai and Chongqing.
- Bohai Shipyard,inHuludao,China, is a subsidiary ofChina Shipbuilding Industry Corporationthat produces military (including nuclear powered vessels) and civilian ships.
South East Asia
edit- Keppel Shipyard(Singapore)
- Palindo MarineinBatam,Indonesia
- Hanjin shipyardinSubic,Zambales,Philippines
- The Bangkok Dock Company[14]Sattahip,Thailand
- Bason Shipyard,inHo Chi Minh City,Vietnam,is a long-standing builder that was established by the French government in April 1863 to repair warships and merchant vessels. Aside from its main function of building and repairing naval vessels, Bason also offers service to local and foreign customers from Southeast Asia and Europe.[15]
South Asia and the Middle East
edit- FMC Dockyardis one of the largest shipyard of Bangladesh, located inEastern Bank of the Karnaphuli riverinChittagong.The dockyard has its own forward and backward linkage. 106-by-26-metre (348 ft × 85 ft) Syncrolift and side transfer system.
- Western Marine Shipyard,a leading shipyard in Bangladesh based in Chittagong. The shipyard has been exporting ships and vessels to a number of European, Asian and African countries.
- Khulna Shipyardis the oldest shipyard in Bangladesh, situated inKhulna.It mainly produces warships forBangladesh Navy.Recently it also started to build commercial vessels like cargo ship, container, oil tanker for local buyers.
- Ananda Shipyard and Shipways,one of the largest shipyards in Bangladesh, located inNarayanganj.It is a 100% export oriented shipyard.
- Pipavav ShipyardinGujarat,India,is the leading, modern and largest engineering facility in the business of ships and offshore platforms construction, repair and conversion, heavy engineering and offshore engineering inSouth Asia.
- Colombo DockyardinColombo,Sri Lanka,is the largest engineering facility in the business of ship repair, shipbuilding, heavy engineering and offshore engineering in Sri Lanka.
- Cochin ShipyardinKochi,India, is the country's largest shipyard. It is building theVikrant-class aircraft carrier.
- Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineersis located in India. It is owned by the Government of India and is constructing theShardul-class tank landing shipsfor the Indian Navy.
- Hindustan Shipyardis a shipyard located inVisakhapatnamon the east coast of India.
- Hooghly Cochin Shipyard,formerly known as Hooghly Dock & Port Engineers Limited is a shipyard at Howrah, India.
- Karachi ShipyardandNaval DockyardinKarachi,Pakistan,is that country's first and oldest yard. It constructs cargo ships,tugboats,support vessels, and warships.
- Mazagaon Dockyard,operated bystate-ownedMazagaon Dock Limited, is one of India's largest shipyards. It constructs a variety of ships both for the defence and civilian sector. The dockyard is known for constructing Britain'sHMSTrincomalee.Currently the shipyard is building threeShivalik-class frigatesand threeKolkata-class destroyersfor theIndian Navy.
- Shalimar Worksis a public sector shipbuilding company ofWest Bengal,India.
- The beach atAlangin the Indian state ofGujaratis the site of a large complex ofshipbreakingyards. In 2010, the yard dismantled 357 ships; on average the yard processes 28–30 ships a month.[16]
- TheJebel AliandDubaiports in theUAEare capable of handling, constructing and repairing large ships. They also provide dry dock facilities.[17]
- The gate 7 ofShuwaikh portin theKuwaithas facility for repairing ships. They also provide dry dock facilities.[18]
See also
editNotes
editReferences
edit- ^Leshnik, Lawrence S.; Junghans, K. H. (October 1968)."The Harappan 'Port' at Lothal: Another View".American Anthropologist.70(5): 911–922.doi:10.1525/aa.1968.70.5.02a00070.Retrieved22 May2024.
The settlement in general and the basin in particular do not, in the author's view, appear to meet the requirements of a port. As an alternative, he suggests that the basin could have served as an irrigation tank for a moderately-sized but still rural village.
- ^ab"Archaeological remains of a Harappa Port-Town, Lothal".UNESCO World Heritage Centre.Retrieved10 February2022.
In close proximity to the enclosure identified as a warehouse, along the eastern side where a wharf-like platform, is a basin measuring 217 m long and 26 meters in width, identified as a tidal dock-yard.
- ^"This is Modi govt's plan for India's first National Maritime Museum in Gujarat's Lothal".9 March 2020.
Archaeological excavations discovered the oldest man-made dockyard – over 5,000 years old – in Lothal, located near the village of Saragwala in the Dholka Taluka of Ahmedabad district. [...] It was one of the southernmost cities, and the only port town, in the Indus Valley civilisation. [...] While the city has been nominated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site by the Indian government, its application is pending on the United Nation's tentative list. [...] According to UNESCO, stone anchors, marine shells and seals possibly belonging to the Persian Gulf corroborate the use of the basin as a dockyard where boats would have sailed upstream from the Gulf of Cambay during high tide.
- ^Marine, Mega (11 March 2023)."Lothal: The Maritime Trading Hub of the Indus Valley".Ship Machinery Parts.Retrieved26 August2024.
- ^
Müller, Karl Otfried,ed. (2010) [1841]. "Ephori fragmenta".Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 236.ISBN9781108016605.Retrieved23 May2024.
Naupactus,... sic dicta quod Heraclidae ibi classem compegerint, auctoribus Ephoro et Strabone.
- ^"Quarterly Review".Quarterly Review(100–118). Anglo-Spanish Society: 43. 1977.Retrieved23 June2023.
It is probable that at least a quarter of the ships of the Great Armada sent against England were built at Algeciras or Malaga.
- ^"Ancient Shipyard Discovered in Egypt – Archaeology Magazine".archaeology.org.Retrieved13 July2022.
- ^"Vigor Marine".Vigor Industrial.Archivedfrom the original on 22 July 2012.Retrieved6 July2012.
- ^E-mail * Saisissez votre adresse électronique. (24 December 2012)."STX Europe démantelé, Fincantieri va devenir le géant européen de la navale"(in French). Mer et Marine.Archivedfrom the original on 2 May 2013.Retrieved30 April2013.
- ^"Submarine Museum marks Falklands 30th anniversary".BBC. 2 May 2012.Archivedfrom the original on 14 June 2012.
- ^"History of Shipbuilding in the North East".BBC.Retrieved18 January2007.
- ^"History of shipbuilding on Wearside".BBC.Retrieved4 August2017.
- ^"Yantai Raffles' world-record gantry crane should see first lift this year – Offshore".Offshore-mag.Retrieved19 May2012.
- ^"The Bangkok Dock Company (1957) Limited".The Bangkok Dock Company. Archived fromthe originalon 14 March 2013.Retrieved6 July2012.
- ^"Bason Shipyard's Brief History"(in Vietnamese). Bason Shipyard Website.Archivedfrom the original on 3 March 2016.Retrieved29 March2013.
- ^"Alang ship-breakers face Rs 2,000-cr hit from Rupee fall".The Economic Times.13 January 2012.Archivedfrom the original on 14 November 2013.
- ^"Drydocks World: Profile".drydocks.gov.ae.Archived fromthe originalon 4 May 2018.Retrieved13 May2020.
- ^"HOME".heisco.Archivedfrom the original on 24 February 2018.Retrieved6 May2018.
External links
edit- Shipbuilding History– extensive collection of information about North American shipyards, including over 500 pages of US shipyard construction records