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Focused ultrasound

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High-intensity focused ultrasound(HIFU), or MR-guided focused ultrasound surgery (MR-guided focused ultrasound ablation), is an incisionless therapeutic technique[1]that uses non-ionizing ultrasonic waves to heat orablatetissue. HIFU can be used to increasethe flow of blood or lymphor to destroy tissue, such astumors,via thermal and mechanical mechanisms. Given the prevalence and relatively low cost of ultrasound generation mechanisms, the premise of HIFU is that it is expected to be a non-invasive and low-cost therapy that can at least outperform care in the operating room.

Focused ultrasound
Diagram showing how HIFU can be used to destroy tissue in the body. An acoustic lens is used to focus sound to a small point in the body. The sound propagates through many layers of tissue. Because of the focal gain, only tissue at the focus is destroyed.
Other namesMagnetic-resonance-guided focused ultrasound surgery (MRgFUS), focused ultrasound surgery (FUS), MR-guided focused ultrasound ablation

The technology is different from that used inultrasonic imaging,though lower frequencies and continuous, rather than pulsed, waves are used to achieve the necessary thermal doses. However, pulsed waves may also be used ifmechanicalrather than thermal damage is desired. Acoustic lenses are often used to achieve the necessaryintensityat the target tissue without damaging the surrounding tissue. The ideal pattern diagram is the beam-focusing of a magnifying glass of sunlight; only the focal point of the magnifying glass has high temperature.

HIFU is combined with otherimaging techniquessuch asmedical ultrasoundorMRIto enable guidance of the treatment and monitoring.

History

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Studies on localized prostate cancer showed that, after treatment, progression-free survival rates were high for low- and intermediate- risk patients with recurrent prostate cancer.[2]The InsighTec ExAblate 2000 was the first MRgFUS system to obtain FDA market approval,[3]US patent 5,247,935.

Medical uses

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There is no clear consensus on the boundaries between HIFU and other forms oftherapeutic ultrasound.In particular literature, HIFU refers to the high levels of energy required to destroy tissue throughablationorcavitation,although it is also sometimes used to describe lower intensity applications such asoccupational therapyand physical therapy.

Either way, HIFU is used to non-invasively heat tissue deep in the body without the need for an incision.[1]The main applications are the destruction of tissue caused by hyperthermia, increasingperfusionandphysical therapy.The use of ultrasound in the treatment of musculoskeletal conditions is another use in the physiotherapy setting.[4]

Neurological disorders

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Frontal MRI four days after MRgFUS (MRI-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound): Left ventral intermediate nucleus (Vim) thalamotomy. 79-year-old man with essential tremor.

One of the first applications of HIFU was the treatment ofParkinson's diseasein the 1940s. Although ineffective at the time, HIFU has the capacity to lesion pathology. A focused ultrasound system is approved in Israel, Canada, Italy, Korea and Russia to treatessential tremor,[5]neuropathic pain,[6]andParkinsonian tremor.[7]This approach enables treatment of the brain without an incision or radiation. In 2016, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Insightec's Exablate system to treat essential tremor.[8]Treatment for otherthalamocortical dysrhythmiasand psychiatric conditions are under investigation.[9]

Cancers

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Prostate

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HIFU may be effective for treatingprostate cancer.[10][11][12]

Liver

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HIFU is studied in liver cancer and in many studies report a high response rate and positive outcome.[13]During the treatment of metastasized liver cancer with HIFU, immune responses have been observed in locations that are distant from the focal region.[14]

Prostate enlargement

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Treatment of prostate enlargement (benign prostatic hyperplasia) by HIFU from inside theintestine(transrectal) has turned out to be unsuccessful.[15][16]

In some countries, not in USA, HIFU has also been offered from the inside of the prostate, that is, via acatheterin theprostatic urethra.Evidence as of 2019 is lacking.[17]

In England theNational Institute for Health and Care Excellence(NICE) in 2018 classified the method as "not recommended".[18]

Mechanism

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HIFU beams are precisely focused on a small region of diseased tissue to locally deposit high levels of energy.

  • Focused ultrasound may be used to generate highly localized heating to treat cysts and tumors (benign or malignant). This is known as Magnetic Resonance guided Focused Ultrasound (MRgFUS) or High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU). These procedures generally use lower frequencies than medical diagnostic ultrasound (from 0.7 to 2 MHz), but higher the frequency means lower the focusing energy. HIFU treatment is often guided byMRI.
  • Focused ultrasound may be used to dissolvekidney stonesbylithotripsy.
  • Ultrasound may be used forcataracttreatment byphacoemulsification.

Ideal temperature

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The temperature of tissue at the focus will rise to between 65 and 85 °C, destroying the diseased tissue bycoagulative necrosis.If tissue is elevated above the threshold of 60 °C for longer than 1 second this process is irreversible.[19]Eachsonication(individual ultrasound energy deposition) treats a precisely defined portion of the targeted tissue. The entire therapeutic target is treated by using multiple sonications to create a volume of incompressible material, such as tap water.[20]

with the integral being over the treatment time, R=0.5 for temperatures over 43 °C and 0.25 for temperatures between 43 °C and 37 °C, a reference temperature of 43 °C, and time T is in minutes. The equations and methods described in this report are not intended to represent any clinical result, this is only an approach for thermal dose estimation in a incompressible material of just tap water;.[21]

As an ultrasound acoustic wave cannot propagates through the compressive tissue, such as rubber, human tissues part of it and the ultrasound energy will be turned to converted as heat, with focused beams, a very small region of heating can be achieved the part of shallow deep in tissues (usually on the order of 2~3 millimeters). Tissue occurs as a function of both the subtle shaking to which the water is heated and how long the part of water is exposed to this heat level in a metric referred to as "thermal dose". By focusing at more than one place or by scanning the focus, a volume can be thermally ablated.[22][23][24]Thermal doses of 120-240 min at 43 °C coagulate cellular protein and leads to irreversible tissue destruction.

There are some reports that HIFU could be applied to cancers to disrupt thetumor microenvironmentand trigger an immune response, as well as possibly enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy.[25][26]

Mechanical

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Inertial cavitation

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At high enough acoustic intensities,cavitation(microbubbles forming and interacting with the ultrasound field) can occur. Microbubbles produced in the field oscillate and grow (due to factors including rectifieddiffusion), and can eventually implode (inertial or transient cavitation). During inertial cavitation, very high temperatures occur inside the bubbles, and the collapse during the rarefaction phase is associated with ashock waveand jets that can mechanically damage tissue.[27]

Stable cavitation

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Stable cavitation creates microstreaming which induces high shear forces on cells and leads to apoptosis. Elaborating, bubbles produced by the vaporization of water due to acoustic forces oscillate under a low-pressure acoustic field. Strong streaming may cause cell damage but also reduces tissue temperature via convective heat loss.[28]

Theory

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There are several ways tofocusultrasound—via a lens (for example, apolystyrenelens, parabola curvetransducer,aphased array,etc. The special patents and very precise technology solve the problem. This can be determined using an exponential model ofultrasound attenuation.The ultrasound intensity profile is bounded by an exponentially decreasing function where the decrease in ultrasound is a function of distance traveled through tissue:

is the initial intensity of the beam,is theattenuation coefficient(in units of inverse length), and z is the distance traveled through the attenuating medium (e.g. tissue).

In this ideal model,[29]is a measure of thepower densityof the heat absorbed from the ultrasound field. This demonstrates that tissue heating is proportional to intensity, and that intensity is inversely proportional to the area over which an ultrasound beam is spread. Therefore, focusing the beam into a sharp point or increasing the beam intensity creates a rapid temperature rise at the focus.[citation needed]

The ultrasound beam can be focused in these ways:

  • Geometrically, for example with alensor with a spherically curvedtransducer.
  • Electronically, by adjusting the relative phases of elements in an array of transducers (a "phased array"). By dynamically adjusting the electronic signals to the elements of a phased array, the beam can be steered to different locations, and aberrations in the ultrasound beam due to tissue structures can be corrected.[citation needed]This assumes no reflection, no absorption and no diffusion of intermediate tissue. The ultrasound itself can penetrate incompressible materials such as water, but compressible materials such as air, rubber, human tissue, fat, fiber, hollow bone, and fascia reflect, absorb and diffuse the ultrasound energy.

Beam delivery

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Beam delivery consists of beam steering and image guidance. The beam has the ability to pass through overlying tissues without harm and focus on a localized area with size limit of 2–3 mm, that is determined the clinical frequency of the ultrasound. Following ablation a distinct boundary forms between healthy and necrotic tissue (width less than 50 microns).[30]

Beam steering

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The most commontransducerused is a concave focusing transducer with a fixed aperture and a fixed focal length.[30]Phased array transducers can also be used with different arrangements (flat/bowl).[30]

Image guidance

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HIFU therapy requires careful monitoring and so it is usually performed in conjunction with other imaging techniques.

Pre-operative imaging, for instanceCTandMRI,are usually used to identify general parameters of the target anatomy. Real-time imaging, on the other hand, is necessary for safe and accurate noninvasive targeting and therapy monitoring. Both MRI andMedical ultrasoundimaging have been used for guidance in FUS treatment. These techniques are known as Magnetic Resonance guided Focused Ultrasound Surgery (MRgFUS)[31][32]and Ultrasound guided Focused Ultrasound Surgery (USgFUS) respectively.[1][33]MRgFUS is a 3D imaging technique which features high soft tissue contrast and provides information about temperature, thus allowing to monitor ablation. However, low frame rate makes this technique perform poorly in real-time imaging and high costs represent a significant limitation to its use.[34]USgFUS, differently, is a 2D imaging technique in which, although no system to provide quantitative information on temperature has been commercially developed so far, several benefits are exploited, such as highframe rate(up to 1000 images per second), low cost and minimal adverse health effects. Another reason why ultrasound is ideal for image guidance is it verifies the acoustic window in real time since it is the same modality as the therapy.[35]The implication of this is that if the target region is not visualized by ultrasound imaging before and during HIFU therapy, then it is unlikely that HIFU therapy will be effective in that specific region.[35]In addition, treatment outcomes can be estimated in real time through visual inspection of hyperechoic changes in standard B-mode images.[36]

References

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