Wikipedia

Holden Commodore

Not to be confused withOpel Commodore.

TheHolden Commodoreis a series ofautomobilesthat were sold by former Australian manufacturerHoldenfrom 1978 to 2020. They were manufactured from 1978 to 2017 in Australia and from 1979 to 1990 in New Zealand, with production of the locally manufactured versions in Australia ending on 20 October 2017.[2]

Holden Commodore
2017 Holden Commodore SV6 sedan (VFII)
Overview
ManufacturerHolden
Production
  • October 1978 – October 2017 (Australia)[1]
  • April 2018 – December 2020 (Germany)
Body and chassis
Class
Body style
Layout
Platform
Related
Chronology
PredecessorHolden Kingswood

The first three generations of Holden produced Commodores (1978–2006) were based on theOpeldesignedV-bodyrear-wheel driveautomotive platform,which was the basis of GM's largest European models, but were structurally strengthened, mechanically modified, and, in time, enlarged by Holden for Australian road conditions, production needs, and market demands. The styling of these cars was generally similar to that of theOpel Commodore C,and later, theOpel Omega A/Band theirVauxhallsister models theVauxhall Carltonand Omega.

The fourth generation Holden Commodore modelsVEandVF,manufactured by Holden from 2006 until 2017, were entirely designed in-house and based on the Holden-developed, rear-wheel driveZeta platform.

Between 2018 and 2020, a rebadged, front-wheel driveOpel Insignia,built by Opel in Germany, was sold in Australia as theHolden Commodore (ZB).All sales of the last Commodore ended at the end of 2020, coinciding with the complete discontinuation ofHoldenas asubsidiary company,marque,andnameplate.[3]

History

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The Commodore replaced the long-servingHolden KingswoodandHolden Premier.Initially introduced as a singlesedanbody style, the range expanded in 1979 to include astation wagon.From 1984, Holden began branding the flagship model asHolden Calais,with the Commodore Berlina introduced in 1984 gaining independentHolden Berlinanomenclature in 1988. Long-wheelbaseStatesman/Capricederivatives and Commodoreutilitybody variants followed in 1990. The third generation architecture spawned the most body styles, with a new Holden utility launched in 2000 (known officially as theHolden Ute), rebornMonarocoupéin 2001, four-doorHolden Crewmanutility andall-wheel drive(AWD)Holden Adventracrossoverin 2003.Holden Special Vehicles(HSV) in 1987 began official modification of high performance variants of the Commodore and its derivatives, under its own nameplate.[citation needed]

Rivalry came predominantly from theFord Falcon—also locally built. Prior to the second generation Commodore of 1988, the Holden was positioned a fullclassbelow the full-size Falcon. To varying degrees, competition also came frommid-sizeofferings fromToyota Australiaas well asChrysler Australia,which morphed intoMitsubishi Motors Australia.Moreover, between 1989 and 1997, Australian federal government policy saw the launch of theToyota Lexcen,which was arebadgedversion of the second generation Commodore. With the introduction of the third generation in 1997, Holden implemented its largest export programs involving Commodore and its derivatives. In the Middle East and South Africa the Commodore sold as aChevrolet.High-performance export versions followed in North America, sold asPontiacand later Chevrolet. HSV also exported to the United Kingdom asVauxhall,in the Middle East asChevrolet Special Vehicles(CSV) and in New Zealand and Singapore as HSV.

In December 2013, Holden announced that it would cease its local production by the end of October 2017 committing, however, to use the long-standing Commodore nameplate on its fifth-generation fully imported replacement, moving to afront-wheel drive(FWD)/all-wheel drive(AWD) platform.

On 10 December 2019, Holden announced that the Commodore nameplate would be discontinued in 2020, in what is, according to Holden's interim chairman and managing director Kristian Aquilina, "decisive action to ensure a sharp focus on the largest and most buoyant market segments", focusing on their SUV and Ute range, which had accounted for over 76% of their lineup during 2019. This marks the end of the Commodore nameplate's 41 years.[4]On 17 February 2020, General Motors announced that the Holden marque in its entirety would be retired from sale in Australia and New Zealand by 2021.[5]

First generation (1978–1988)

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VB (1978–1980)

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Main article:Holden Commodore (VB)
VB Commodore sedan
VB Commodore SL station wagon
VB Commodore SL E

Introduced in October 1978,[6]the VB Commodore development covered a period with the effects of the1973 oil crisisstill being felt.[7]Hence, when Holden decided to replace the successfulfull-sizeHZ Kingswoodwith a new model line, they wanted the new car to be smaller and more fuel efficient.[8]Originally, Holden looked at developing a newWA Kingswood,but that project was abandoned.[9]With no replacement in development, Holden looked toOpelto provide the design foundations of the VB, basing it on the four-cylinderRekord Ebody shell, with the front grafted on from theOpel Senator A,both constructed using GM'sV-body platform.[10]This change was necessitated to accommodate the largerHolden six-andeight-cylinder engines.[11]Holden also adopted the name "Commodore" from Opel, which had been using the name since 1967.[12]Opel went on to use Holden's Rekord-Senator hybrid as a foundation for its new generationCommodore C,slotting in between the two donor models.[13]

Interior

During the VB's development, Holden realised that when driven at speed over harsh Australian roads, the Opel Rekord would effectively break apart at thefirewall.[14]This forced Holden to re-engineer the entire car for the often harshAustralian road conditions,resulting in only 35 percent commonality with the Rekord. Among other changes, the Rekord'sMacPherson strutfront suspension was modified,[15]and therecirculating ballsteering was replaced with arack and piniontype.[16]These and other mechanical and structural modifications massively blew out development costs to a reportedA$110 million[17]—a figure then close to the cost of developing an all-new model independently.[18]With such a large sum consumed by the VB development programme, Holden was left with insufficient finances for the development of astation wagonvariant.[19]Added that the Commodore architecture was considered an unsuitable base forutilityand long-wheelbasemodels,[20]Holden was left with only a sedan, albeit one in three levels of luxury: a base, SL, and SL/E.[21]Desperate measures forced Holden to shape the Commodore front-end to the rear of the Rekord wagon. As the wagon-specific sheet metal had to be imported from Germany, the wagon, introduced in July 1979, suffered from inevitable component differences from the sedan.[19][22]Although infrequently criticised in the early years, quality problems were evident, with poor trim and panel fit problematic for all first generation Commodores. This coupled with mechanical dilemmas such as water pump failure and steering rack rattle ensuredwarrantyclaims were high in the first year.[23]Despite these issues, the VB Commodore was widely praised for its value for money sophistication, especially in regards to its steering,handling,braking, andride quality.[24]thus securing theWheelsCar of the Yearaward for 1978.[25]

The VB series retained 96 percent of the preceding HZ Kingswood's interior space but was only 86 percent the HZ's external size, although five percent larger than theTorana.[26]With the Commodore dropping a full class below the Kingswood and itsFord Falconcompetitor,[27]the smaller Commodore was predictably more fuel-efficient.[28]This downsizing was first seen as a major disadvantage for Holden, as they had effectively relinquished the potential of selling Commodores to thefleetandtaxiindustries.[29]These sales losses were thought to be unrecoverable; however, the1979 energy crisissaw Australian oil prices rise by 140 percent, putting substantial strain on the automotive industry to collectively downsize, a change that Holden had already done.[7]

VC (1980–1981)

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Main article:Holden Commodore (VC)
VC Commodore SL sedan
VC Commodore L station wagon
VC Commodore L

The most significant change to the VC Commodore of March 1980 was the engine upgrading to "XT5" specification. Now painted blue and thus known as theBluestraight-sixesandHolden V8s,these replaced theRedunits fitted to the VB and earlier cars.[30]Changes included a new twelve-portcylinder head,redesignedcombustion chambers,inletandexhaust manifolds,a new two-barrelcarburettor.[31]Tweaks and changes to the V8s surrounded the implementation of electronic ignition, revised cylinder head and inlet manifold design and the fitment of a four-barrel carburettor on the 4.2-litre variant. These changes brought improved efficiency, increased outputs and aided driveability.[32]In response to increasingoil prices,afour-cylindervariant was spawned in June 1980.[33]Displacing1.9-litres, this powerplant known asStarfirewas effectively Holden's existing straight-six with two cylinders removed. The four's peak power output of 58 kW (78 hp) and torque rated at 140 N⋅m (103 ft⋅lbf) meant its performance was compromised.[34][35]Reports indicate that the need to push the engine hard to extract performance led to real-worldfuel consumptionsimilar to the straight-sixes.[36]

Interior

Holden's emphasis on fuel economy extended beyond powertrains, with a fuel consumptionvacuum gaugereplacing thetachometerthroughout the range, although this could be optioned back with the sports instrumentation package.[37]Visual changes were limited: the relocation of thecorporate crestto the centre of the redesignedgrille,black-coloured trim applied to thetail lampsurrounds on sedans, and the em Boss ment of model badging into the side rubbing strips. The previously undesignated base car, was now the Commodore L, opening up the range for a new unbadged sub-level car.[38]This delete option model, was de-specified and available only tofleetcustomers.[39]On the premium Commodore SL/E, a resurrected "Shadowtone" exterior paint option became available in a limited range of dark-over-light colour combinations.[40]According to contemporary reviews, changes made to the VC's steering produced a heavier feel and inclinedundersteer,while the revised suspension gave a softer ride and addressed concerns raised while riding fully laden.[41]

VH (1981–1984)

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Main article:Holden Commodore (VH)
VH Commodore SL sedan
VH Commodore SLX station wagon
VH Commodore

The VH series Commodore introduced in September 1981 brought moderately updated frontal bodywork, with a newbonnetand frontguardsto facilitate the reshaped headlamps and a horizontally slattedgrille.[42][43]These front-end design changes worked to produce a longer, yet wider look. At the rear, sedans featured redesigned tail light clusters, the design of which borrowed fromMercedes-Benzmodels of the day, using a louvered design.[44]At the same time, thenomenclatureof the range was rationalised. The SL superseded the L as the base model, with the old SL level becoming the mid-range SL/X, and the SL/E remaining as the top-of-the-line variant.[45]Wagons were restricted to the SL and SL/X trims.[46]Redesigned pentagonalalloy wheels[47]—replacing the original SL/E type used since 1978[48]—along with a black paintedB-pillar,wrap-aroundchromerearbumperextensions to thewheel arches,[49]and extended tail lamps that converged with thelicense platealcove—distinguished the range-topping SL/E from other variants.[44]The new pentagonal wheels were initially in short supply, such that only Shadowtone option SL/E sedans received them during 1981 production.

Interior

Mechanical specifications carried over, except for a new five-speedmanual transmission,optional on the 1.9-litre four-cylinder and 2.85-litre six-cylinder versions.[50]In an attempt to improve sales figures of thestraight-four engine,Holden spent considerable time improving its performance and efficiency. Modifications were also made to the 2.85-litre six to lift economy, and the powerplants managed to reducefuel consumptionby as much as 12.5 and 14 percent, correspondingly.[44][51]Holden released the sports-oriented Commodore SS sedan in September 1982[52]—reintroducing a nameplate used briefly ten years prior with theHQseries.[53]Provisioned with a choice of 4.2- or optional 5.0-litre V8 engines, both versions of the VH SS were teamed with a four-speed manual transmission.[52]Racing driverPeter Brock'sHolden Dealer Team(HDT) high performance outfit produced three upgraded versions, known asGroup One,Group TwoandGroup Three,the latter version available in either 4.2-litre or more commonly 5.0-litre V8 configuration.[54]

By the time of the VH series, Commodore sales were beginning to decline.Holden's six-cylinder engine,which was carried over from theKingswood,could trace its roots back to 1963 and was no longer competitive.[19]Continual improvements made to Commodore'sFord Falconrival meant the VH was not significantly more fuel-efficient or better performing despite the smaller size.[19][55]This was curtailed by the absence of any majorpowertrainrevisions by the time of the VH and the lack of visual departure from the original VB.[56]Holden also had to deal with the influx of their own mid-sizeCamirafrom 1982, which presented comparable interior volume with lower fuel consumption, and for less than the Commodore pricing point. Camira sales were strong initially, but as fuel prices had stabilised, buyers gravitated away from Camira and Commodore towards the larger Falcon, which overtook the Commodore as Australia's bestselling car for the first time in 1982.[19][57][58]

VK (1984–1986)

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Main article:Holden Commodore (VK)
VK Commodore SL sedan
VK Commodore Berlina station wagon
VK Commodore SL sedan

Representing the first major change since the VB original, the VK model of 1984 introduced a six-window glasshouse, as opposed to the previous four-window design, to make the Commodore appear larger.[59]The revised design helped stimulate sales, which totalled 135,000 in two years. This did not put an end to Holden's monetary woes. Sales of the initially popularCamiraslumped due to unforeseen quality issues,[60]while theHolden WBseries commercial vehicle range and theStatesman WBluxury models were starting to show their age; their 1971 origins compared unfavourably withFord'smore modern Falcon andFairlanemodels.[61]

New names for the trim levels were also introduced, such as Commodore Executive (an SL withair conditioningandautomatic transmission), Commodore Berlina (replacing SL/X) and Calais (replacing SL/E).[62]The 3.3-litreBluestraight-six enginewas replaced by theBlackspecification, gaining computer-controlled ignition systems on the carburettor versions and optional electronicfuel injectionboosting power output to 106 kW (142 hp).[63]The 5.0-litreV8 enginecontinued to power high specification variants, but was shrunk from 5,044 cc to 4,987 cc in 1985 due to newGroup Aracinghomologationrules. The new car cut its predecessor's weight by 75 kg (165 lb) and models were fitted with an upgraded braking system. As high oil prices became a thing of the past, Holden decided to drop the 2.85- six and 4.2-litre V8,[59]while the 1.9-litre four-cylinder was limited to New Zealand.[64]

VL (1986–1988)

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Main article:Holden Commodore (VL)
VL Berlina sedan
VL Executive station wagon
VL Commodore Berlina wagon
VL Calais sedan

Marking a high point in terms of sales, the last-of-the-series VL Commodore sold in record numbers, finally managing to outsell theFord Falconin the private sector.[65]The 1986 VL represented a substantial makeover of the VK and would be the last of themid-sizeCommodores for 30 years. Designers distanced the Commodore further away from itsOpelorigins, by smoothing the lines of the outer body and incorporating a subtle tailspoiler.A thorough redesign of the nose saw the Commodore gain sleek, narrow headlamps and a shallower grille, while the Calais specification employed unique partially concealed headlamps.[66]

Interior

By this stage, Holden's 24‑year‑old six-cylinder was thoroughly outmoded and would have been difficult to re-engineer to comply with pending emission standards and the introduction of unleaded fuel. This led Holden to sign a deal withNissanof Japan to import theirRB30Eengine.[67]This seemed a good idea in 1983 when the Australian dollar was strong; however by 1986 the once viable prospect became rather expensive.[68]The public quickly accepted what was at first a controversial move, as reports emerged of the improvements in refinement, 33 percent gain in power and 15 percent better economy over thecarburettorversion of the VK'sBlackstraight-six.[65]An optionalturbochargerappeared six months later and lifted power output to 150 kW (201 hp).[69][70]In October 1986, an unleaded edition of Holden'scarburettoredV8 enginewas publicised.[65][71]Holden had originally planned to discontinue the V8 to spare the engineering expense of converting to unleaded. However, public outcry persuaded them to relent. VLs in New Zealand, Indonesia, Singapore and Thailand were also available with the 2.0-litre six-cylinderRB20Eengine.[72]

The VL suffered from some common build quality problems, such as poorwindshieldsealing, that can lead to water leakages andcorrosion.Awkward packaging under the low bonnet coupled with Holden's decision to utilise a cross-flow radiator (as opposed to the up-down flow radiator installed to the equivalent Nissan Skyline) meant the six-cylinder engine was especially susceptible to crackedcylinder heads,a problem not displayed on theNissan Skylinewith which it shares theRB30Eengine.[73]The Used Car Safety Ratings, published in 2008 by theMonash UniversityAccident Research Centre, found that first generation Commodores (VB–VL), similarly to the Ford Falcons manufactured during the same years, provide a "worse than average" level of occupantsafety protectionin the event of anaccident.[74]It is perhaps noteworthy however, that the Monash University publication includes in its averages, vehicles manufactured as late as 2006.[74]As such, and with reasonable necessity, the 2008 Used Car Safety Ratings include comparison of some non-airbag vehicles with later vehicles fitted with airbags. In 1988, it would still be some years before airbags became available to the public on vehicles manufactured in Australia, and, outside of the very high end luxury market, available in Australia at all. As airbag technology later become more available, the Holden Commodore would become one of the first to offer the option (see VR Commodore below).

Second generation (1988–1997)

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VN (1988–1991)

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Main article:Holden Commodore (VN)
VN Commodore LE sedan
VN Commodore Executive station wagon
VN Calais sedan
Interior

The VN Commodore of 1988 and subsequent second generation models took their bodywork from the largerOpel Senator Band newOpel Omega A.However, this time, the floor plan was widened and stretched; now matching the rivalFord Falconfor size. Continuing financial woes at Holden meant the wider VN body was underpinned by narrow, carry-over VLchassiscomponents in a bid to save development costs.[75]In Australia, for the VN and succeeding models, the Commodore Berlina became known simply as the Berlina (but in New Zealand the V6 VN Berlina, assembled locally until the Trentham factory was closed in 1990, was badged Executive. The Berlina nameplate was not launched, as a new entry level grade, with trim and equipment equivalent to the Australian V6 Executive, until the locally built four cylinder model, using the Australian-made, Opel designed, two-litre Family Two fuel injected engine, was added some months after the V6s).[76]The range expanded in 1990 to include autilityvariant, given the model designation VG. This was built on a longer-wheelbaseplatformthat it shared with the station wagon and luxuryVQ Statesmansedans released earlier in the year.[77]During this time, the rivalFord EA Falconwas plagued with initial quality issues which tarnished its reputation.[78]Buyers embraced the VN Commodore, helping Holden to recover and post an operating profit ofA$157.3 millionfor 1989. The team atWheelsmagazineawarded the VNCar of the Yearin 1988: the second Commodore model to receive this award.[77]

Changes in the relative values of the Australian dollar andJapanese yenmade it financially impractical to continue with the well-regarded Nissan engine of the VL. Instead, Holden manufactured their own 3.8-litreV6 enginebased on aBuick design,adapted from FWD to RWD.[60]The 5.0-litreV8remained optional and received a power boost to 165 kW (221 hp) courtesy of multi-pointfuel injection.[79]Although not known for its refinement, the new V6 was nevertheless praised for its performance andfuel efficiencyat the time.[80]The 2.0-litreFamily IIengine offered in New Zealand was also offered in some other export markets including Singapore where the model also was badged Berlina.[60]Accompanying the changes to engines, the VL's four-speedautomatic transmissionwas replaced by theTurbo-Hydramaticand aBorg-Warnerfive-speedmanual.[81]A Series II update of the VN appeared in September 1989, featuring a revised V6 engine known internally as theEV6.[79]With the update came a power hike of rising to 127 kW (170 hp) from 125 kW (168 hp).[79]

Toyota Lexcen sedan (T1)

Under an unsuccessfulmodel sharing arrangementthat was part of theHawkeLabor governmentreforms in 1989, which saw the formation of theUnited Australian Automobile Industriesalliance between Holden andToyota Australia,the latter began sellingbadge engineeredversions of the VN Commodore manufactured by Holden.[82]The rebadged Commodores were sold as theToyota Lexcen,named afterBen Lexcen,who was the designer of theAustralia IIyacht that won the 1983America's Cup.The original T1 Lexcen offered sedan and station wagon body forms in three levels of trim: base, GL and GLX. Moreover, they were only available with a 3.8-litre V6 engine and automatic transmission combination.[83]

VP (1991–1993)

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Main article:Holden Commodore (VP)
Commodore Executive sedan (VP)
Commodore Vacationer station wagon (VP)
Commodore Executive (VP II)

The VP update of 1991 featured cosmetic and mechanical changes, while carrying over the 3.8-litre V6 and 5.0-litreV8 enginesfrom the VN. The 2.0-litrestraight-four enginepreviously available in New Zealand was discontinued.[84]Exterior cosmetic changes included atranslucentacrylicgrilleon the base level Executive[85]and Berlina, with a colour-coded grille for the S and SS, and a chrome grille for Calais. Updated tail lights and boot garnishes were also a part of the changes, which were different for each model, with the Berlina having grey stripes and the Calais chrome stripes.[citation needed]semi-trailing armindependent rear suspensionbecame standard on the Calais and SS, but was made an option on lower-end models in lieu of thelive rear axle,improving ride and handling.[84]

A new wider front track was introduced to address issues with the previous carried-over VL chassis components.[86]In August 1992,anti-lock brakeswere introduced as an option on the Calais and SS trim levels, later becoming optional on all Series II variants. This January 1993 update also included a colour-coded grille for the Executive andalloy wheelsfor the Commodore S.[85]

Toyota Lexcen (T2) CSi sedan

Toyota's pattern of updating their Lexcen model tended to follow Commodore's model cycle. The T2 (VP) Lexcen from 1991 pioneered new specification designations: CSi, VXi and Newport. All future updates (T3 (VR), T4 (VS) and T5[citation needed](VS II) Lexcens) made use of the new naming system until 1997, when thebadge engineeringscheme ceased. To give further differentiation to the Lexcen from the Commodore, the Lexcens from the VP model onwards had unique front-end styling treatments.[87]

VR (1993–1995)

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Main article:Holden Commodore (VR)
Commodore Executive sedan (VR II)
Berlina sedan (VR II)
Commodore Executive station wagon (VR II)

The 1993 VR Commodore represented a major facelift of the second generation architecture leaving only the doors and roof untouched.[88]Approximately 80 percent of car was new in comparison to the preceding model. Exterior changes brought an overall smoother body, semicircular wheel arches and the "twin-kidney"grille—a Commodore styling trait which remained until the VY model of 2002.[89]

Holden VR Commodore Interior Front Seat

The rear-end treatment saw raisedtail lights,implemented for safety reasons, and a driver's sideairbagwas introduced as an option: a first for an Australian-built car.[90]Other safety features such asanti-lock brakesandindependent rear suspensionwere only available with the new electronicGM 4L60-Eautomatic transmission.[88]Along with a driver's airbag andcruise control,these features were packaged into a new Acclaim specification level: a family-oriented safety spec above the entry-level Executive.[91]Holden's strong focus on safety can be seen in the Used Car Safety Ratings. The findings show that in anaccident,VN/VP Commodores provide a "worse than average" level of occupant protection. However, the updated VR/VS models were found to provide a "better than average" level ofsafety protection.[74]Holden issued a Series II revision in September 1994 bringing audiblewarning chimesfor the handbrake and fuel level among other changes.[88]

Toyota Lexcen CSi station wagon (T3)

The latest revision of theBuick 3.8-litre V6 enginewas fitted to the VR Commodore, featuringrolling-element bearingsin the valverocker armsand increased compression ratios.[92]These changes combined to deliver an increase in power to 130 kW (174 hp) and further improvement innoise, vibration, and harshnesslevels.[89]Wheelsmagazineawarded the VR CommodoreCar of the Yearin 1993.[93]

VS (1995–1997)

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Main article:Holden Commodore (VS)
Calais sedan (VS II)
Commodore Executive wagon (VS)
Commodore Acclaim (VS II)

The 1995 VS Commodore served as a mechanical update of the VR, destined to maintain sales momentum before the arrival of an all-new VT model. The extent of exterior changes amounted to little more than a redesigned Holden logo and wheel trims.[94]An overhauledEcotec(Emissions and Consumption Optimisation through TEChnology) version of theBuick V6 enginecoincided with changes to the engine in the United States. TheEcotecengine packed 13 percent more power for a total of 147 kW (197 hp), cutfuel consumptionby 5 percent, increased thecompression ratiofrom 9.0:1 to 9.4:1 and improved on the engine's previous rough characteristics. Holden mated the new engine with a modified version of theGM 4L60-Eautomatic transmission,improving throttle response and smoothing gear changes.[94]The Series II update of June 1996 included ellipticalside turn signals,interior tweaks and the introduction of asupercharged V6 enginefor selected trim levels, and the introduction of a new Getrag manual transmission.[94]The new supercharged engine slotted between the existing V6 and V8 engines in the lineup and was officially rated at 165 kW (221 hp), just 3 kW (4.0 hp) below the V8.[95]

Toyota Lexcen (T4) CSi sedan

The VS Commodore was the last to be sold as a Toyota Lexcen, as Holden and Toyota ended their model-sharing scheme.[96]The last Lexcens were built during 1997.[97]This model was also sold as theVS Commodore Royalein New Zealand. Similar in specification to the Calais also sold in New Zealand, the Royale featured a standard VS Commodore body with the front end from theVS Capriceand anOpel2.6-litre54-DegreeV6 engine. The Royale was also sold between 1995 and 1997 in small numbers toMalaysiaand Singapore as the Opel Calais.[98][99]

Third generation (1997–2007)

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VT (1997–2000)

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Main article:Holden Commodore (VT)
Commodore Acclaim sedan (VT)
Commodore Acclaim station wagon (VT)
Commodore Executive (VT)
Commodore SS (VT)

With the VT Commodore of 1997, Holden looked again toOpelin Germany for a donor platform. The proposal was to take theOpel Omega Band broaden the vehicle's width and mechanical setup forlocal conditions.In the early days, Holden considered adopting the Omega as is, save for the engines and transmissions, and even investigated reskinning the existing VR/VS architecture.[100]Later on, the VTbodyworkspawned a new generation ofStatesman and Caprice(again based on the long-wheelbase wagons),[60]and even went as far as resurrecting the iconicMonarocoupé of the 1960s and 1970s[101]via a prototype presented at the 1998Sydney Motor Show.

Commodore Executive interior (VT II)

The VT heralded the fitment ofsemi-trailing armindependent rear suspensionas standard across the range, a significant selling point over the rival Falcon,[102]along with increased electronics such as Traction Control. However, in terms of suspension, the original Opel design was simplified by removing thetoecontrol links[60]that was standard equipment on the European Omega since 1987.[60]Consequently, this afflicted the VT with excessive tyre wear due to distortions to the suspensioncamber angleand toe under heavy load, such as heavy towing or when travelling over undulated surfaces.

Notably, Holden's performance armHSVre-added the toe control link on the flagshipGTS 300model.[60]The 1999 Series II update replaced the venerable Holden 5.0-litreV8 enginewith a new 5.7-litreGeneration IIIV8 sourced from the United States.[60]The V8 was detuned to 220 kW (295 hp) from the original US version, but would receive incremental power upgrades to 250 kW (335 hp) throughout its time in the Commodore,[103]before finally being replaced by the relatedGeneration 4in theVZ.[104]ThesuperchargedV6 was uprated to 171 kW (229 hp) from the VS.[105]Safety wise, sideairbagsbecame an option for the Acclaim and higher models, a first for Holden.[106]

From the onset, parent company General Motors was interested in incorporating aleft-hand driveCommodore in itsBuicklineup, as manifested by the unveiling of the Buick XP2000concept carin 1996.[107]Although this idea was ultimately abandoned (due to pressures by the North American automotive trade unions to retain local production), the GM-funded project allowed Holden to enter into a range of left-hand export markets.[108]Thus began the Commodore's rapid expansion into parts ofIndochina,the Middle East and South Africa badged as theChevrolet LuminaandBrazilas theChevrolet Omega3.8 V6.[109]In its home market, the VT series was awarded the 1997WheelsCar of the Yearaward, the fourth such award in Commodore's history.[110]It found ready acceptance in the market as many buyers steered away from the slow sellingFord AU Falcon,becoming the best selling Commodore to date and cementing its place as number one in Australian sales.[60]

The sedan and wagon range comprised: Commodore Executive (base and fleet package); Commodore Acclaim (family and safety package); Berlina (luxury package) and Calais (sedan-only sport luxury package). Limited editions included a "Sydney 2000" Olympic version and Holden 50th Anniversary based on better equipped Executive models (e.g. Berlina alloy wheels on the former but no climate control).

VX (2000–2002)

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Main article:Holden Commodore (VX)
Commodore Equipe sedan (VX II)
Berlina sedan (VX II)
Commodore Executive station wagon (VX)
Commodore Equipe sedan (VX II)

The VX update from 2000 featured a revisedheadlampdesign.[111]The VT's reartail lamppanel was replaced by two separate light assemblies. Conversely, the luxury-oriented Berlina and Calais sedans continued using a full-widthboot-lid panel incorporating theregistration plateand tail lamps.[112]

The VX series also formed the basis for a new Holden Ute, designated the VU-series. Earlier utility models were instead entitled "Commodore utility".[113]An updated Series II was launched in early 2002, featuring revised rear suspension system now equipped with toe control links to address the VT's issues.[114]The VX series also spawned the production version of the re-launchedHolden Monaro(allowing Holden to commence exports to the United States, with thiscoupésold as thePontiac GTO).[109]

Safetyplayed a substantial role in the development of the VX model.Bosch5.3anti-lock brakeswere made standard on all variants, a first for an Australian manufactured car; andtraction controlwas made available on vehicles equipped withmanual transmission.Extensive research was undertaken to reduce the effects from a side-impact collision through modification of theB-pillars.The risk presented by a side-impact collision in a VX fitted without sideairbagsis reduced by 50 percent when compared to a similarly specified VT model.[115]

VY (2002–2004)

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Main article:Holden Commodore (VY)
Commodore S sedan (VY)
Berlina station wagon (VY II)
Commodore Equipe station wagon (VY II)

TheA$250 millionVY mid-cycle update of 2002 represented the first major styling shift since the 1997 VT. Designers discarded the rounded front and rear styling of the VT and VX models, adopting more aggressive, angular lines.[116]The same approach was applied to the interior, whereby the curvaceousdashboarddesign was orphaned in favour of an angular, symmetrical design.Satinchrome plastic now dominated the façade of thecentre consolestack, and high-end models received fold-outcup holdersborrowed from fellow GM subsidiarySaab.[117]Leaving Eurovox behind, Holden turned towards German electronics manufacturerBlaupunktto source audio systems, an arrangement that remained in place until the end of the Holden brand.[118]

Berlina interior

Engineering wise, Holden kept the changes low key. A revised steering system and tweaked suspension tuning were among some of the changes to sharpen handling precision. Further improvements were made to theGeneration IIIV8 engine to produce peak power of 235 kW (315 hp) for sports variants.[119]In a bid to recapture the market for low-cost, high-performance cars, Holden created a new SV8 specification level. Based on the entry-level Executive, the SV8 inherited the V8 mechanical package from the SS but made do without the luxury appointments and was sold at a correspondingly lower price.[120]Holden also experimented by releasing a limited edition wagon version of its high-performance SS variant, of which only 850 were built.[121]The Series II update added a frontstrut baras standard to the SS, which was claimed to increase rigidity and hence handling. As became the trend, the update raised V8 power, now up 10 kW (13 hp).[122]Amendments in the remaining models were confined to new wheels, trims and decals, however, the Calais has taken on a sports-luxury persona as opposed to the discrete luxury character seen in previous models. This repositioning in turn affected the Berlina's standing. The once second-tier model now became the sole luxury model, only overshadowed by the more expensive Calais.[123]Coinciding with the VY II models was the first four-door utility model dubbed theHolden Crewman.Crewman's underpinnings and body structure while somewhat unusual, shared a fair amount in common with theStatesman/Caprice,One tonnerand the two-doorUte.[124]

In 2003, Holden launched an AWD system that it developed for the VY platform dubbedCross Trac,at a cost ofA$125 million.[125]Unveiled after the Series II updates, the first application of this electronically controlled system was the Holden Adventra, a raised VY wagoncrossover.The system was only available in combination with the V8 and automatic transmission. Holden chose not to spend extra engineering resources on adapting the AWD system to the 3.8-litre V6, due to be replaced in the upcoming VZ model. Unfortunately for Holden, the Adventra fell well short of expected sales, despite modest targets.[126]

VZ (2004–2007)

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Main article:Holden Commodore (VZ)
Berlina sedan (VZ)
Commodore Acclaim station wagon (VZ)
Commodore SV6 sedan (VZ)
Commodore Acclaim station wagon (VZ)
Commodore Executive interior (VZ)

The final chapter of the third generation series was the VZ Commodore. Debuting in 2004 with a new series ofV6 enginesknown as theAlloytec V6,both 175 kW (235 hp) and 190 kW (255 hp) versions of the 3.6-litre engine were offered.[127]These were later upgraded to 180 and 195 kW (241 and 261 hp) respectively in the VE model.[128]When compared to the previousEcotecengines, theAlloytecbenefits from increased power output, responsiveness andfuel efficiency.[127]The new engines were mated to a new five-speed5L40Eautomatic transmissionon the luxury V6 variants, and a new six-speedAisin AY6manual transmissionon the six-cylinder SV6 sports variant.[129]However, the long serving four-speed automatic carried on in other variants, albeit with further tweaks in an attempt to address complaints about refinement. A new 6.0-litreGeneration 4V8 enginewas added to the range in January 2006 to comply withEuro IIIemission standards. Compared to the American version, bothActive Fuel Managementandvariable valve timingwere removed.[104]TheAlloytecV6 was also affected by the new standards, which saw the peak output reduced to 172 kW (231 hp).[130]

Along with the newpowertrain,Holden also introduced new safety features such aselectronic stability controlandbrake assist.[129]The Used Car Safety Ratings evaluation found that VT/VX Commodores provide a "better than average" level of occupant protection in the event of anaccident,with VY/VZ models uprated to "significantly better than average".[74]ANCAPcrash test results rate the fourth generation VE lower in the offset frontal impact test than the third generation VY/VZ Commodore. The overall crash score was marginally higher than the outgoing model due to improved side impact protection.[131][132]

Fourth generation (2006–2017)

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VE (2006–2013)

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Main article:Holden Commodore (VE)
Commodore SV6 sedan (VE II)
Calais sedan (VE)
Commodore Omega Sportwagon (VE II)
Calais V sedan (VE)

Launched in 2006 after GM's 2003 abandonment of their last European rear-drive sedan, theOpel Omega,the VE is the first Commodore model designed entirely in Australia, as opposed to being based on an adaptedOpel-sourcedplatform.[133]Given this and high public expectations of quality, the budget in developing the car reportedly exceededA$1 billion.[134]Underpinned by the new Holden developedGM Zeta platform,the VE features more sophisticatedindependent suspensionall round and near-even 50:50weight distribution,leading to improved handling.[135]Engines and transmissions are largely carried over from the previous VZ model.[136]However, a new six-speedGM 6L80-Eautomatic transmission was introduced for V8 variants, replacing the original four-speed automatic now relegated to base models.[137]The design of this new model included innovative features to help minimise export costs, such as a symmetricalcentre consolethat houses a flush-fittinghand brakelever to facilitate its conversion toleft-hand drive.[138]Internationally, the Commodore is againbadge engineeredas theChevrolet LuminaandChevrolet Omega,along with its new export market in the United States as thePontiac G8(discontinued as of 2010 along with the Pontiac brand).[139]

Variants by Holden's performance arm,HSV,were released soon after thesedan's debut, followed by the long-wheelbaseWM Statesman/Capricemodels.[140]TheVE Utedid not enter production until 2007 whilst theSportwagonbegan production in July 2008.[141][142]A VE V8 Calais was awardedWheelsCar of the Year,being the fifth Commodore/Calais model to do so.[143]

Calais V (VE) interior

In late 2008 Holden made changes to the VE Commodore, including the addition of a passenger seatbelt-reminder system. The rollout of such modifications allowed the VE range to be upgraded in stages (dependent on model) to the five-starANCAPsafety rating during 2008 and 2009.

The September 2009 MY10 update to the VE Commodore platform introduces a new standard engine–a 3.0-litreSpark Ignition Direct Injection(SIDI) V6 on the Omega and Berlina, with a 3.6-litre version of the same reserved for all other V6 variants.[144]The standard transmission is now a six-speedGM 6L50automatic, replacing the four-speed in Omega and Berlina models and the five-speed in higher luxury levels. A six-speed manual is still available in sport models.[145]Holden claims the newer powertrains would provide better fuel economy than some smaller four-cylinder cars; the 3.0-litre version is rated at 9.3 L/100 km (25 mpg‑US;30 mpg‑imp).[146]The 3.0L produces 190 kW (255 hp), more than the earlier 3.6L and more than the old 5.0L Holden V8. The new 3.6 produces a fraction more at 210 kW (282 hp) although the difference is negligible in real world driving.

In mid-2010 Holden released the VE Series 2 (VEII). The major difference saw the introduction of the Holden iQ system, a centre-mounted LCD display that provides navigation,Bluetooth,and controls to the stereo. There were also small alterations to the styling and a number of other changes.

VF (2013–2017)

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Main article:Holden Commodore (VF)
Commodore SS sedan (VF)
Commodore SV6 Sportwagon (VF II)
Commodore SV6 sedan (VF II)

The VF Commodore, a major overhaul of the VE, was officially revealed on 10 February 2013 in Melbourne.

The body shell, suspension and electrics of theGM Zeta platformwere thoroughly reworked to reduce weight, improving handling and fuel efficiency. Changes to the model line-up saw the deletion of the Berlina nameplate (which was merged with the standard Calais variant, represented the smallest share of sales in Commodore's line-up) and the base model renamed from Omega to Evoke.

Standard features across the Commodore range includes front and rear parking sensors, reverse camera and auto park assist, whereas high specifications models such as the Calais-V and SS-V redline models also feature, as standard, forward and reverse collision alert system and a colour heads-up display - all possible thanks to the VF's electronics now being compatible with those of more developed GM cars, resulting in the new Commodore being cheaper to manufacture. Indeed, the recommended retail pricing was substantially reduced across the range, fromA$5,000for the base model and up toA$10,000for the Calais V V8 and SS V Redline.[147]

A day after the Australian range reveal and in the lead up to theDaytona 500weekend, a more powerful and better equipped export version of the VF Commodore SS also made its debut in Daytona, Florida, as the MY14Chevrolet SS.[148]To maximise the SS's profile in the United States, GM also replaced inNASCARtheChevrolet Impalawith the SS, which raced in NASCAR's premier series through 2017, when it was replaced by theChevrolet Camaro ZL1for the 2018 season.

A Series II update (VF II) was launched in late 2015, introducing minor styling revisions at the front, while the biggest change was the arrival of a 304 kW (408 hp)LS3across the entire V8 range. In addition, the V8's final drive ratio and the Redline's suspension tune were also revised.[149]

Fifth generation (2018–2020)

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ZB (2018–2020)

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Main article:Holden Commodore (ZB)
Commodore LT liftback
Commodore LT liftback
Commodore LT Sportwagon

In 2017, Holden announced that the Commodore would end production in Australia and confirmed that the Commodore badge would be inherited by its replacement – now fully imported. That decision was made on the basis of a survey revealing that a majority of customers were in favour of retaining the long-standing Australian badge, introduced in 1978.

In October 2016, Holden provided selected journalists an opportunity to test drive early prototypes of the 2018 Commodore.

The ZB Commodore was revealed on 6 December 2016, as a rebadged version of theOpel Insignia B.The ZB Commodore was offered withfourorsix-cylinder engineoptions, as well asfront-wheel drive(FWD) orall-wheel drive.That was a major departure from the V8 andrear wheel drivevariants available on the previous generation Commodore.

There was significant controversy regarding Holden's decision to retain the Commodore name for the 2018 model, despite it being dimensionally smaller than its predecessor, lacking a V8 engine option, and switching from a RWD to a FWD drive train. The decision was considered to be a safe choice in order to preserve sales, but the retention of the Commodore name was criticised for missing the opportunity to re-brand the sedan range and push the vehicle into the more lucrative semi-premium segment of the market.

As of April 2018,the ZB Commodore had the lowest resale value, as a proportion of its new price, of any car on the Australian market.[150]

Due to slow sales and Holden's interest in other vehicle segments, it was announced on 10 December 2019 that the ZB Commodore would be discontinued in early 2020, shortly before GM's decision to retire the Holden brand entirely.[151][152]

Australian export models

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Since the late 1990s, Commodores have been sent abroad as theChevrolet Luminain the Middle East until 2011 and South Africa until 2013, and as theChevrolet Omegain Brazil until 2008 and, then again, in 2010.Vauxhall VXR8sales began in 2007. Versions have also been previously exported in the mid-1990s to Southeast Asia as theOpel Calaisand to North America from 2008 to 2009 as thePontiac G8.From 2014 to 2017, the VF Commodore was sold in the United States as theChevrolet SSand the sport version from HSV sold in the United Kingdom as theVauxhall VXR8.

Chevrolet Lumina

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See also:Chevrolet Lumina

The Commodore was sold as theChevrolet Luminain the Middle East and South Africa, and previously in South East Asia.

A coupe version based on theHolden Monarowas also sold in the Middle East as the Chevrolet Lumina Coupe. InArabia,the Lumina was offered in four different trims: LS (Omega), LTZ (Berlina), S (SV6) and SS (SS). The LTZ and S came standard with a 3.6 L Alloytec V6 and a six-speed automatic transmission for the S and four-speed for the LTZ, while the SS came standard with a 6.0 L Alloytec V8 with the option of active fuel management. A six-speed manual was standard with the option of a six-speed automatic on the SS. The LTZ was the luxury model, while the S and SS models focused on sportiness. Exports to the Middle East ceased in 2011.[153]

Lumina models sold in South Africa dropped the V6 engine in favour of 6.0 litre V8 engine mated to a six-speed manual or automatic. Fuel injection and a 10.4:1 compression ratio help contribute to a max power output of 270 kW (362 hp) at 5,700 rpm, and a max torque of 530 N⋅m (391 lb⋅ft) at 4,400 rpm for vehicles equipped with the manual. Automatic cars make 260 kW (349 hp) at 5,800 rpm and 517 N⋅m (381 lb⋅ft) at 4,400 rpm. All cars were equipped withBrembobrake calipers and aZFlimited-slip differentials. The car received updates for the 2011 model year. These changes were introduced to coincide with the release of the VE Series II Commodore. Changes included revised bumpers, there is a chrome moulding above the number plate on the boot lid, refreshed alloy wheel designs and the Holden IQ system. Also the SSV model was introduced.[154]The Holden Ute was sold as theLumina Utein South Africa and has the same equipment as the sedan.

Australian production

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Australian production of the first Commodore launched in 1978 was initially spread between Holden's Pagewood (New South Wales) and Dandenong (Victoria) plants. In August 1978, Holden announced a $6.7 million program to enable assembly of the Commodore range at the Elizabeth (South Australia) plant, which resulted in the closure of the Pagewood plant a year later.[155]The Australian production of the Commodore was consolidated at Elizabeth in 1988, coinciding with the launch of the then newVN Commodore.

The Commodore and its derivatives have been the basis of modified variants by companies separate to Holden. Officially, Holden's performance partner is HSV, although other prominent high performance brands includeHDT Special Vehicles,Corsa Specialized Vehicles(CSV) andWalkinshaw Performance(WP), since the first, third and fourth generation Commodore, respectively.

In December 2013, Holden announced that it would cease production of the Commodore in Australia in 2017.[156]This was followed, in December 2015, by "Project Erich" involving Belgian entrepreneurGuido Dumarey.His plans involve buying the Holden production facilities, with a view to continue producing in Australia a rebadged range of RWD and AWD premium vehicles based on the GM Zeta platform, for local and export sales. Dumarey's company, Punch Powerglide, already supplies automatic transmissions for Holden's V6-powered models made in Australia.[157]The last Commodore - the last Holden vehicle to be manufactured in Australia - rolled off the line at the Elizabeth plant on 20 October 2017.[2]

Sales

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Australian large car sales (1991–2012)
Holden Commodore
(sedan and wagon)
Ford Falcon
(sedan and wagon)
Toyota Camry/
Avalon/Aurion (V6)
Other
Total large car
segment
Holden Commodore sales in Australia
1980s
 1980 1981 1982 1983[158] 1984 1985[159] 1986 1987 1988 1989
78,429 35,355 62,436
1990s
 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994[160] 1995[161] 1996[161] 1997[161] 1998[161] 1999[161]
50,820 57,641 62,663 75,330 80,452 83,001 76,849 94,642 85,648
2000s
 2000[161] 2001[161] 2002[161] 2003[161] 2004[161] 2005[162] 2006[163] 2007[164] 2008[165] 2009[166]
83,610 85,422 88,478 86,553 79,170 66,794 56,531 57,307 51,093 44,387
2010s
 2010[167] 2011[168] 2012[169] 2013[170] 2014[171] 2015[172] 2016[173] 2017[174] 2018[175] 2019[176]
45,956 40,617 30,532 27,766 30,203 27,770 25,860 23,676 9,040 5,915

References

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  2. ^abHumphreys, Bernard (20 October 2017)."No tears as Holden has its last hurrah at Elizabeth plant".news.au.Australia.Archivedfrom the original on 20 October 2017.Retrieved21 October2017.
  3. ^Padeanu, Adrian."Holden Commodore, Astra To Be Discontinued In 2020".Motor1.Archivedfrom the original on 10 December 2019.Retrieved1 June2020.
  4. ^Chesterton, Andrew (10 December 2019)."CONFIRMED: Holden Commodore axed! Iconic nameplate to disappear as brand focuses on SUVs and utes".Cars Guide.Australia.Archivedfrom the original on 10 December 2019.Retrieved10 December2019.
  5. ^"Holden car brand, maker of Commodore and Barina, axed across Australia and New Zealand".ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). 17 February 2020.Archivedfrom the original on 2 July 2020.Retrieved13 June2020.
  6. ^Bebbington (2009),p. 77.
  7. ^abRobinson (2006),p. 24. "Australia, protected from the ravages of the first 1973 energy crisis, felt the full force ofOPEC's decision to raise oil prices by 140 per cent [...] Petrol shortages, rationing and dramatic fuel price increases, forced the global car industry into what was quickly dubbed 'downsizing' [...] Holden had already downsized, now the rest of the automotive world shuddered and began what seemed an inexorable move towards smaller cars. "
  8. ^Whelan (1978),p. 22. "It had to be a family car, which meant it needed similar interior dimensions to the Holden Kingswood, but it had to be fuel- and space efficient, which meant it had to be smaller and sleeker overall."
  9. ^Robinson (2006),p. 21. "Holden planned to replace the HQ with the WA but management indecision meant the project was discarded."
  10. ^Bebbington (1998),p. 59. "The Commodore was [...] based on the Opel V-car using components from the German GM subsidiary's Rekord, Commodore and Senator models."
  11. ^Robinson (2006),p. 22. "It accepted Opel's Rekord, knowing the four-cylinder required re-engineering to [...] accommodate the local in-line six-cylinder and V8 engines. [...] The VB mixed the nose of the longer six-cylinder Opel Senator, [...] to the cabin and rearward of the cheaper Rekord."
  12. ^"Opel History"(DOC).General Motors.Archivedfrom the original on 26 October 2011.Retrieved14 July2009.
  13. ^Tuckey (1999),p. 33. "The Rekord with the Senator nose job [...] was so well proportioned that Opel later picked up the bastard child to fit between its Rekord and Senator on the European market and named it – guess what? – Commodore."
  14. ^Tuckey (1999),p. 41. "They ran the cars [...] somewhere where the roads weren't made, and [...] the first of the three real VB prototypes built in Germany by Opel and flown to Australia at the end of 1977 actually broke in two at the firewall."
  15. ^Segal (1978),p. 34. "And in final analysis 65% of the new Commodore is wholly Australian Holden in origin [... with the Rekord's] traditional double wishbone front suspension [giving] way at last to McPherson [sic] struts. The same system is used on the Holden [VB], but a completely different design. "
  16. ^Bebbington (1998),p. 59. "...rack-and-pinion steering system (Australian TRW) replaced the Opel's old fashioned recirculating-ball steering box and linkage."
  17. ^Tuckey (1999),p. 48. "In the end, it would have spent around $110 million on tools, facilities, development and start-up expenses for the VB."
  18. ^Wright (1998),p. 232. "Initially, it looked as if it would be cheaper to modify the German car to take the Australian engines but it transpired that a major re-engineering job was necessary if the German car was to meet Holden standards. [...] It cost almost as much to rework the Commodore as it would have done to introduce a new locally developed Holden."
  19. ^abcdeKenwright, Joe (29 July 2006)."Crossing the Lion".CarPoint.Archivedfrom the original on 28 October 2009.Retrieved16 June2007.
  20. ^Tuckey (1999),p. 85. "The Commodore [VB] wasn't considered a suitable base for a ute or a LWB vehicle."
  21. ^Bebbington (1998),p. 59. "Initially produced in one body style only, a four-door sedan, it was available in three trim levels: the Commodore, the Commodore SL and the top-of-the-range Commodore SL/E."
  22. ^Bebbington (2009),p. 77. "[W]agon models joined the line-up in July 1979 [...] The sheetmetal unique to the wagon body style was imported from Germany".
  23. ^Wright (1998),p. 256–257. "Although little criticised at the time, the [VB's] finish was poor and did not match that of other Holdens. Ill-fitting trim [...] accompanied various mechanical maladies including water pump failure and steering rack rattle to mar the ownership experience for many. Warranty claims were high in the first year or so. [...] Poor panel fit remained a problem throughout the life of the first generation of Commodores."
  24. ^Tuckey (1999),p. 54. "The first press reactions [to the VB] were euphoric. [...] There was huge praise for the steering, ride, handling and brakes."
  25. ^Jeeves (2008),p. 62.
  26. ^Robinson (2006),p. 23. "The footprint of the Commodore was five per cent bigger than the Torana, but 14 percent smaller than the Kingswood. Yet, [...] the cabin enclosed 96 per cent of the older model's interior space."
  27. ^Wright (1998),p. 254. "TheFalconwas in a superior class to the Commodore—in Fordspeak a D class (large) car rather than a C class (medium) car. [...] The only Holden to directly compete with theXD Falconwas the aged Kingswood. "
  28. ^Wright (1998),p. 250. "Because the Commodore was significantly lighter than the Kingswood, any given engine delivered superior fuel economy..."
  29. ^Wright (1998),p. 265. "The taxi industry put interior space at a premium and so, in many cases, did government and private industry fleet buyers. Every Commodore not sold into a fleet—because the car was perceived as too small, too expensive, or both—generally meant the sale of a Ford instead."
  30. ^Bebbington (1998),p. 61. "In March 1980, the VC Commodore was released. [...] The big news for the VC was the upgrading of all engines to XT5 specifications. Blue sixes and V8s replaced the Red units in the VB and earlier Holdens".
  31. ^Gribble (1980),p. 23. "The L6 has a new cylinder head with separate ports (six inlet and six exhaust), larger valves and revised combustion chambers. Also new is a two-barrel Varajet carburettor and re-designed inlet and dual exhaust manifolds. [...] A Bosch high energy breakerless ignition system has been incorporated..."
  32. ^Bebbington (1998),p. 61. "The V8s received new heads, inlet manifold and electronic ignition (and four-barrel carburettor for the 4.2-litre). Major improvements were made to power output, driveability and economy."
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  34. ^Norton (2008),p. 80. "An interesting introduction was the fitting of Holden's 1.9 litre" Starfire "four cylinder in L and SL. [...] the Starfire was GMH's six cylinder engine literally with two cylinder lopped off. [...] The engine was not a fast nor high revver nor particularly impressive economy wise [...] The Starfire was regarded as lacking power and performance."
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  38. ^Bebbington (1998),p. 61. "The model lineup was basically as before with the base Commodore now badged as the Commodore L. Externally, the VC could be identified by its egg-grate-style grille, with the lion and HOLDEN badge in the centre, black trim added to the sedan tail-lights and model badging now set into the leading edge of the rubbing strip on the front doors."
  39. ^Bebbington (1998),p. 62. "A9K fleet package (with many items deleted) available on L sedan and station wagon."
  40. ^Jeeves (2008),p. 70. "The VC SL/E offered a Shadowtone dark over light paint finish..."
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