Wikipedia

Ismail Kadare

Ismail Kadare(Albanian:[ismaˈilkadaˈɾe];28 January 1936 – 1 July 2024) was an Albanian novelist, poet, essayist, screenwriter, and playwright.[2]He was a leading international literary figure and intellectual. He focused on poetry until the publication of his first novel,The General of the Dead Army,which made him famous internationally.[3]

Ismail Kadare

DFK
Kadare, c. 1990s
Kadare, c. 1990s
Born(1936-01-28)28 January 1936
Gjirokastër,Albania
Died1 July 2024(2024-07-01)(aged 88)
Tirana,Albania
OccupationNovelist, poet, essayist, screenwriter, playwright
NationalityAlbanian; French[1]
CitizenshipAlbania; Kosovo
Education
Period1954–2024
GenreSubjective realism,dystopia,satire,parable,myth,fable,folk-tale,allegory,andlegend.
SubjectsAlbanian history,Albanian folk beliefs,Communism,Ottoman Empire,Totalitarianism
Notable works
Notable awardsPrix mondial Cino Del Duca
1992
Man Booker International Prize
2005
Prince of Asturias Award
2009
Jerusalem Prize
2015
Order ofLegion of Honour
2016
Park Kyong-ni Prize
2019
Neustadt International Prize for Literature
2020
SpouseHelena Gushi
Children2, includingBesiana
Parents
  • Halit Kadare
  • HatixheDobi
RelativesHoxhëDobi(Great Grandfather)
Signature

Kadare is regarded by some as one of the greatest writers and intellectuals of the 20th and 21st centuries, and as a universal voice against totalitarianism.[4][5][6]Living in Albania during a time of strict censorship, he devised stratagems to outwit Communist censors who had banned three of his books, using devices such as parable, myth, fable, folk-tale, allegory, and legend, sprinkled with double-entendre, allusion, insinuation, satire, and coded messages. In 1990, to escape the Communist regime and itsSigurimisecret police,he defected to Paris. From the 1990s he was asked by both major political parties in Albania to become a consensualPresidentof the country, but declined. In 1996, France made him a foreign associate of theAcadémie des Sciences Morales et Politiques,and in 2016, he was aCommandeur de la Légion d'Honneurrecipient.

Kadare was nominated for theNobel Prize in Literature15 times. In 1992, he was awarded thePrix mondial Cino Del Duca;in 1998, theHerder Prize;in 2005, the inauguralMan Booker International Prize;in 2009, thePrince of Asturias Awardof Arts; and in 2015, theJerusalem Prize.He was awarded thePark Kyong-ni Prizein 2019, and theNeustadt International Prize for Literaturein 2020.[7]His nominating juror for the Neustadt Prize wrote: "Kadare is the successor ofFranz Kafka.No one since Kafka has delved into the infernal mechanism of totalitarian power and its impact on the human soul in as much hypnotic depth as Kadare. "His writing has also been compared to that ofNikolai Gogol,George Orwell,Gabriel García Márquez,Milan Kundera,andBalzac.His works have been published in 45 languages.The New York Timeswrote that he was a national figure in Albania comparable in popularity perhaps toMark Twainin the United States, and that "there is hardly an Albanian household without a Kadare book".

He was the husband of authorHelena Kadareand the father of United Nations Ambassador and UN General Assembly Vice-presidentBesiana Kadare.In 2023 he was granted citizenship ofKosovo,by presidentVjosa Osmani.[8][9]

Early life and education

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Ismail Kadare was born on 28 January 1936, in theKingdom of Albaniaduring the reign ofKing Zog I.He was born inGjirokastër,an historicOttoman Empirefortress mountain city of tall stone houses insouthern Albania,a dozen miles from the border with Greece.[10][11][12]He lived there on a crooked, narrow street known as Lunatics' Lane.[13][14][15]

Ismail's parents were Halit Kadare, a post office employee, and HatixheDobi,a homemaker, who had married in 1933 when she was 17.[16][17][18]On his mother's side, his great-grandfather was aBejtexhiof theBektashi Order,known asHoxhëDobi.[19]Though he was born into aMuslimfamily, he was anatheist.[20][21]

Three years after Kadare was born, Italian Prime MinisterBenito Mussolini's troops invaded Albania and ousted the king.Italian rulefollowed.[22]He was nine years old when the Italian troops were withdrawn, and the communist-ledPeople's Socialist Republic of Albaniawas established.[23]

Kadare attended primary and secondary schools in Gjirokastër.[23]He then studied Languages and Literature at the Faculty of History and Philology of theUniversity of Tirana.[23][24]In 1956, he received a teacher's diploma.[25]He lived inTiranauntil moving to France in 1990.[26][27][28]

Literary career

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Early

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Konak(house) of Kadare in theOttomanold town ofGjirokastër

At age 11, Kadare readWilliam Shakespeare's playMacbeth.He recalled years later: "Because I did not yet understand that I could simply purchase it in a bookstore, I copied much of it by hand and took it home. My childhood imagination pushed me to feel like a co-author of the play."[29]

He soon became entranced by literature.[29][11][30]At age 12, Kadare wrote his first short stories, which were published in thePionieri(Pioneer) journal in Tirana, a communist magazine for children.[23][31]In 1954 he published his first collection of poems,Frymëzime djaloshare(Boyish inspirations).[32]In 1957 he published a poetry collection entitledËndërrimet(Dreams).[33]

At 17, Kadare won a poetry contest in Tirana, which allowed him to travel to Moscow to study at theMaxim Gorky Literature Institute.[4]He studied literature during theKhrushchev era,doing post-graduate work from 1958 to 1960.[15]His training had as its goal for him to become a communist writer and "engineer of human souls", to help construct a culture of the new Albania.[34]In Moscow he met writers united under the banner ofSocialist Realism—a style of art characterized by the idealized depiction of revolutionary communist values, such as the emancipation of theproletariat.Kadare also had the opportunity to read contemporary Western literature, including works byJean Paul Sartre,Albert Camus,andErnest Hemingway.[35]He rejected the canons of Socialist Realism and committed himself internally to writing as opposed to dogmatism.[36][37][38]He also cultivated contempt for thenomenklatura,an attitude which, he later wrote, was the product of his youthful arrogance rather than of considered political opposition.[39]During his time in the Soviet Union, Kadare published a collection of poetry in Russian, and in 1959 also wrote his first novel,Qyteti pa reklama(The City Without Signs), a critique of socialist careerism in Albania.[40][41]

Kadare returned home in October 1960 on Albanian orders, beforeAlbania's breaking of political and economic ties with the USSR.[15][17][42]He lived for the next 30 years in Tirana, in an apartment which now houses the Ismail Kadare House museum and archives.[43][44]He worked as a journalist, became editor-in-chief of the literary periodicalLes Lettres Albanaises(Albanian Letters;published simultaneously in Albanian and French), and then contributed to the literary reviewDritafor five years, while embarking on a literary career of his own.[45][23][44]

At that time Kadare had a reputation for poetry. In 1961 he published a volume of poetry entitledShekulli im(My Century).[42][33]His work was particularly popular with Albanian youth. His future wife Helena, then a schoolgirl, wrote a fan letter to the young writer, which eventually led to their marriage in 1963.[46]

Kadare wrote one of his earliest pieces in the 1960s, a poem entitled "The Princess Argjiro". Locally inspired, the poem transforms the centuries-old myth of the legendary 15th centuryPrincess Argjiro,who was said to have jumped offGjirokastër Castlealong with her child to avoid being captured by theOttomans.[47][34]The poem was denounced and an official reader's report was commissioned, which maintained he had committed historical and ideological errors.[47][34]Kadare was criticized implicitly for disregarding socialist literary principles.[47][34]

In 1962, Kadare published an excerpt from his first novel as a short story under the titleCoffeehouse Days[sq]in a communist youth magazine.[48][49][50]It was banned immediately after publication, contributing to his reputation for "decadence".[39][51][23]

In 1963, at 26 years of age, Kadare published his novelThe General of the Dead Army,about an army general and a priest who, 20 years after World War II, are sent to Albania to locate the remains of fallen Italian soldiers and return them to Italy for burial.[52][23][11]The novel faced criticism by Albanian literary critics for flouting socialist ideals and for its dark tone.[53]The novel was thus in stark contrast to those of other Albanian writers of the time, who glorified the Communist revolution.[54][55]The novel inspired three films:Luciano Tovoli's 1983The General of the Dead Army(Il generale dell'armata morta) in Italian starringMarcello MastroianniandMichel Piccoli,Bertrand Tavernier's 1989Life and Nothing But(La Vie et rien d'autre) in French starringPhilippe Noiret,andDhimitër Anagnosti's 1989The Return of the Dead Army(Kthimi i ushtrisë së vdekur) in Albanian starringBujar Lako.[52]Though it is his best-known novel, and Kadare viewed it as "good literature", he did not view it as his best work.[56]

In 1964 he wrotePërse mendohen këto male(What are these mountains thinking about?).[33]His next short novel,The Monster(Përbindëshi), published in the literary magazineNëntoriin 1965, was labelled "decadent" and banned upon publication; it was Kadare's second ban.[23]

By the mid-1960s, the cultural censorship thaw of the early part of the decade was over, and conditions changed dramatically. In 1967, Albania launched its ownCultural Revolution.Kadare was exiled for two years along with other Albanian writers toBeratin the countryside, to learn about life alongside the peasants and workers.[57][37]Two Albanian dramatists were at the time also sentenced to eight years in prison each.[57]Albanian writers and artists encountered indifference from the world outside Albania, which did not speak in their support.[58]

International breakthrough (1970–1980)

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The General of the Dead Armywas Kadare's first great success outside Albania.[59]The French translation byIsuf Vrioni,published in 1970 in Paris by publisherAlbin Michel,led to Kadare's international breakthrough.[60][36]In the ironic novel, an Italian general and an Italian Army priest return to Albania 20 years after World War II, to find and bring back to Italy for final burial there the bodies of Italian soldiers killed in the war.[10][28]The French publishing house published the novel without Kadare's knowledge or permission, as Albania at the time was not a signatory to theUniversal Copyright Conventionand there was nocopyright protectionon the text.[61]Once the book appeared in France, it was translated into most European languages.[61]By 1977 it had been translated into over 20 languages, with the Albanian communist press hailing it as "one of the most successful translations of the world of the 70s".[62]

After the success of the novel in the West in 1970, the older generation of Albanian writers and dogmatic literary critics became extremely embittered against the "darling of the West": "This novel was published by the bourgeoisie and this cannot be accepted", said a report by the Albaniansecret police.[63]Kadare's enemies in the secret police and the old guard of theAlbanian Politburoreferred to him as an agent of the West, which was one of the most dangerous accusations that could be made in Albania.[64]He continued to publish in his home country and became widely promoted there, with frequent references in the Albanian press to new releases and translations of his work, being hailed as a "hero of the new Albanian literature".[65][66][67]Kadare's work was described as "treat[ing] many problems preoccupying" Albanian society, and as "mak[ing] use of the revolution as the organizing element of his writing".[68]He was also lauded as having a "revolutionary drive" which "keeps pace with life and fights against old ideas".[68]

In 1971 Kadare published the novelChronicle in Stone,in which the narrator is a young Albanian boy whose old stone city hometown is caught up in World War II, and successively occupied by Greek, Italian, and German forces.[69]The novel has been described asmagic realism.[46]John Updikewrote inThe New Yorker,that it was "a thoroughly enchanting novel — sophisticated and accomplished in its poetic prose and narrative deftness, yet drawing resonance from its roots in one of Europe's most primitive societies".[70]The book was heavily publicized in the Albanian press, both domestically and in magazines aimed at promoting Albanian socialism and culture to an international audience, such asNew Albania.[65]

Throughout the 1970s, Kadare began to work more with myths, legends, and the distant past, often drawing allusions between theOttoman Empireand present-day Albania.[71]At this time, he also worked as an editor and contributor toNew Albania,an arts and culture magazine which sought to promote Albanian socialism to a worldwide audience.[72]

In 1970, Kadare publishedKështjella(The CastleorThe Siege) which was celebrated in both Albania and Western Europe, seeing a translation into French in 1972.[66]It detailed the war between Albanians and Ottomans during the time ofSkanderbeg.[73]

In 1978 he published the novelThe Three-Arched Bridge,a political parable set in 1377 in theBalkans,narrated by an Albanian monk.[74]The New York Timescalled it "an utterly captivating yarn: strange, vivid, ominous, macabre and wise".[74]

After Kadare offended the authorities with a political poem entitled "The Red Pasha" in 1975 that poked fun at the Albanian Communist bureaucracy, he was denounced, narrowly avoiding being shot, and was ultimately sent to domanual labourin a remote village deep in thecentral Albaniacountryside for a short time.[75][76][77]After his return to Tirana, Kadare increasingly began to publish short novellas.[37]

In 1980 Kadare published the novelBroken April,about the centuries-old tradition of hospitality,blood feuds,andrevenge killingin the highlands ofnorth Albaniain the 1930s.[78][79]The New York Times,reviewing it, wrote: "Broken Aprilis written with masterly simplicity in abardicstyle, as if the author is saying: Sit quietly and let me recite a terrible story about a blood feud and the inevitability of death by gunfire in my country. You know it must happen because that is the way life is lived in these mountains. Insults must be avenged; family honor must be upheld. "[80]The novel was adapted into the 2001 Brazilian filmBehind the Sun(Abril Despedaçado) by filmmakerWalter Salles,set in 1910 Brazil and starringRodrigo Santoro,which was nominated for aBAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Languageand aGolden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film.[81]

Controversy and tension in Albania (1981–1990)

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In 1981, Kadare publishedThe Palace of Dreams,an anti-totalitarian fantasy novel.[82]In the novel, an authoritarian dystopia (the imaginary U.O.S.; the United Ottoman States) through an enormous bureaucratic entity (the Palace of Dreams) collects every dream in the empire, sorts it, files it, analyses it, and reports the most dangerous ones to the Sultan.[83][11][84]Kadare first published an excerpt of the novel as a short story, alongside some of his other new works, in his 1980 collection of four novellas,Gjakftohtësia(Cold-bloodedness). The following year, under the same title, Kadare published the completed novel in the second edition ofEmblema e dikurshme(Signs of the Past); despite its political themes, it was not censored by the Albanian authorities.[85]

After publishingThe Palace of Dreams,readers began to draw comparisons between its critique of totalitarianism and the current government of Albania. At a meeting of theAlbanian Writers Union,Kadare was accused by the president of the Union of deliberately evading politics by cloaking much of his fiction in history and folklore, andThe Palace of Dreamswas expressly condemned in the presence of several members of the Albanian Politburo.[11]Kadare was accused of attacking the government in a covert manner, and the novel was viewed by the authorities as an anticommunist work and a mockery of the political system.[86][87][11]As a result, the work was banned—but not before 20,000 copies had been sold.[88][11]The authorities were initially reluctant to imprison or purge Kadare, as he had become an internationally recognized literary figure and it would have caused an international backlash – which, given the country's rapid economic decline, the government wanted to avoid at all costs.[89]Western press reacted to the condemnation ofThe Palace of Dreams,and Western protests mounted in his defence.[37]Of all his books, he was most proud of having written this one.[90]

That same year Kadare finished his novelThe Concert,a satirical account of theSino-Albanian split,but it was criticized by the authorities and was not published until 1988.[91]

Communist Albanian leaderEnver Hoxhapresided over aStalinist regimeof forced collectivization and suppression from the end of World War II until 1985.[16][92]He initiated a process of eliminating Kadare, but backed off due to Western reaction.[93]There was a nightly presence of authorities outside of Kadare's apartment.[94]Albanian historian and scholar Anton Logoreci described Kadare during this time as "a rare sturdy flower growing, inexplicably, in a largely barren patch".[95]

In January 1985, Kadare's novelA Moonlit Nightwas published, only to be banned by the authorities.[96][97]On 9 April 1985, Hoxha fell into a coma; the next night he died, aged 76. On the evening of the ailing dictator's death, members of the Union of Writers, the Albanian Politburo, and the Central Committee of theCommunist Partyhastily organized a meeting in order to condemnMoonlit Night.[98]

That same year Kadare wrote the novellaAgamemnon's Daughter– a direct critique, set in the 1970s, of the oppressive regime in Albania. It was smuggled out of the country, with the help of Kadare's French editorClaude Durand,but was not published until 2003.[99][79]

In 1990 Kadare requested a meeting with Albanian presidentRamiz Alia,at which he urged him to end human rights abuses, implement democratic and economic reforms, and end the isolation of Albania.[75]Kadare was disappointed with Alia's slow reaction.[75]

Political asylum in France (1990–2024)

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Kadare in 2002

In October 1990, after he criticized the Albanian government, urged democratization of isolationist Albania – Europe's last Communist-ruled country, then with a population of 3.3 million – and faced the ire of its authorities and threats from theSigurimisecret police, Kadare sought and receivedpolitical asylumin France.[100][101][75]Hedefectedto Paris, where he thereafter primarily lived, except for a time in Tirana.[90][102][103]He had decided to defect because he had become disillusioned with the government of Ramiz Alia, legal opposition was not allowed in Albania, and he had become convinced "that more than any action I could take in Albania, my defection would help the democratization of my country".[76][104]The New York Timeswrote that he was a national figure in Albania comparable in popularity perhaps toMark Twainin the United States, and that "there is hardly an Albanian household without a Kadare book, and even foreign visitors are presented with volumes of his verse as souvenirs".[76]

The official Albanian press agency reacted by issuing a statement on "this ugly act", saying Kadare had placed himself "in the services of the enemies of Albania".[76]Some intellectuals, at great personal risk, publicly supported Kadare, whom the authorities had declared a traitor. PoetDritero Agolli,who headed the Albanian Writers' Union, said: "I continue to have great respect for his work."[76]Despite this, his books were not fully banned by the Communist authorities, and he remained a popular and celebrated author.[103][105]

After receiving political asylum and settling in France, Kadare continued to write. His exile in Paris was fruitful and enabled him to succeed further, writing both in Albanian and in French.[106]

His 1992 novelThe Pyramidis a political allegory set in Egypt in the 26th century BC, focusing on intrigues behind the construction of theGreat Pyramid of Cheops.[17][107]In it, Kadare mocked any dictator's love for hierarchy and useless monuments. In some of Kadare's novels, comprising the so-called "Ottoman Cycle", theOttoman Empireis used as the archetype of a totalitarian state. In 1993, the novel was awarded thePrix Méditerranée Étrangerin France.[108]

Frieze honoring Kadare atGjirokastër Castle

In 1994 he began to work on the first bilingual volume of his work with the French publishing houseFayard.[109]The same year, at the request of the French publisher Flammarion, he wrote the essay "La légende des légendes" ( "The legend of legends" ), which was immediately translated to French and published in 1995.

Kadare's 1996 novelSpiritusmarked a narrative and compositional turning point in his literary career. In it, two ghosts return to a post-Communist world.[77]Its influence is felt in all of his subsequent novels.[110]It deals with a group of foreigners who are touring Eastern Europe after the fall of Communism and hear exciting rumours during their stay in Albania about the capture of the spirit from the dead. As it turns out, the spirit is in fact a listening device known to the notorious secret service as a "hornet".[89]

Kadare's 2008 novelThe Fall of the Stone Citywas awarded theRexhai SurroiPrize inKosovo,and was shortlisted for theIndependentForeign Fiction Prizein 2013.[111]His semi-autobiographical novelThe Dollwas published in 2020.[112]It focuses on his complex bonds with his mother and his country.[112]

Beginning in the 1990s, Kadare was asked multiple times by both the country's major political parties to run forpresident of Albania,but he declined.[113][7][101]

Later life and death

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Kadare married Albanian authorHelena Gushiand had two daughters.Besiana Kadareis the Albanian ambassador to the United Nations, its ambassador toCubaand a vice president of theUnited Nations General Assemblyfor its75th session.[114]

Kadare returned to Albania in his later years. After suffering from ill health for several years, he died from a heart attack at a Tirana hospital, on July 1, 2024. Kadare was 88.[115][116][117]He was granted astate funeralon July 3 at theNational Theatre of Opera and Balletin Tirana, but was buried in a private ceremony shortly afterwards. Two days of mourning were declared in Albania, while one day of mourning was declared in neighboringKosovo.[118]

Awards

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Kadare on a 2011 Albania postal stamp celebrating his 75th birthday

In 1992, Kadare was awarded thePrix mondial Cino Del Ducainternational literary award in France.[119]In 1996 he was made a lifetime member of theAcademy of Moral and Political Sciencesof France (Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques), one of the five academies that make up theInstitut de Francelearned society, in the chair vacated by the recently deceased philosopherKarl Popper.[52][4][45]In 1998 he was awarded the internationalHerder Prizein Austria.[120]In 2003 he received theOvid Prizeinternational award in Romania, and the Presidential Gold Medal of theLeague of Prizrenfrom thePresident of Kosovo.[121][122][123]

In 2005 Kadare received the inauguralMan Booker International Prizein the United Kingdom for the full body of his work. In his acceptance speech, he said: "We propped each other up as we tried to write literature as if that regime did not exist. Now and again we pulled it off. At other times we didn't."[11]

In 2008 Kadare received theFlaiano Prizeinternational award in Italy.[124]In 2009, Kadare was awarded thePrince of Asturias Award for Literaturein Spain, for his literary works.[125]

In 2015, Kadare was awarded the bi-annualJerusalem Prizein Israel.[126]Speaking ofthe relationship between Albania and the Jews,he said: "I come from one of the few countries in the world whichhelped the Jews during World War II.I believe the number of Jews there grew from 200 at the start of the war to 2,000 by the end. The population always defended the Jews, whether during the kingdom, under Communism, or after it. "[14][127][128]He noted that duringthe HolocaustAlbanians refused to hand Jews over to theNazis,and many Albanians went to great lengths to protect Jewish refugees who had fled to Albania.[102]He also noted that Albania and Israel share in common the experience of fighting for survival in a sometimes hostile neighbourhood.[102]

In 2016, Kadare became the first AlbanianCommandeur de la Légion d'Honneurrecipient, with the award being given to him by French presidentFrançois Hollande.[77][129]That year he was also awarded theAlbanian National Flag Decoration,Albania's highest decoration, by PresidentBujar Nishani.[130][131]He won the 2018International Nonino Prizein Italy.[132]

Kadare won the 2019Park Kyong-ni Prize,an international award based in South Korea, for his literary works during his career.[133][134][135]

In 2023, Kadare won theAmerica Award in Literaturefor a lifetime contribution to international writing.[136]That year he was also namedGrand Officer (Grand officier) of the Legion of Honourby a special decree of French presidentEmmanuel Macron,and thus was ranked among the 250 world-renowned personalities honoured by France.[43]The Legion of Honour is the highest state title awarded by France.[137]

TheNeustadt Prize Feather

Kadare was nominated for the 2020Neustadt International Prize for Literature(described as the "American Nobel" ) in the United States by Bulgarian writerKapka Kassobova.[138]He was selected as the 2020 laureate by the Prize's jury.[139]He won the 2020 Neustadt International Prize for Literature.[7]In his acceptance speech, he observed: "There is no room for literature in the Marxist vision of the future world."[140]His nominating juror wrote: "Kadare is the successor ofFranz Kafka.No one since Kafka has delved into the infernal mechanism of totalitarian power and its impact on the human soul in as much hypnotic depth as Kadare. "[26]

Kadare won the 2020 Prozart Award, given by the PRO-ZA Balkan International Literature Festival, for his contributions to the development of literature in the Balkans.[141]

Kadare received the President of the Republic of Albania"Honor of the Nation" Decoration,and the French state order "Cross of the Legion of Honor".[119]He was also a member of theAcademy of Albania,theBerlin Academy of Arts,and theMallarmé Academy,and was awarded honorary doctorates in 1992 from theUniversity of Grenoble IIIin France, in 2003 from theUniversity of Pristinain Kosovo, and in 2009 from theUniversity of Palermoin Italy.[27][45][142]

Kadare was nominated for theNobel Prize in Literature15 times.[21]He stated that the press spoke about him being a potential Nobel Prize winner so much, that "many people think that I've already won it".[143]

In 2023 Kadare was granted citizenship ofKosovo.[144]

Legacy

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Kadare was considered to be one of the greatest writers in the world.[4][14]The London newspaperThe Independentsaid of Kadare: "He has been compared toGogol,KafkaandOrwell.But Kadare's is an original voice, universal but deeply rooted in his own soil. "[145]The New York Timessaid his fiction has been compared with that ofGabriel García Márquez,as well asMilan Kundera,andThe Christian Science Monitorwrote he has also been compared withDostoevskyandIsak Dinesen.[78][16][69]Translator and biographerDavid Belloswrote: "In some ways, he's likeBalzac."[79]CriticRichard Edercalled him "a supreme fictional interpreter of the psychology and physiognomy of oppression".[83]

Kadare's literary works were conceived in the bedrock of tinyAlbanian literature,almost unknown before in Europe or the rest of the world.[146]With Kadare it became known, read, and appreciated. For the first time in its history, through Kadare, Albanian literature has been integrated into wider European and world literature.[147]

Kadare's oeuvre is a literature of resistance. He managed to write normal literature in an abnormal country – a Communist dictatorship. He had to struggle to get his literary works published, going against state policy. At times even putting his life at risk. Dissent was not allowed in Albania.[11]Kadare noted: "That was not possible. You risked being shot. Not condemned, but shot for a word against the regime. A single word."[11]

Under Hoxha, at least 100,000 people were imprisoned for political reasons or for a word they said or wrote; 5,000, including many writers, were executed.[11][148]

Kadare devised numerous subtle stratagems to outwit Communist censors.[149][11]He used old devices such as parable, myth, fable, folk-tale, allegory, and legend, and sprinkled them with double-entendre, allusion, insinuation, satire, and coded messages.[11][77][76]

His oeuvre in general has been in theoretical and practical opposition to the mandatory Socialist Realism required by the State.[146]Kadare challenged Socialist Realism for three decades and opposed it with his subjective realism,[150][151]avoiding state censorship by using allegorical, symbolic, historical and mythological means.[152]

The conditions in which Kadare lived and published his works were not comparable to other European Communist countries where at least some level of public dissent was tolerated. Rather, the situation in Albania was comparable toNorth Koreaor tothe Soviet Union in the 1930sunderStalin.Despite this, Kadare used any opportunity to attack the regime in his works, by means of political allegories, which were picked up by educated Albanian readers.[153]Henri Amouroux,a member of the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques of France, pointed out that Soviet dissidents includingSolzhenitsynpublished their works during the era ofde-Stalinization,whereas Kadare lived and published his works in a country which remainedStalinistuntil 1990.[154]

Works

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Main article:Ismail Kadare bibliography

Kadare's works have been published in 45 languages.[155][156][157]By 2020 most of his approximately 80 novels, plays, screenplays, poetry, essays, and story collections had been translated into different languages.[101]

Among Kadare's best-known books areThe General of the Dead Army(1963),The Siege(1970),The Ghost Rider(1980),Broken April(1980;blood feudsin the highlands ofnorth Albania),[11][17][38]The Palace of Dreams(1981),The Pyramid(1992), andThe Successor(2003; regarding the mysterious death of Hoxha's handpicked successor,Mehmet Shehu).[17]

Some Kadare books were translated into English byDavid Bellos,from French translations rather than the Albanian originals.[99]

English translations

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The following Kadare novels have been translated into English:

Albanian

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Kadare's complete works (other than essays, poetry, and short stories) were published by Fayard, simultaneously in French and Albanian, between 1993 and 2004.[91]His original Albanian-language works have been published exclusively byOnufri Publishing Housesince 1996,[161]as single works or entire sets. Published in 2009, the set of complete works constituted 20 volumes.[162]

The dates of publication given here are those of the first publication in Albanian, unless stated otherwise.

Novels and novellas

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Plays

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  • Stinë e mërzitshme në Olimp(Stormy Weather on Mount Olympus) (1998)[163]

Screenplays

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  • Sorkadhet e trembura(Frightened Gazelles) (2009)[165]

Poetry

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Essays

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  • Autobiografia e popullit në vargje(The People's Autobiography in Verse) (1971)[163]
  • Eskili, ky humbës i madh(Aeschylus, The Lost) (1985)[163]
  • Ftesë në studio(Invitation to the Writer's Studio) (1990)[163]
  • Nga një dhjetor në tjetrin(Albanian Spring) (1991)[163]
  • Legjenda e legjendave(1996)[163]
  • Kushëriri i engjëjve(The Angels' Cousin) (1997)ISBN978-9928-164-13-1
  • Kombi shqiptar në prag të mijëvjeçarit të tretë(The Albanian Nation on the Threshold of the Third Millennium) (1998)OCLC42591890
  • Unaza në kthetra(The Ring on the Claw) (2001)ISBN9789992745304
  • Poshtërimi në Ballkan(Abasement in the Balkans) (2004)[163]
  • Identiteti evropian i shqiptarëve(The European Identity of Albanians) (2006)[163]
  • Dantja i pashmangshëm(Dante, The Inevitable) (2006)[163]
  • Hamlet, le prince impossible(Hamlet, The Impossible Prince) (2007)[163]
  • Don Kishoti në Ballkan(Don Quixote in the Balkans) (2009)[167]
  • Mosmarrëveshja, mbi raportet e Shqipërisë me vetveten(2010)ISBN978-9928-164-24-7
  • Mbi krimin në Ballkan; Letërkëmbim i zymtë(On Crime in the Balkans)(2011)[168]
  • Çlirimi i Serbisë prej Kosovës(Serbia's Liberation from Kosovo) (2012)ISBN978-99956-87-92-2
  • Mëngjeset në Kafe Rostand(Mornings in Cafe Rostand) (2014)ISBN9789928186256
  • Arti si mëkat(Art as a Sin) (2015)ISBN978-9928-186-63-8
  • Uragani i ndërprerë: Ardhja e Migjenit në letërsinë shqipe(The Interrupted Hurricane: The Advent of Migjeni in Albanian Literature) (2015)ISBN978-9928-186-58-4
  • Tri sprova mbi letërsinë botërore(Essays on World Literature) (2017)ISBN978-9928-226-88-4
  • Kur sunduesit grinden(When Rulers Quarrel) (2018)ISBN978-9928-261-44-1

Story collections

edit

See also

edit

References

edit
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  6. ^Breto, Jose Carlos Rodrigo (2018).Ismail Kadare: La grand estratagema(in Spanish). Barcelona: Ediciones del Subsuelo. pp. 317–318.ISBN978-84-947802-0-2.Y que este libro sea el principio de toda una serie de ensayos que pueda cosntruir para abundar y ahondar en la obra del escritor que considero como más importante del Siglo XXI, y uno de los más importantes de la segunda mitad del Siglo XX.
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