Wikipedia

M1 Garand

"Garand" redirects here. For other uses, seeGarand (disambiguation).

TheM1 GarandorM1 rifle[nb 1]is asemi-automatic riflethat was theservice rifleof theU.S. ArmyduringWorld War IIand theKorean War.

U.S. Rifle, Caliber.30, M1
M1 Garand rifle from the collection of theSwedish Army Museum,Stockholm
TypeSemi-automatic rifle
Place of originUnited States
Service history
In service
  • 1936–1957 (as the standard U.S. service rifle)[1]
  • 1940s–present (other countries)
Used bySeeUsers
Wars
Production history
DesignerJohn C. Garand
Designed1928
Manufacturer
Unit costAbout $85 (during World War II) (equivalent to $1,500 in 2023)
Produced1934–1957
No.built5,468,772[11]
VariantsSeeVariants
Specifications
Mass9.5 lb (4.31 kg) to 11.6 lb (5.3 kg)
Length43.5 in (1,100 mm)
Barrellength24 in (609.6 mm)
Cartridge
ActionGas-operated,closedrotating bolt
Rate of fire40–50 rounds/min
Muzzle velocity2,800 ft/s (853 m/s)
Effective firing range500 yd (457 m)[12]
Feed system8-rounden blocclip,internal box magazine[13]
Sights
  • Rear: adjustable aperture
  • Front: wing protected post

The rifle is chambered for the.30-06 Springfieldcartridge and is named after itsCanadian-Americandesigner,John Garand.It was the first standard-issueautoloading riflefor the United States.[14]By most accounts, the M1 rifle performed well. GeneralGeorge S. Pattoncalled it "the greatest battle implement ever devised".[15][16]The M1 replaced thebolt-actionM1903 Springfieldas the U.S. service rifle in 1936,[17]and was itself replaced by theselective-fireM14 rifleon 26 March 1958.[18]

Pronunciation

edit

Sources differ on the pronunciation of the M1 Garand. Some, such as GeneralJulian Hatcher'sThe Book of the Garand(1948), give/ˈɡærənd/GARR-ənd,identical to the pronunciation of John Garand's surname.[19]However, a 1952 issue ofArmed Forces Talk,a periodical published by theU.S. Department of Defense,gives the pronunciation as/ɡəˈrænd/gə-RAND,saying "popular usage has placed the accent on the second syllable, so that the rifle has become the 'guh-RAND'".[20]American Riflemanmagazine, while acknowledging/ɡəˈrænd/gə-RANDas the pronunciation favored by U.S. servicemen, deemed either pronunciation valid.[21]

History

edit
M1 Garand withen blocclips
M1 Garand displayed withen blocclip at U.S. Army Museum of Hawaii

Development

edit

French Canadian-born Garand[22]went to work at the United States Army'sSpringfield Armoryand began working on a.30 caliberprimer actuated blowbackModel 1919prototype. In 1924, twenty-four rifles, identified as "M1922s", were built at Springfield. AtFort Benningduring 1925, they were tested against models byBerthier,Hatcher-Bang,Thompson,andPedersen,the latter two beingdelayed blowbacktypes.[23]This led to a further trial of an improved "M1924" Garand against the Thompson, ultimately producing an inconclusive report.[23]As a result, theOrdnance Boardordered a.30-06 Garand variant. In March 1927, the cavalry board reported trials among the Thompson, Garand, and '03 Springfield had not led to a clear winner. This led to a gas-operated.276 (7 mm) model (patented by Garand on 12 April 1930).[23]

In early 1928, both theinfantryandcavalryboards ran trials with the.276 Pedersen T1rifle, calling it "highly promising"[23](despite its use ofwaxedammunition,[24]shared by the Thompson).[25]On 13 August 1928, a semiautomatic rifle board (SRB) carried out joint Army,Navy,andMarine Corpstrials among the.30 Thompson, both cavalry and infantry versions of the T1 Pedersen, "M1924" Garand, and.256 Bang,and on 21 September, the board reported no clear winner. The.30 Garand, however, was dropped in favor of the.276.[26]

Further tests by the SRB in July 1929, which included rifle designs by Colt–Browning, Garand,Holek,Pedersen,Rheinmetall,Thompson, and an incomplete one by White,[nb 2]led to a recommendation that work on the (dropped).30 gas-operated Garand be resumed, and a T1E1 was ordered 14 November 1929.

Twenty gas-operated.276 T3E2 Garands were made and competed with T1 Pedersen rifles in early 1931. The.276 Garand was the clear winner of these trials. The.30 caliber Garand was also tested, in the form of a single T1E1, but was withdrawn with a cracked bolt on 9 October 1931. A 4 January 1932 meeting recommended adoption of the.276 caliber and production of approximately 125 T3E2s. Meanwhile, Garand redesigned his bolt and his improved T1E2 rifle was retested. The day after the successful conclusion of this test,Army Chief of StaffGeneral Douglas MacArthurpersonally disapproved any caliber change, in part because there were extensive existing stocks of.30 M1 ball ammunition.[27]On 25 February 1932, Adjutant General John B. Shuman, speaking for the Secretary of War, ordered work on the rifles and ammunition in.276 caliber cease immediately and completely, and all resources be directed toward identification and correction of deficiencies in the Garand.30 caliber.[25]: 111 

On 3 August 1933, the T1E2 became the "semi-automatic rifle, caliber 30, M1".[23]In May 1934, 75 M1s went to field trials; 50 went to infantry, 25 to cavalry units.[25]: 113 Numerous problems were reported, forcing the rifle to be modified, yet again, before it could be recommended for service and cleared for procurement on 7 November 1935, then standardized 9 January 1936.[23]The first production model was successfully proof-fired, function-fired, and fired for accuracy on 21 July 1937.[28]

Production difficulties delayed deliveries to the Army until September 1937. Machine production began at Springfield Armory that month at a rate of ten rifles per day,[29]and reached an output of 100 per day within two years. Despite going into production status, design issues were not at an end. The barrel, gas cylinder, and front sight assembly were redesigned and entered production in early 1940. Existing "gas-trap" rifles were recalled and retrofitted, mirroring problems with the earlierM1903 Springfield riflethat also had to be recalled and reworked approximately three years into production and foreshadowing rework of theM16 rifleat a similar point in its development. Production of the Garand increased in 1940 despite these difficulties,[30]reaching 600 a day by 10 January 1941,[23]and the Army was fully equipped by the end of 1941.[27]Following the outbreak of World War II in Europe,Winchesterwas awarded an "educational" production contract for 65,000 rifles,[23]with deliveries beginning in 1943.[23]

Service use

edit
John Garand (left) points out features of the M1 to army generals
George Patton letter to Springfield Armory on the M1 Garand, 26 January 1945
U.S. Army infantryman in 1942 with M1 in front of anM3half-trackatFort Knox,Kentucky
U.S. Marine Corps Silent Drill Team with M1 rifles

The M1 Garand was made in large numbers during World War II; approximately 5.4 million were made.[31]They were used by every branch of the United States military. The rifle generally performed well.General George S. Pattoncalled it "the greatest battle implement ever devised."[16]The typical opponent of a US soldier during World War II was usually armed with a slower-firingbolt-action rifle(e.g. theKarabiner 98kfor Germany, theCarcano M1891for Italy, and theType 38 or Type 99 Arisaka riflefor Japan). The effect of faster-firing infantry small arms in general soon stimulated both Allied andAxis forcesto greatly increase their issue of semi- andfully automaticfirearms then in production, as well as to develop new types of infantry firearms.[32]

Many M1s were repaired or rebuilt after World War II. While U.S. forces were still engaged in the Korean War, theDepartment of Defensedecided more were needed. Springfield Armory ramped up production, but two new contracts were awarded. During 1953–56, M1s were produced byInternational HarvesterandHarrington & Richardsonin which International Harvester alone produced a total of 337,623 M1 Garands.[33][34]A final, very small, lot of M1s was produced by Springfield Armory in early 1957, using finished components already on hand.Berettaalso produced Garands using Winchester tooling.

In 1939, theBritish Armylooked at the M1 as a possible replacement for its bolt-actionLee–Enfield No.1 Mk. III,but decided against it as by January 1940 theBirmingham Small Arms Companywas already preparing production of the Lee-Enfield No. 4 Mk 1.[35]However,surplusM1 rifles were provided as foreign aid to American allies, including South Korea, West Germany, Italy, Japan, Denmark, Greece, Turkey,Iran,South Vietnam, the Philippines, etc. Most Garands shipped to allied nations were predominantly manufactured by International Harvester Corporation during the period of 1953–1956, and second from Springfield Armory from all periods.[34]

Some Garands were still being used by the United States into theVietnam Warin 1963; despite theM14's official adoption in 1958, it was not until 1965 that the changeover from the M1 Garand was fully completed in the active-duty component of the Army (with the exception of thesnipervariants, which were introduced in World War II and saw action in Korea and Vietnam). The Garand remained in service with theArmy Reserve,Army National Guard,and theNavyinto the early 1970s. The South Korean Army was using M1 Garands in the Vietnam War as late as 1966.[36]

Due to widespread United States military assistance as well as their durability, M1 Garands have also been found in use in recent conflicts such as with the insurgencies in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Some military drill teams still use the M1 rifle, including theU.S. Marine Corps Silent Drill Team,the United States Air Force Academy Cadet Honor Guard, theU.S. Air Force Auxiliary,almost allReserve Officer Training Corps(ROTC) and someJunior Reserve Officer Training Corps(JROTC) teams of all branches of the U.S. military.[citation needed]It is also used by the drill team ofHis Majesty the King's Guardof Norway.[37]

Design details

edit

Features

edit
The M1 Garand with important parts labeled

The M1 rifle is a.30 caliber,gas-operated,eight-shot clip-fed,semi-automatic rifle.[38]It is 43.6 inches (1,107 mm) long and it weighs about 9.5 pounds (4.31 kg).[39]

The M1'ssafety catchis located at the front of thetrigger guard,easily operated by the trigger finger. It is engaged when it is pressed rearward into the trigger guard, and disengaged when it is pushed forward and is protruding outside of the trigger guard.[40]

The M1 Garand was designed for simple assembly and disassembly to facilitate field maintenance. It can be field stripped (broken down) without tools in just a few seconds.[41]

The rifle has aniron sightline consisting of rear receiver aperture sight protected by sturdy "ears" calibrated for 100–1,200 yd (91–1,097 m) in 100 yd (91 m) increments. The bullet drop compensation is set by turning the range knob to the appropriate range setting. The bullet drop compensation/range knob can be fine adjusted by setting the rear sight elevation pinion. The elevation pinion can be fine adjusted in approximately oneMOAincrements. The aperture sight is also able to correct for wind drift operated by turning a windage knob that moves the sight in approximately one MOA increments. The windage lines on the receiver to indicate the windage setting are four MOA apart. The front sighting element consists of a wing-guard-protected front post.

DuringWorld War IIthe M1 rifle's semiautomatic operation gave United States infantrymen a significant advantage in firepower and shot-to-shot recovery time over enemy infantrymen armed primarily with bolt-action rifles. The semi-automatic operation and reduced recoil allowed soldiers to fire eight rounds as quickly as they could pull the trigger, without having to move their hands on the rifle and therefore disrupt their firing position and point of aim.[42]The Garand's fire rate, in the hands of a trained soldier, averaged 40–50 accurate shots per minute at a range of 300 yards (270 m). "At ranges over 500 yards (460 m), a battlefield target is hard for the average rifleman to hit. Therefore, 500 yards (460 m) is considered the maximum effective range, even though the rifle is accurate at much greater ranges."[39]

En blocclip

edit
An M1 Garanden blocclip loaded with eight.30-06 Springfieldrounds
Loading the M1
Unloading an M1en blocclip

The M1 rifle is fed by a reversibleen blocclipwhich holds eight rounds of.30-06 Springfieldammunition. When the lastcartridgeis fired, the rifle ejects the clip and locks the bolt open.[43]The M1 is then ready to reload. Once the clip is inserted, the bolt snaps forward on its own as soon as thumb pressure is released from the top round of the clip, chambering a round and leaving it ready to fire.[44][45]

Contrary to widespread misconception, partially expended or full clips can be easily ejected from the rifle by means of the clip latch button.[40]It is also possible to load single cartridges into a partially loaded clip while the clip is still in the magazine, but this requires both hands and a bit of practice. In reality, this procedure was rarely performed in combat, as the danger of getting debris inside the action along with the cartridges increased the chances of malfunction. Instead, it was much easier and quicker to simply manually eject the clip, and insert a fresh one,[46]which is how the rifle was originally designed to be operated.[45][47][48]Later, special clips holding two (8+2=10 for target shooting) or five rounds (to meet hunting regulations) became available on the civilian market, as well as a single-loading device which stays in the rifle when the bolt locks back.

In battle, the manual of arms called for the rifle to be fired until empty, and then recharged quickly. Due to the well-developed logistical system of the U.S. military at the time, this consumption of ammunition was generally not critical, though this could change in the case of units that came under intense fire or were flanked or surrounded by enemy forces.[47]When using the rifle to launch grenades, it requires the removal of a partially loaded clip of ball ammunition and replacement with a clip of M3 blank cartridges.[45]

Officials in Army Ordnance circles demanded a fixed, non-protruding magazine for the new service rifle. At the time, it was believed that a detachable magazine on a general-issue service rifle would be easily lost by U.S. soldiers (a criticism made of British soldiers and theLee–Enfielddozens of years previously), would render the weapon too susceptible to clogging from dirt and debris and that a protruding magazine would complicate existing manual-of-arms drills. As a result, inventorJohn Garanddeveloped anen blocclip system that allowed ammunition to be inserted from above, clip included, into the fixed magazine. While this design provided the requisite flush-mount magazine, the clip system increased the rifle's weight and complexity, and made only single loading ammunition possible without a clip.

Ejection of an empty clip created a distinctive metallic "clanging" sound.[49]In World War II, it was rumored that German and Japanese infantry were making use of this noise in combat to alert them to an empty M1 rifle in order to catch their American enemies with an unloaded rifle. It was reported that the U.S. Army'sAberdeen Proving Groundbegan experiments with clips made of various plastics in order to soften the sound, though no improved clips were ever adopted.[48]Conversely, former German soldiers have said that the sound was inaudible during engagements and not particularly useful when heard, as other squad members might have been nearby ready to fire.[50]Due to the often intense deafening noise of combat and gunfire it is highly unlikely any U.S. servicemen were killed as a result of being given away by the clang noise; however some soldiers still took the issue very seriously.[51]Some U.S. veterans recalling combat in Europe are convinced that German soldiers did respond to the ejection clang, and would throw an empty clip down to simulate the sound so the enemy would expose themselves.[52]

Gas system

edit
Two of Garand's patents, showing the original gas trap design and revised gas port system

Garand's original design for the M1 used a complicated gas system involving a special muzzle extension gas trap, later dropped in mid-1940 in favor of a simpler drilled gas port. Because most of the older rifles were retrofitted, pre-1940gas-trapM1s are very rare today and are prized collector's items.[38]In both systems, expanding gases from a fired cartridge are diverted into the gas cylinder. Here, the gases meet a long-stroke piston attached to the operating rod, which is pushed rearward by the force of this high-pressure gas. Then, the operating rod engages arotating boltinside thereceiver.The bolt is locked into the receiver via two locking lugs, which rotate, unlock, and initiate the ejection of the spent cartridge and the reloading cycle when the rifle is discharged. The operating rod (and subsequently the bolt) then returns to its original position.

The M1 Garand was one of the first self-loading rifles to use stainless steel for its gas tube, in an effort to prevent corrosion.[citation needed]As the stainless metal could not beparkerized,the gas tubes were given a stove-blackening that frequently wore off in use. Unless the gas tube could be quickly repainted, the resultant gleaming muzzle could make the M1 Garand and its user more visible to the enemy in combat.[47]

Accessories

edit
U.S. M5 bayonet with M8 scabbard
U.S. Marine preparing to fire M31 HEAT antitank rifle grenade from M1 rifle in the indirect mode with butt on the ground

Several accessories were used with the Garand rifle. Several different styles ofbayonetsfit the rifle: theM1905,with a 16-inch (406 mm) blade; theM1with a 10-inch (254 mm) blade (either made standard or shortened from existing M1905 bayonets); and theM5 bayonetwith a 6.75-inch (171 mm) blade.

Also available was theM7 grenade launcherthat could easily be attached to the end of the barrel.[53][54]It could be sighted using the M15 sight, which was attached with screws to the left side of the stock, just forward of the trigger.

A cleaning tool, oiler and grease containers could be stored in two cylindrical compartments in the buttstock for use in the field.

The M1907 two-piece leather rifle sling was the most common type of sling used with the weapon through World War II. In 1942, a cheaper and more adjustable olive drab canvas sling was introduced and gradually replaced the M1907 after the war.[55]

Another accessory was thewinter trigger,developed during the Korean War.[56]It consisted of a small mechanism installed on the trigger guard, allowing the soldier to remotely pull the trigger by depressing a lever just behind the guard.[56]This enabled the shooter to fire his weapon while using winter gloves, which could get "stuck" on the trigger guard or not allow for proper movement of the finger.[56]

Variants

edit

Sniper models

edit
Rifle, Cal. 30, M1C with M84 telescope and rear sight protector
Rifle, Cal. 30, M1D with M84 telescope and T-37flash suppressor

Most variants of the Garand, save thesnipervariants, never saw active duty.[49]The sniper versions were modified to accept scope mounts, and two versions (theM1C,formerly M1E7, and theM1D,formerly M1E8) were produced, although not in significant quantities during World War II.[57]The only difference between the two versions is the mounting system for thetelescopic sight.In June 1944, the M1C was adopted as a standardsniper rifleby theU.S. Armyto supplement the venerableM1903A4,but few saw combat; wartime production was 7,971 M1Cs.[58]

The procedure required to install the M1C-type mounts through drilling/tapping the hardened receiver reduced accuracy by warping the receiver. Improved methods to avoid reduction of accuracy were inefficient in terms of tooling and time. This resulted in the development of the M1D, which utilized a simpler, single-ring Springfield Armory mount attached to the barrel rather than the receiver. The M1C was first widely used during theKorean War.Korean War production was 4,796 M1Cs and 21,380 M1Ds; although few M1Ds were completed in time to see combat.[58]

TheU.S. Marine Corpsadopted the M1C as their official sniper rifle in 1951. This USMC 1952 sniper's rifle, or MC52, was an M1C with the commercial Stith Bear Cub scope manufactured by the Kollmorgen Optical Company under the military designation: telescopic sight - Model 4XD-USMC. The Kollmorgen scope with a slightly modifiedGriffin & Howemount was designated MC-1. The MC52 was also too late to see extensive combat in Korea, but it remained in Marine Corps inventories until replaced by bolt-action rifles during theVietnam War.[58]TheU.S. Navyhas also used the Garand, rechambered for the7.62×51mm NATOround.

A detachable M2 conical flash hider, adopted 25 January 1945 slipped over the muzzle and was secured in place by the bayonet lug. A T37 flash hider was developed later. Flash hiders were of limited utility during low-light conditions around dawn and dusk, but were often removed as potentially detrimental to accuracy.[58]

Tanker models

edit

TheTankername was invented after the war as a marketing gimmick for commercial Garands built on welded demilled receivers. There are three 18-inch M1 Garand variants, the M1E5 and T26, which never saw service, and the Pacific Warfare Board rifle, which saw very limited service in the Pacific.[59]The M1E5 is equipped with a shorter 18-inch (457 mm) barrel and afolding buttstock.The T26 also uses an 18-inch (457 mm)barrelbut retains the standard buttstock. The PWB rifle uses an 18-inch (457 mm) barrel, retains the standard buttstock, and has a foregrip secured by M1903 barrel band.

A weapon with those features was potentially valuable for paratroopers, as it was more powerful than the carbines and submachine guns currently in use. Preliminary testing revealed it had excessive recoil and muzzle blast, but it was recommended that it be developed further. The Infantry Board directed Col. Rene Studler to proceed with the project.

The task was assigned to Springfield Armory, and John Garand began work in January 1944. The resultant experimental arm, designated as the "U.S. Carbine, Cal. 30, M1E5", was fitted with a specially made 18-inch barrel (not a shortened standard M1 rifle barrel) marked "1 SA 2-44" and a pantograph metal stock that folded underneath the rifle. The receiver was marked "U.S. Carbine/Cal..30 M1E5/Springfield/Armory/1". It was designated as a carbine and not a rifle.

Other than the folding stock, the basic M1 rifle was essentially unchanged with the exception of the short barrel, a correspondingly shortened operating rod (and spring) and the lack of a front handguard. The overall length was 37½ inches and it weighed approximately 8 lbs., 6 ozs.

The M1E5 "Garand carbine"was tested at Aberdeen Proving Ground in May 1944. It was determined that while accuracy at 300 yards was on par with the standard M1 rifle, recoil, muzzle blast and flash were excessive. It was recommended that a pistol grip be installed, which was done for subsequent testing.

While the M1E5 was more compact than the standard Garand rifle, the short barrel made it an unpleasant gun to fire—and the advantages were not judged to be sufficient to offset the disadvantages. Further development of the M1E5 was suspended as other projects at Springfield, such as the selective-fire T20 series, were deemed to have a higher priority. Only one example of the M1E5 was fabricated for testing, and the gun resides today in the Springfield Armory National Historic Site Museum.

Despite the concept being shelved at Springfield Armory, the idea of a shortened M1 rifle was still viewed as potentially valuable for airborne and jungle combat use. Particularly in the Pacific Theater, there was widespread dissatisfaction with the M1 carbine's range, power and foliage-penetration ( "brush-cutting" ) capability. The Ordnance Department was not responsive to these complaints coming in from the Pacific and maintained that the M1 rifle and M1 carbine each filled a specific niche.[citation needed]

Nonetheless, by late 1944, the Pacific Warfare Board (PWB) decided to move forward with the development of a shortened M1 rifle. Colonel William Alexander, chief of the PWB, directed an Army ordnance unit of the6th Armyin the Philippines to fabricate 150 rifles in this configuration for testing. Since the previous M1E5 project was not widely disseminated, it is entirely possible that the PWB may not have been aware of Springfield Armory's development of a similar rifle, and conceived the idea independently.[citation needed]

Some of the shortened M1 rifles were field-tested in October 1944 onNoemfoor Island,New Guinea, by an ad hoc test committee,[clarification needed]which included three platoon leaders of the503rd Parachute Infantry Regiment (PIR)combat team. While the members of the test committee liked the concept of the short M1 rifle, it was determined that the muzzle blast was excessive and was compared to a flash bulb going off in the darkened jungle. The conclusion of the test report stated that the shortened rifle was "totally unsuitable for a combat weapon".[citation needed]

Even while the shortened M1 rifles were being evaluated by the 503rd PIR, two of them were sent to the Ordnance Dept. in Washington, D.C., by special courier for evaluation. One of these rifles was then forwarded to Springfield Armory.

The M1s shortened in the Philippines under the auspices of the PWB had been well-used prior to modification, and the conversion exhibited rather crude craftsmanship, including hand-cut splines on the barrel.

Upon receipt of the PWB rifle, Springfield Armory's model shop fabricated a very similar shortened M1 that was designated as the "T26". One of the more noticeable differences was that the shortened PWB rifle had a cut-down front handguard (secured by an M1903 rifle barrel band), while the T26 rifle was not fitted with a front handguard. It had been determined that the full-length stock was superior to the M1E5's folding stock, so the T26 used a standard M1 rifle stock.

The PWB rifle, serial No. 2437139, and Springfield Armory's T26 were sent to Aberdeen Proving Ground (APG) on 26 July 1945, for testing. The APG report related that a standard M1 rifle, serial No. 1,032,921, was the "control" rifle to which the shorter rifle was compared during the testing. The results mirrored those of the M1E5's previous testing. The test report found that the modified rifle's muzzle flash, blast, and recoil were all significantly higher than that of the standard rifle. Additionally, it was less reliable, leading to it being declared "totally unsuitable as a combat weapon". Nonetheless, in July 1945, 15,000 short M1 rifles were requested for use by airborne troops. The rifles were supposed to be produced within the next five months, but the procurement was canceled due to theSurrender of Japanin August 1945.[59]

Springfield Armory made 637,420 more M1 rifles from 1952 to 1957 and contracts were met with two private firms. Harrington & Richardson made 428,600 from 1953 to 1956 and International Harvester made 337,623 from 1953 to 1957. In total 5,468,772 M1 rifles were made from 1937 to 1957.[60]

T20E2

edit
The T20E2 selective-fire prototype was designed to feed from 20-round BAR magazines.

Another variant that never saw duty was the T20E2. It was an experimental, gas-operated, selective fire rifle with a slightly longer receiver than the M1 and modified to accept 20-roundBrowning Automatic Rifle (BAR) magazines.The rifle was machined and tapped on the left side of the receiver for a scope mount, and included the same hardware for mounting a grenade launcher as the M1. The bolt had a hold-open device on the rear receiver bridge, as well as a fire selector similar to theM14.Full automatic fire was achieved by a connector assembly which was actuated by the operating rod handle. This, in turn, actuated a sear release or trip which, with the trigger held to the rear, disengaged the sear from the hammer lugs immediately after the bolt was locked. In automatic firing, the cyclic rate of fire was 700 rpm. When the connector assembly was disengaged, the rifle could only be fired semi-automatically and functioned in a manner similar to the M1 rifle. The T20 had an overall length of48+1⁄4inches, a barrel length of 24 inches, and weighed 9.61 lb without accessories and 12.5 lb with bipod and empty magazine. It was designated as limited procurement in May 1945. Due to thecessation of hostilities with Japan,the number for manufacture was reduced to 100. The project was terminated in March 1948.

Quick reference

edit
U.S. Army designation U.S. Navy designation Description
T1 — Prototype
T1E1 — A single trial rifle that broke its bolt in the 1931 trial
T1E2 — Trial designation for gas-trap Garand. Basically a T1E1 with a new bolt.
M1 — Basic model. Identical to T1E2. Later change to gas port did not change designation
M1E1 — M1 Garand variant; modified cam angle in op-rod
M1E2 — M1 Garand variant;prismatic scopeand mount
M1E3 — M1 Garand variant; roller added to bolt's cam lug (later adapted for use in theM14)
M1E4 — M1 Garand variant; gas cut-off and expansion system with piston integral to op-rod
M1E5 — M1 Garand variant; 18-inch (457 mm) barrel, pistol grip and folding stock, for Airborne use
M1E6 — M1 Garand variant; sniper variant
M1E7/M1C — M1E6 Garand variant; M1C sniper variant with 2.2× magnification M73 scope (later modified as the M81, though the M82 or M84 scope could be used) in aGriffin & Howemount affixed to the left side of the receiver requiring a leather cheek pad to properly position the shooter's face behind the offset scope[58]
M1E8/M1D — M1E7 Garand variant; M1D sniper variant with M82 scope (though the M84 scope could be used) in aSpringfield Armorymount attached to the rear of the barrel allowing quick removal of the scope but similarly requiring the leather cheek pad[58]
M1E9 — M1 Garand variant; similar to M1E4, with piston separate from op-rod
M1E10 — M1 Garand variant; variant with theLjungmandirect gas system
M1E11 — M1 Garand variant; short-stroke Tappet gas system
M1E12 — M1 Garand variant; gas port moved back approx. 6 inches
M1E13 — M1 Garand variant; "White" gas cut-off and expansion system
M1E14 Mk 2 Mod 0 M1 Garand variant; rechambered in7.62×51mm NATOwith press-in chamber insert, enlarged gas port, and 7.62mm barrel bushing.[61]
T20 — M1 Garand variant; select-fire conversion byJohn Garand,capable of usingBARmagazines
T20E1 — T20 variant; uses its own type of magazines
T20E2 — T20 variant; E2 magazines will work inBAR,but not the reverse
T20E2HB — T20E2 variant; HBAR (heavy barrel) variant
T22 — M1 Garand variant; fully automatic select-fire conversion byRemington,magazine-fed
T22E1 — T22 variant; improved magazine release and bolt hold-open device
T22E2 — T22 variant; improved trigger group, gas cylinder, muzzle brake, and bipod
T22E3HB — T22 variant; stock angled upwards to reduce muzzle climb; heavy barrel; uses T27 fire control
T23 — M1 Garand variant; upward angled stock like T22E3HB; standard clip fed.
T25 — T25 variant had a pistol grip: the stock angled upwards to reduce muzzle climb; and chambered for the new T65.30 Light Riflecartridge(7.62×49mm).[62]
T26 — M1 Garand variant; 18-inch (457 mm) barrel and standard stock, 1 prototype made by Springfield Armory used for testing, proposed use was for airborne and jungle operations.
PWB rifle — M1 Garand variant; 18-inch (457 mm) barrel and standard stock and shortened foregrip secured with M1903 barrel band. 150 made in the Pacific theater of operations upon request by the Pacific War Board for airborne and jungle use.[59]
T27 — Remingtonselect-fire field conversion for M1 Garand; ability to convert issue M1 Garands to select-fire rifles; fire control setup used in T22E3
T31 — Experimental bullpup variant
T35 Mk 2 Mod 1 M1 Garand variant; rechambered for7.62×51mm NATO;While the majority used the standarden blocclip, a small number were experimentally fitted with a 10-round internal magazine loaded by 5-roundstripper clips.[63]
T36 — T20E2 variant; rechambered for 7.62×51mm NATO using T35 barrel andT25magazine
T37 — T36 variant; same as T36, except in gas port location
T44 — T44 variant; was a conventional design developed on a shoestring budget as an alternative to the T47.[62]With only minimal funds available, the earliest T44 prototypes simply used T20E2 receivers fitted with magazine filler blocks and re-barreled for 7.62×51mm NATO, with the long operating rod/piston of the M1 replaced by the T47's gas cut-off system.[62]
T47 — T47 variant; same as the T25, except for a conventional stock and chambered for 7.62×51mm NATO.[62]

Demilitarized versions

edit

Demilitarized modelsare rendered permanently inoperable, unless proper techniques, tools, and replacement parts are used to restore the rifle to safe operation. Their barrels have been drilled out to destroy the rifling. A steel rod is then inserted into the barrel and welded at both ends. Sometimes, their barrels are also filled with molten lead or solder. Their gas ports or operating system are also welded closed. Their barrels are then welded to their receivers to prevent replacement. Their firing pin holes are welded closed on the bolt face. As a result, they cannot be loaded with, much less fire live ammunition. However, they may still be used for demonstration or instructional purposes.

Nomenclature National Stock Number Description
Rifle, Inert,
Caliber.30, M1 		1005-00-599-3289 Demilitarized and barrel plugged. US Air Force instructional use.
Rifle, Training Aid, Caliber.30, M1 1005-01-061-2456 Demilitarized and barrel plugged. Instructional use.
Rifle, Dummy Drill, Caliber.30, M1 1005-01-113-3767 Demilitarized. Barrel is unplugged but is welded to the receiver.ROTCinstructional use.
Rifle, Ceremonial, Caliber.30, M1 1005-01-095-0085 Gas cylinder lock valve is removed and the gas system has welds permanently joining the lock and gas cylinder to prevent reversion. Barrel is unplugged but is welded to the receiver. The weapon has been converted from semi-automatic to a repeater and can only fire blanks. The bolt must be cycled to eject the spent cartridge case and reload a fresh round from the internal clip. Used byAmerican LegionandVeterans of Foreign Warshonor guards for parading and firingceremonial salutes.

Rechambered versions

edit

M1 Garands in Pakistan were found to be chambered in7.92×57 mmdue to a lack of.30-06 ammo in the country.[64]

Modern Garands can be gunsmith built in several novel cartridges, with examples known up to.458 Winchester Magnum. While not common, 6.5×55mm Swedish barrels are occasionally available to convert with nothing more than a barrel change, though the en bloc clips are more difficult to load and often require a tool.

Copies and postwar derivatives

edit

Japanese Type 4

edit
Japanese Type 4

TheType 4 Rifle,often referred to as the Type 5 Rifle (Japanese: Bốn thức tự động tiểu súngYon-shiki jidousyoujyuu), was a Japanese experimentalsemi-automatic rifle.[65]It was a copy of the American M1 Garand but with an integral 10-roundmagazineand chambered for the Japanese7.7×58mm Arisakacartridge.[66]Where the Garand used anen blocclip,the Type 4's integral magazine was charged with two 5-roundstripper clipsand the rifle also used Japanese style tangent sights. The Type 4 had been developed alongside several other experimental semi-automatic rifles. However, none of the rifles entered into service before the end ofWorld War II,with only 250 being made and many others were never assembled. There were several problems with jamming and feed systems, which also delayed its testing.

Beretta models

edit
Beretta BM59

During the 1950s,Berettaproduced Garands in Italy at the behest ofNATO,by having the tooling used by Winchester during World War II shipped to them by the U.S. government. These rifles were designated "Model 1952" in Italy. Using this tooling, Beretta developed theBM59series of rifles. The BM59 was essentially a rechambered7.62×51mm NATOcaliber M1 fitted with a removable 20-round magazine, folding bipod and a combined flash suppressor-rifle grenade launcher. The BM59 is capable of selective fire. These rifles were produced under license in Indonesia as the "SP-1"series.

M14 rifle

edit
M14 rifle

TheM14 rifle,officially the United States Rifle, 7.62 mm, M14,[67]is an Americanselective fireautomatic riflethat fires7.62×51mm NATO(.308 Winchester)ammunition.TheM14 rifleis basically an improved select-fire M1 Garand with a 20-round magazine.[68][69]

Ruger Mini-14

edit
Ruger Mini-14GB

Designed byL. James Sullivan[70]andWilliam B. Ruger,and produced bySturm, Ruger & Co.theMini-14 rifleemploys an investment cast, heat-treated receiver and a version of the M1/M14 riflelocking mechanism.[71]

Springfield Armory commercial production

edit
M1 Garand rifle

In 1982, years after the closure of the U.S. Springfield Armory, a commercial firm –Springfield Armory, Inc.– began production of the M1 Rifle using a cast, heat-treated receiver with serial numbers in the 7,000,000+ range, along with commercially produced barrels (marked Geneseo, IL) and G.I. military surplus parts.[72]

Civilian use

edit
A civilian, target shooting with an M1 Garand
The Civilian Marksmanship Program cartouche on an M1 Garand.
A woman, target shooting with an M1 Garand

United States citizensmeeting certain qualifications may purchase U.S. military surplus M1 rifles through theCivilian Marksmanship Program(CMP). The CMP is run by the Corporation for the Promotion of Rifle Practice and Firearms Safety (CPRPFS), anot-for-profit corporationchartered by theUnited States Congressin 1996 to instruct citizens in marksmanship and promote practice and safety in the use of firearms.[73]The group holds acongressional charterunderTitle 36 of the United States Code.From 1903 to 1996, the CMP was sponsored by the Office of the Director of Civilian Marksmanship (DCM), a position first within theDepartment of Warand later in theDepartment of the Army.The DCM was normally an active-duty Armycolonel.

In 2009, an effort by the South Korean government to export about 850,000 firearms to the United States, including 87,000 M1 rifles, for eventual sale to civilians, was initially approved by the Obama administration, but it later blocked the sale in March 2010.[74]AState Departmentspokesman said the administration's decision was based on concerns that the guns could fall into the wrong hands and be used for criminal activity.[74]However, in January 2012, the U.S. and South Korea agreed on the sale of 87,000 M1 Garand rifles, and the South Korean government entered into discussion with U.S. civilian arms dealers.[75]Korea has sold tens of thousands of M1 Garand rifles to the U.S. civilian market between 1986 and 1994.[75]In 2018, the CMP reported they had received a shipment of more than 90,000 M1 Garand rifles from the Philippines and also stated plans to restore many of those rifles for civilian sale.[76]

In August 2013, the Obama administration banned future private importation of all U.S. made weapons, including the M1 Garand.[77][better source needed]This action did not preclude the return of surplus U.S. weapons, including M1 Garands, previously loaned by the U.S. to friendly nations, to the custody of the U.S. Government; in recent years, the CMP has received most of its surplus weapons through such returns from foreign countries. However, all civilian and military firearms imported into the U.S. after 30 January 2002, are required by federal law to have the name of the importer conspicuously stamped on the barrel, slide, or receiver of each weapon.[78]This requirement significantly lowers a military weapon's value relative to those without the importation markings as they distract from its original state.[79]

Military surplus Garands and post-war copies made for the civilian market are popular among enthusiasts. In 2015,John F. Kennedy'spersonal M1 Garand was auctioned by Rock Island Auction Company and sold for $149,500.[80]This rifle was acquired by Kennedy in 1959 from the Director of Civilian Marksmanship and has the serial number 6086970.[citation needed]

Users

edit
Austrian troops training with M1 Garands during the 1950s
Evzonesof thePresidential Guardin front of theGreek Parliamentholding M1 Garands
National Defense Academy of Japan Honor Guard Drill Team
AnROChonor guard soldier and his M1 Garand
A Turkish soldier stands guard with his M1 rifle at the Anıtkabir Mausoleum.
A map with users of the M1 Garand in blue and former users in red

Current operators

edit

Ceremonial uses only

edit

Former operators

edit
  • Afghanistan:Used during theWar in Afghanistanby Taliban insurgents.[108]
  • Algeria[109]
  • Argentina:Received about 30,000 M1s from the U.S. government before 1964. Some were converted to acceptBeretta BM 59magazines in the 1960s.[110]
  • Austria:25,000 M1 Garand rifles were supplied to Austria by the U.S. government after the end of World War 2. Used extensively by the Austrian Armed Forces until the adoption of theSTG58.[111]
  • Brazil:Received large numbers of M1s from the U.S. government in the early 1950s. Some were converted to the7.62×51mm NATOcartridge and modified to acceptFN FALmagazines.[110]
  • Cambodia:Royal forces receivedM1 riflesfrom the U.S. during their civil war against communist insurgents.[112]
  • Canada:A small, but unknown, number of M1, M1C (with infra-red night vision equipment) and M1D rifles were owned by Canada. There were enough to equip a brigade and Garands were issued to certain Canadian Army units near the end of World War II and to some army and Royal Canadian Air Force personnel into the 1950s.[113]
  • Chile[114]
  • People's Republic of China[115]Captured from Nationalist forces during the Chinese Civil War and US/ROK forces in the Korean War.
  • Cuba:10,000 ex-British M1s.[35]
  • Denmark:Received 69,810 M1 rifles (designated "Gevær m/50" ) from the U.S. government prior to 1964. Some were converted to the 7.62×51mm NATO cartridge.[83]Also purchased 20,000 M1s from Italy.[116]The rifle has now been phased out of service.
  • El Salvador:Received more than 1,365 M1s from the U.S. government until 1965 and 211 M1D sniper rifles.[117]
  • Ethiopia:Received 20,700 M1 rifles from the U.S. government in the 1960s.[83]
  • France:Received 232,500 M1 rifles from the U.S. government in 1950–1964.[83]The M1 was known as theFusil semi-automatique 7 mm 62 (C. 30) M. 1[118](Semi-automatic rifle 7.62mm (calibre.30) M1)
  • Germany:Captured fromUnited States Army,limited use inWorld War II.[119]German designation was7.62 mm Selbstladegewehr 251 (a)[120]
  • West Germany:Received 46,750 M1 rifles from the U.S. government prior to 1965.[83]
  • Honduras:Received from the US after the1954 general strike.[121]
  • Indonesia:Received between 55,000 and 78,000 MS1s and a minor number of M1Cs from the U.S. government prior to 1971; some rifles also supplied from Italy.[110]
  • Iran:Received 165,490 M1 rifles from the U.S. government prior to 1964.[83]
  • Israel:Received up to 60,000 M1 rifles from the U.S. government prior to 1975.[83]
  • Italy:Used by the army from 1945. Beretta license-built 100,000 M1s from 1950 until the adoption of theBM59in 1959.[116]Also received 232,000 M1s from the U.S. government between 1950 and 1970.[110]The M1 Garand was known in the Italian Army as theFucile «Garand» M1 cal. 7,62.[122]
  • Ivory Coast[123]
  • Empire of Japan:Captured from American troops and eventually reversed-engineered as theType 4 rifle.[124]
  • Jordan:Received an estimated 25,000-30,000 M1 rifles from the U.S. government prior to 1974.[83]
  • Kingdom of Laos:Received 36,270 M1 rifles from the U.S. government in 1950—1975.[83]
  • Liberia[125]
  • Netherlands:known asGeweer Garand 7,62mmin theDutch ArmyandGeweer v/7,62 mm no. 2 S/autin theDutch Navy.[126]
  • Nicaragua:Received 5000 M1 from the US 1954 MAP bought 1500 M1 from Canada[127]
  • Pakistan:Received possibly 150,000 M1 rifles from the U.S. government prior to 1975.[83]
  • Panama[128]
  • Paraguay:Received 30,750 M1 rifles from the U.S. government prior to 1975.[83]
  • Saudi Arabia:Received 34,530 M1 rifles from the U.S. government prior to 1975.[83]
  • Thailand:Received about 40,000 M1 rifles from the U.S. government prior to 1965. (designated "ปลยบ.88" (Type 88 Self-Loading rifle))[83]
  • United Kingdom:Received 38,000 asLend-Lease[35]
  • Uruguay[128]
  • Venezuela:Received 55,670 M1 rifles from the U.S. government prior to 1975.[83]
  • North VietnamandVietnam:(Largely captured and/or inherited from now-defunct Army of the Republic of Vietnam) Some used by the Viet Cong and the Viet Minh, taken from American, French and South Vietnamese forces/armories[129]with a few modified to make them compact.
  • South Vietnam:Received 220,300 M1 and 520 M1C/M1D rifles from the U.S. government in 1950–1975.[83]
A U.S. infantryman holding an M1 captured in Iraq, 2007

Non-state actors

edit

See also

edit
Preceded by United States Army rifle
1936-1958 		Succeeded by

Notes

edit
  1. ^Officially designated asU.S. rifle, caliber.30, M1,later simply calledRifle, Caliber.30, M1,also calledUS Rifle, Cal..30, M1
  2. ^Additional trials in 1930 found Bostonian Joseph White's rifles insufficiently robust.[26]
  1. ^The servicing number does not include the Air Force, the Navy, or the police.
  2. ^South Korea was the only nation that profited by reselling the M1 rifles, which were provided through Military Assistance Program (MAP), to private companies as "antique collectibles". These sales were authorized by the U.S. government, but were technically illegal under the laws.

References

edit
  1. ^U.S. Department of the Interior. (n.d.). Springfield Armory: The best battle implement ever devised (U.S. National Park Service). National Park Service. Retrieved 18 February 2023, fromhttps:// nps.gov/articles/springfieldarmoryww2.htmArchived2022-10-05 at theWayback Machine
  2. ^Thompson, Leroy (20 February 2013).The M1903 Springfield Rifle.Weapon 23.Osprey Publishing.p. 63.ISBN9781780960111.
  3. ^"L'armement français en A.F.N."Gazette des Armes(in French). No. 220. March 1992. pp. 12–16.
  4. ^McNab, Chris (2002).20th Century Military Uniforms(2nd ed.). Kent: Grange Books. p. 49.ISBN978-1-84013-476-6.
  5. ^de Quesada, Alejandro (10 January 2009).The Bay of Pigs: Cuba 1961.Elite 166. Osprey Publishing. pp. 60–61.ISBN978-1-84603-323-0.
  6. ^Yates, Lawrence A. (July 1988).Power Pack: U.S. Intervention in the Dominican Republic, 1965-1966(PDF).Leavenworth Papers, Number 15.United States Army Command and General Staff College.p. 123.
  7. ^Laffin, John (15 June 1982).Arab Armies of the Middle East Wars 1948–73.Men-at-Arms 128. Osprey Publishing. p. 34.ISBN978-0-85045-451-2.
  8. ^Katz, Sam (24 March 1988).Arab Armies of the Middle East Wars (2).Men-at-Arms 128. Osprey Publishing. pp.40–41.ISBN978-0-85045-800-8.
  9. ^Taylor, Peter(1997).Provos The IRA & Sinn Féin.Bloomsbury Publishing.p. 62.ISBN978-1-84908-621-9.
  10. ^Ball, Bill (June 2004)."The Beretta" Type E "Garand, Variations on John Garand's Combat Proven M1"(PDF).The Small Arms Review.Vol. 7, no. 9. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 27 October 2011.
  11. ^Thompson, Leroy (2012).The M1 Garand.Oxford: Osprey. p. 33.ISBN978-1-84908-621-9.
  12. ^"U.S. Department of the Army Technical Manual No. 9-1005-222-12"(PDF).17 March 1969. p. 13.Retrieved18 May2007– via Biggerhammer.net.
  13. ^Fortier, D. M. (Ed.). (2021, 15 April). The M1 Garand rifle, what made it great?. Firearms News.https:// firearmsnews /editorial/m1-garand-rifle-what-made-it-great/391738
  14. ^Hogg, Ian V.; Weeks, John (1977). "US Rifle, Caliber.30in ('Garand'), M1-M1E9, MiC, M1D, T26".Military Small-Arms of the 20th Century(2nd ed.). London: Arms & Armour Press. p. 183.ISBN978-0-88254-436-6.
  15. ^"The Best Battle Implement Ever Devised".Springfield Armory.Retrieved28 April2020.
  16. ^abPendergast, Sara; Pendergast, Tom (2000). "Firearms".St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture.St. James Press. p. 102.ISBN978-1-55862-405-4.
  17. ^Seijas, Bob."History of the M1 Garand Rifle".Garand Collectors Association.Retrieved3 December2019.
  18. ^Canfield, Bruce (28 April 2016)."The M14 Rifle: John Garand's Final Legacy".American Rifleman.Retrieved3 December2019.
  19. ^Hatcher, Julian S.(1983) [1948].The Book of the Garand(Reprint ed.). Highland Park, New Jersey: Gun Room Press. p. 1.ISBN0-88227-014-1.Pronounced with theGhard as ingo,and the stress on the first syllable, to rhyme withparent(except that the final sound isdinstead oft).
  20. ^"The Development of the Garand".Armed Forces Talk.Washington, D.C.: Armed Forces Information and Education Division, Office of the Secretary of Defense. 18 January 1952. p. 10.Retrieved2 May2022.
  21. ^Keefe IV, Mark A. (12 March 2012)."Garand Name Pronunciation: Who's Right?".American Rifleman.The National Rifle Association of America.Retrieved2 May2022.
  22. ^Hambucken, Denis (28 February 2020).A G.I. in The Ardennes: The Battle of the Bulge.Pen and Sword Military.ISBN978-1-5267-5621-3.
  23. ^abcdefghiWalter, John (2006).Rifles of the World(3rd ed.). Iola, WI: Krause Publications. p. 142.ISBN978-0-89689-241-5.
  24. ^Fitzsimons,op. cit.,Volume 19, p. 2092, "Pedersen", describes the ammunition as "lubricated".
  25. ^abcHatcher, Julian S. (1947).Hatcher's Notebook.Harrisburg, PA: Military Service Publishing Co. pp. 44–46, 155–156, 165–166.
  26. ^abWalter, John (2006).Rifles of the World(3rd ed.). Iola, WI: Krause Publications. p. 143.ISBN978-0-89689-241-5.
  27. ^abFitzsimons, Bernard, ed. (1977). "Garand".The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Twentieth Century Weapons and Warfare.Vol. 10. London: Phoebus. p. 1088.
  28. ^"Military Firearms: M1 Garand Rifle".Olive-Drab.Retrieved3 October2008.
  29. ^Canfield, Bruce N. (September 2011). "The First Garands".American Rifleman.pp. 68–75 & 93.
  30. ^Brown, Jerold E. (2000).Historical Dictionary of the U.S. Army.Greenwood Press. p. 286.ISBN978-0-313-29322-1.
  31. ^Hogg, Ian V.; Weeks, John S. (10 February 2000).Military Small Arms of the 20th Century(7th ed.). Krause Publications. p. 286.ISBN978-0-87341-824-9.
  32. ^Bishop, Chris (1998).The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II.New York: Orbis Publishing Ltd.ISBN978-0-7607-1022-7.
  33. ^"Department of the Army Appropriations for 1954: Hearings, 83rd Congress, 1st Session". Washington, D.C.: United States Congress. 1953: 1667.{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal=(help).
  34. ^abCanfield, Bruce N. (November 2015). "Cold War Warrior".American Rifleman.pp. 54–99.
  35. ^abcThompson 2012,p. 59.
  36. ^"Prints and Posters: The American Soldier, 1966 - by H. Charles McBarron".Center of Military History.
  37. ^"Hans Majestet Kongens Garde".15 March 2021.
  38. ^abPopenker, Max."Modern Firearms: Rifle M1 Garand".WorldGuns.ru.Archived fromthe originalon 2 October 2008.Retrieved3 October2008.
  39. ^abDepartments of the Army and the Air Force (October 1951).U.S. Rifle, Caliber.30, M1(PDF).Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office – via Easy39th.
  40. ^abMangrum, Jamie (2004)."M1 Garand Operations: Loading and Unloading".SurplusRifle.Archived fromthe originalon 12 August 2013.Retrieved15 November2005.
  41. ^"Field Stripping the M1 Garand".Civilian Marksmanship Program.Archived fromthe originalon 15 September 2008.Retrieved3 October2008.
  42. ^Rottman, Gordon L. (2006).U.S. Marine Rifleman 1939–45: Pacific Theater.Osprey Publishing.pp. 27–28.ISBN978-1-84176-972-1.
  43. ^Karwan, Charles (October 2002). "History in your hands: Springfield Armory's new M1 Garand: the most significant rifle of the 20th Century is once again available to the American shooter".Guns.p. 44.
  44. ^"Springfield Armory M1 Garand Operating Manual"(PDF).Springfield Armory.2001. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 9 November 2006.Retrieved3 October2008.
  45. ^abc"FM 23-5".Department of the Army.1965.Retrieved3 October2008.
  46. ^"FM 23-100", Department of the Army (1943)
  47. ^abcGeorge, John B. (1948).Shots Fired In Anger.The Samworth Press.ISBN0-935998-42-X.
  48. ^abDunlap, Roy F. (1948).Ordnance Went Up Front.The Samworth Press.ISBN978-1-884849-09-1.
  49. ^abBishop, Chris (2002).The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II.Sterling Publishing.p. 223.ISBN978-1-58663-762-0.
  50. ^CW5 Charles D. Petrie, U.S. Army (April 2012). "More On The" Ping "".American Rifleman:42.{{cite journal}}:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  51. ^Canfield, Bruce (1998).The Complete Guide to the M1 Garand and the M1 Carbine.Lincoln, RI: Andrew Mowbray Publishers. pp. 69–70.ISBN0-917218-83-3.
  52. ^"SURROUNDED BY THE ENEMY: WWII Veteran Describes Fighting for Survival!".YouTube.27 March 2021. Archived fromthe originalon 30 October 2021.Retrieved29 March2021.
  53. ^Bishop, Chris (2002).The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II.Sterling Publishing.p. 214.ISBN978-1-58663-762-0.
  54. ^"Fitting the Army's Modern Garand Rifle".Popular Science.Bonnier Corporation. March 1944. p. 74.
  55. ^Henry, Mark R. (2000).The U.S. Army in World War II: The Pacific(Illustrated ed.). Osprey Publishing. p. 21.ISBN978-1-85532-995-9.
  56. ^abc"M1 Accessories - Winter Trigger".Civilian Marksmanship Program.2002.
  57. ^Ewing, Mel."Sniper Central: U.S. Army M1C & M1D".SniperCentral.Archived fromthe originalon 25 October 2005.Retrieved15 November2005.
  58. ^abcdefCanfield, Bruce N. (September 2014). "Better Late Than Never".American Rifleman.162:81–85.
  59. ^abc"American Rifleman | Official Journal of the NRA | 'Tanker Garands': The Real Story".
  60. ^"Lever-Action Rifle Resurgence & M1 Garand Rifle Facts".Hook & Barrel Magazine.26 March 2024.Retrieved16 April2024.
  61. ^Thompson 2012,p. 38.
  62. ^abcdRayle, Roy E. (2008).Random Shots: Episodes In The Life Of A Weapons Developer.Bennington, VT: Merriam Press. pp. 17–22, 95–95.ISBN978-1-4357-5021-0.
  63. ^Historicalfirearms. (2016, 5 February). The T35 side-loading Garand in 1951/52 Springfield... Historical Firearms.https:// historicalfirearms.info/post/138754496306/the-t35-side-loading-garand-in-195152-springfield
  64. ^"Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Region Modified 8mm M1 Garand Rifles – Silah Report".7 February 2020. Archived fromthe originalon 7 February 2020.
  65. ^""Japanese Garand" WWII Semi-Automatic Rifle ".The National Firearms Museum.NRA. Archived fromthe originalon 27 March 2014.Retrieved6 June2016.
  66. ^Walter, John (2006).Rifles of the World(3rd ed.). Iola, WI: Krause Publications. p. 146.ISBN978-0-89689-241-5.
  67. ^Direct Support and General Support Maintenance Manual, Including Repair Parts and Special Tools Lists, (Including Depot Maintenance, Repair Parts and Special Tools), Rifle, 7.62-MM, M14, W/E(1005- 589-1271), Rifle, 7.62-MM, M14A1, W/E(1005-072- 5011), Bipod, Rifle, M2(1005-711-6202).Washington, DC: Department of the Army. August 1972.
  68. ^Bruce, Robert (April 2002)."M14 vs. M16 in Vietnam".Small Arms Review.Vol. 5, no. 7.
  69. ^"M14".Jane's International Defense Review.36.Jane's Information Group: 43. 2003.The M14 is basically an improved M1 with a modified gas system and detachable magazine, 20 rounds being the standard capacity.
  70. ^Ezell, Virginia Hart (November 2001)."Focus on Basics, Urges Small Arms Designer".National Defense.Archived fromthe originalon 8 October 2006.
  71. ^Guthrie, J."The Mini Grows Up—Again".Rifle Shooter.Archived fromthe originalon 3 May 2010.
  72. ^"GI's Best Friend Now In Limited Production As Collectors Item From Springfield Armory" (Press release). Springfield Armory Inc. 30 November 2001.
  73. ^Pub. L.104–106 (text)(PDF),36Stat.5502,enactedFebruary 10, 1996
  74. ^ab"Obama Administration Reverses Course, Forbids Sale of 850,000 Antique Rifles".Fox News.1 September 2010.
  75. ^ab"정부, M1소총 8만7000여정 수출 추진… Mỹ 정부 동의"[Government promotes export of 87,000 M1 rifles...U.S. Government Consents].The Chosun Ilbo(in Korean). 19 January 2012.
  76. ^https:// dla.mil/About-DLA/News/News-Article-View/Article/1505614/transporting-history/
  77. ^Lederman, Josh (29 August 2013)."Obama Offers New Executive Actions On Gun Control".Huffington Post.Archived fromthe originalon 9 March 2016.
  78. ^ATF Guidebook - Importation & Verification of Firearms, Ammunition, and Implements of War.Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 2001.
  79. ^Ankony, Robert C. (April 2000)."The Financial Assessment of Military Small Arms".Small Arms Review.pp. 53–59 – via robertankony.net.
  80. ^"Lot 1807: Springfield Armory National Match 1959 M1 Garand John F. Kennedy".Rock Island Auction.11 September 2015.
  81. ^"Military rifle cartridges of Haiti. - Free Online Library".thefreelibrary.Retrieved14 December2022.
  82. ^jwh1975 (9 June 2015)."Uphold Democracy 1994: WWII weapons encountered".wwiiafterwwii.Retrieved14 December2022.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  83. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrWalter, John (2006).Rifles of the World(3rd ed.). Iola, WI: Krause Publications. p. 147.ISBN978-0-89689-241-5.
  84. ^Martir, Jonathan (November 2001)."Scout Sniper Development -" An accurate shot to the future "".CITEMAR6.Philippine Marine Corps. Archived fromthe originalon 6 March 2012.Retrieved11 June2013.
  85. ^"The incumbent Director of Government Arsenal".Arsenal.mil.ph.Archived fromthe originalon 29 March 2015.Retrieved31 December2015.
  86. ^"Philippine CAFGU".Photobucket.Retrieved23 September2015.
  87. ^"Breaking: Civilian Marksmanship Program May Receive 86,000 M1 Garand Rifles from the Philippines".The Firearm Blog.7 April 2017.
  88. ^Small Arms Survey(2015)."Half a Billion and Still Counting: Global Firearms Stockpiles".Small Arms Survey 2011: Profiling the Problem.Oxford University Press.p. 69. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 9 November 2010.
  89. ^Smith 1969,p. 494.
  90. ^Lục thượng tự vệ đội パーフェクトガイド2008–2009.Gakken.2008. p. 195.ISBN978-4-05-605141-4.
  91. ^"THE M1 GARAND & THE COLD WAR".SPRINGFIELD ARMORY. 18 May 2021.
  92. ^"An Introduction to the National Revolutionary Martyrs' Shrine of R.O.C".Republic of China Armed Forces Reserve Command, All-Out Defense Mobilization Agency, Ministry of National Defense. 17 June 2024.
  93. ^국방일보."M1 소총".국방일보(in Korean).Retrieved10 November2023.
  94. ^[전쟁기념관×건들건들: 헌신의 도구] 제1편 국군의 손에 쥐어진 첫 무기, M1 소총,archived fromthe originalon 30 October 2021,retrieved3 September2021
  95. ^Bak, Dongchan (March 2021).Korean War: Weapons of the United Nations(PDF)(in Korean). Republic of Korea: Ministry of Defense Institute for Military History. pp. 26–28.ISBN979-11-5598-079-8.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 20 September 2022.Retrieved27 June2022.
  96. ^Thompson 2012,p. 67.
  97. ^York, Michael; Digilio, Alice (8 January 1988)."SOUTH KOREAN WEAPONS SALES TO NORTHERN VA. FIRM PROBED".The Washington Post.ISSN0190-8286.Retrieved8 November2023.
  98. ^국방일보."국군과 31년 '동고동락' M1, 1978년 '현역 은퇴'".국방일보(in Korean).Retrieved8 November2023.
  99. ^국방일보."구형 M1·카빈소총".국방일보(in Korean).Retrieved8 November2023.
  100. ^"[권홍우의 오늘의 경제소사]M-1 개런드 소총".서울경제(in Korean). 16 February 2016.Retrieved8 November2023.
  101. ^"Turkish Army in Korean War".Archived fromthe originalon 29 April 2014.Retrieved28 April2014.
  102. ^"Cyprus: Round Two".Newsweek.23 August 1974. Archived fromthe original(Photo)on 5 February 2016.Retrieved23 September2015.
  103. ^"Temmuz 1974: Kıbrıs Barış Harekatı"[July 1974: Cyprus Peace Operation].Imageshack.Archived fromthe originalon 29 April 2014.Retrieved28 April2014.
  104. ^"Turkish Military High School ceremonial procession".Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality.
  105. ^"Deniz Harp Okulu'nda tören"[Ceremony at the Turkish Naval Academy].Deniz Harp Okulu.Archivedfrom the original on 11 October 2020.Retrieved12 October2020.
  106. ^"Turkish Air Force guard at Anitkabir".Bernard Gagnon.
  107. ^Thompson 2012,p. 4.
  108. ^"A Persian take on the M1".The Firearm Blog.27 October 2016. Archived fromthe originalon 22 April 2023.
  109. ^Windrow, Martin (1997).The Algerian War, 1954–62.Men-at Arms 312. London:Osprey Publishing.p. 46.ISBN978-1-85532-658-3.
  110. ^abcdWalter, John (2006).Rifles of the World(3rd ed.). Iola, WI: Krause Publications. p. 145.ISBN978-0-89689-241-5.
  111. ^Urrisk-Obertyński, Rolf M., ed. (1990).Die Bewaffnung des österreichischen Bundesheeres: 1918 - 1990(1. Aufl ed.). Graz: Weishaupt.ISBN978-3-900310-53-0.
  112. ^Wille, Christina (June 2006)."How Many Weapons Are There in Cambodia?".Small Arms Survey.p. 18.Retrieved23 September2015.[dead link‍]
  113. ^Canadian Army EME Manuals; photographic evidence; bookWithout Warningby Clive Law.
  114. ^Smith, Joseph E. (1969).Small Arms of the World(11 ed.). Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: The Stackpole Company. p. 292.ISBN9780811715669.
  115. ^Thompson 2012,p. 74.
  116. ^abBall, Willis (2002)."Beretta's BM 59, The Ultimate Garand"(PDF).Guns.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 9 May 2006.Retrieved5 October2008.
  117. ^Montes, Julio A. (May 2000)."Infantry Weapons of the Salvadoran Forces".Small Arms Review.Vol. 3, no. 8.
  118. ^Manuel du Grade TTA 116(in French). Berger-Levrault. 19 March 1956. p. 226.
  119. ^Thompson 2012,p. 44.
  120. ^Hand weapons: a reference work about the prey weapons of the Wehrmacht (1942)(PDF)(in German). Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek. 2008.ISBN978-3-8370-4042-5.
  121. ^"The military rifle cartridges of Honduras from Cortez to zelaya. - Free Online Library".thefreelibrary.Retrieved14 December2022.
  122. ^Armi e mezzi in dotazione all'esercito[Arms and means supplied to the army] (in Italian). Roma:Ministero Della Difesa.1955.
  123. ^de Tessières, Savannah (April 2012).Enquête nationale sur les armes légères et de petit calibre en Côte d'Ivoire: les défis du contrôle des armes et de la lutte contre la violence armée avant la crise post-électorale(PDF)(Report). Special Report No. 14 (in French).UNDP,Commission Nationale de Lutte contre la Prolifération et la Circulation Illicite des Armes Légères et de Petit Calibre andSmall Arms Survey.p. 74. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 18 November 2012.
  124. ^Warner, Phillip.Japanese Army of World War II.Osprey Publishing. p. 18.
  125. ^Doe, Samuel Kanyon; Enahoro, Peter (1985).Doe, the Man Behind the Image.publisher not identified.
  126. ^Scarlata, Paul (April 2014)."Military rifle cartridges of the Netherlands: from Sumatra to Afghanistan".Shotgun News.
  127. ^Jurado, Carlos Caballero (1990).Central American Wars 1959–89.Men-at-Arms 221. London:Osprey Publishing.p. 19.ISBN978-0-85045-945-6.
  128. ^abGander, Terry J.; Hogg, Ian V., eds. (May 1995).Jane's Infantry Weapons 1995/1996(21st ed.). Jane's Information Group.ISBN978-0-7106-1241-0.
  129. ^Rottman, Gordon L. (10 February 2009).North Vietnamese Army Soldier 1958–75.Warrior 135.Osprey Publishing.p. 32.ISBN9781846033711.
  130. ^"A Persian take on the M1".The Firearm Blog.27 October 2016. Archived fromthe originalon 22 April 2023.
  131. ^Meniano, Sarwell (6 September 2024)."Another NPA arms cache unearthed in Samar".Philippine News Agency.Retrieved13 October2024.
  132. ^Lopez, Alexander (17 September 2024)."16 NPA rebels yield, 2 killed in Caraga Region".Philippine News Agency.Retrieved14 October2024.
  133. ^Shea, Dan (March 2007)."Improvised Weapons of the Irish Underground (Ulster)".Small Arms Review.Vol. 10, no. 6.
  134. ^Thompson 2012,p. 68.
edit
Wikiquote has quotations related toM1 Garand.
Wikimedia Commons has media related toM1 Garand.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M1_Garand&oldid=1258993447"