Wikipedia

OpenJDK

OpenJDK(Open Java Development Kit) is afree and open-sourceimplementation of theJava Platform, Standard Edition(Java SE).[2]It is the result of an effortSun Microsystemsbegan in 2006, four years before the company was acquired byOracle Corporation.The implementation is licensed under theGNU General Public License 2with alinking exception,preventing components that linked to theJava Class Librarybecoming subject to the terms of the GPL license. OpenJDK is the officialreference implementationof Java SE since version 7, and is the most popular distribution of the JDK.[3][4][5]

OpenJDK
Original author(s)Sun Microsystems
Developer(s)Oracle,OpenJDK and Java Community,Red Hat,Azul Systems,IBM,Microsoft,Amazon,Apple,SAP
Initial releaseMay 8, 2007;17 years ago(2007-05-08)
Stable release
23[1]Edit this on Wikidata / 17 September 2024;2 months ago(17 September 2024)
Repository
Written inC++andJava
Operating systemLinux,FreeBSD,macOS,Microsoft Windows,OpenIndiana,OpenVMS;several other ports in progress
TypeJavadevelopment kit
LicenseGPL-2.0-onlywithlinking exception
Websiteopenjdk.org

History

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See also:Java (Sun) § Licensing

Sun's promise and initial release

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Sunannounced inJavaOne 2006that Java would become open-source software,[6][7]and on October 25, 2006, at the Oracle OpenWorld conference,Jonathan Schwartzsaid that the company intended to announce the open-sourcing of the coreJava Platformwithin 30 to 60 days.[8]

Sun released the JavaHotSpotvirtual machine and compiler asfree softwareunder theGNU General Public Licenseon November 13, 2006, with a promise that the rest of the JDK (which includes theJava Runtime Environment) would be placed under the GPL by March 2007, "except for a few components that Sun does not have the right to publish in source form under the GPL".[9]According to free-software advocateRichard Stallman,this would end the "Java trap", thevendor lock-inthat he argues applied to Java and programs written in Java.[10]

Release of the class library

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Following their promise to release aJava Development Kit(JDK) based almost completely on free and open-source code in the first half of 2007,[11]Sun released the completesource codeof the Java Class Library under the GPL on May 8, 2007, except for some limited parts that had been licensed to Sun by third parties and Sun was unable tore-licenseunder the GPL.[12]Included in the list of encumbered parts were several major components of the Javagraphical user interface(GUI). Sun stated that it planned to replace the remainingproprietarycomponents with alternative implementations and to make the class library completely free.

When initially released in May 2007, 4% of the OpenJDK class library remained proprietary.[13]By the appearance of OpenJDK 6 in May 2008, less than 1% (theSNMPimplementation,[14]which is not part of the Java specification) remained,[15]making it possible to build OpenJDK without any binary plugs.[14]The binary plug requirement was later dropped from OpenJDK 7 as part of b53 in April 2009.[16]

This was made possible, over the course of the first year, by the work ofSun Microsystemsand the OpenJDK community. Each encumbrance[17]was either released asfree and open-source softwareor replaced with an alternative. Beginning in December 2010, all the so-calledbinary plugswere replaced byopen-sourcereplacements, making the whole JDK open sourced and thebinary plugsnot necessary anymore.[18]

Community improvements

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On November 5, 2007,Red Hatannounced an agreement with Sun, signing Sun's broad contributor agreement (which covers participation in all Sun-led free and open-source software projects by all Red Hat engineers) and Sun's OpenJDK CommunityTechnology Compatibility Kit(TCK) License Agreement (which gives the company access to the test suite that determines whether a project based on OpenJDK complies with the Java SE 6 specification).[19]

Also in November 2007, thePorters Groupwas created on OpenJDK to aid in efforts to port OpenJDK to differentprocessor architecturesandoperating systems.TheBSDporting project led by Kurt Miller and Greg Lewis and theMac OS Xporting project (based on the BSD one) led by Landon Fuller have expressed interest in joining OpenJDK via the Porters Group. As of January 2008, both are part of the mailing list discussions. Another project pending formalization on the Porters Group is theHaikuJava Team led by Bryan Varner.[20]

In December 2007, Sun moved therevision controlof OpenJDK fromTeamWaretoMercurial(and later toGitandGitHub), as part of the process of releasing it toopen-sourcecommunities.[21][22]

OpenJDK has comparatively strict procedures of accepting code contributions: every proposed contribution must be reviewed by another OpenJDK committer and the contributor must have signed the Sun/Oracle Contributor Agreement (SCA/OCA).[23]Preferably, there should also be ajtreg[24]test demonstrating the bug has been fixed. Initially, the external patch submission process was slow[25]and, until September 2008, commits to thecodebasewere only made by Sun engineers.[26]The process has improved and, as of 2010,simple patches and backports from OpenJDK 7 to OpenJDK 6 can take place within hours rather than days.[27]

In 2011, an unofficial port of OpenJDK 6.0 to OS/2 was first released.[28]This port is included in the OS/2 derivativeArcaOS.[29]

On 25 September 2013, Microsoft andAzul Systemscollaborated to create Zulu,[30]a build of OpenJDK for users of the Windows Azure cloud. Zulu is available as a free download from the community siteZulu.org.It is also possible to get Zulu on Amazon Web Services[31]via Canonical's Juju Charm Store,[32]the Docker Hub,[33]and Azul Systems repositories. Azul contributes bug fixes and enhancements back to the OpenJDK project and has several project committers on staff.[34]Red Hat resigned leadership of OpenJDK 6 at the beginning of 2017 and this was then taken up by Azul Systems.[35][36]

Since April 2016 there are unsupported community builds of OpenJDK forMicrosoft WindowsonGitHubin the project ojdkbuild[37]which are released in pace with updates forOracleJDK. From build 8u151 on, the MSI-installer offers an optional component for usingJava Web Startbased on theIcedTea-Webproject.

In 2020, a port of OpenJDK 8 toOpenVMSon theItaniumplatform was released.[38]

The number of external contributions to OpenJDK is growing since project inception. OpenJDK 11, released in September 2018, received 20% of external fixes[39]and brought 17 new JEPs (features), out of which 3 were contributed by the community. Namely, JEP 315: "Improve Aarch64 Intrinsics" (contributed byBellSoft), JEP 318: "Epsilon: A No-Op Garbage Collector" (by Red Hat) and JEP 331: "Low-Overhead Heap Profiling" (contributed by Google).[40]

Collaboration with IBM, Apple, and SAP

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On October 11, 2010,IBM,by far the biggest participant in theApache Harmonyproject, decided to joinOracleon the OpenJDK project, effectively shifting its efforts from Harmony to OpenJDK.[41][42]Bob Sutor, IBM's head of Linux and open source, blogged that "IBM will be shifting its development effort from the Apache Project Harmony to OpenJDK".[43]

On November 12, 2010,Apple Inc.(just three weeks after deprecating its own Java runtime port[44]) and Oracle Corporation announced the OpenJDK project for Mac OS X. Apple will contribute most of the key components, tools and technology required for a Java SE 7 implementation on Mac OS X, including a 32-bit and 64-bit HotSpot-based Java virtual machine, class libraries, a networking stack and the foundation for a new graphical client.[45]

On January 11, 2011, the Mac OS X Port Project was created on OpenJDK, andApplemade the first public contribution of code to the project. The initial Apple contribution built on the OpenJDKBSDport.[46]

In July 2011,SAP AGannounced that SAP officially joined the OpenJDK project.[47]

Components

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The OpenJDK project produces a number of components: most importantly thevirtual machine(HotSpot), theJava Class Libraryand the Java compiler (javac).

The Web browser plugin andWeb Start,which form part ofOracle Java,are not included in OpenJDK. Sun previously indicated that they would try to open-source these components, but neither Sun nor Oracle Corporation have done so.[48] The only currently available free plugin and Web Start implementations as of 2016are those provided byIcedTea.[citation needed]

OpenJDK 9+ supportsAOT compilation(jaotc) usingGraalVM(JEP 295).[49]The experimental-XX:+EnableJVMCIProductflag enables the use of Graal JIT (JEP 317).[50]

OpenJDK versions

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OpenJDK was initially based only on theJDK 7 versionof the Java platform.[51]

Since JDK 10, the effort to produce an open-source reference implementation of the Java SE Platform was moved over to the JDK Project.[52]Unlike past JDK Release Projects, which produced just one feature release and then terminated, this long-running project will produce all future JDK feature releases and will ship a feature release every six months according to a strict, time-based model.[53]

OpenJDK builds

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Due to Oracle no longer releasing updates forlong-term support(LTS) releases under a permissive license, other organizations have begun to publish their own builds, both in regular and long-term support terms.[54][55][56]Many Linux distributions offer their own builds through theirpackage manager,includingMicrosoft Windows.

Build Organization LTS Permissive
license 		TCK
tested 		Built
unmodified 		Commercial
support
AdoptOpenJDK[57]
(moved to Eclipse Temurin at Adoptium in 2021)[58] 		Yes Yes Yes Optional Optional (IBM)
Alibaba Dragonwell[59] Alibaba Yes Yes No No No
Amazon Corretto[60] Amazon Yes Yes Yes Yes Optional (on AWS)
Azul Zulu[61] Azul Systems Yes Yes Yes No Optional
BellSoft Liberica JDK[62] BellSoft Yes Yes Yes No Optional
Eclipse Temurin[63] Adoptium Yes Yes Yes No Optional (Azul, IBM, Red Hat)
IBM Java SDK[64]
(moved to IBM Semeru Runtime Certified Edition at version 11) 		IBM Yes No Yes No Yes
IBM Semeru Runtime Certified Edition[65] IBM Yes Yes[66][67] Yes No Optional (IBM)
IBM Semeru Runtime Open Edition[65] IBM Yes Yes[67] No No Optional (IBM)
JetBrains Runtime[68] JetBrains Yes Yes No No No
Microsoft Build of OpenJDK[69] Microsoft Yes Yes Yes No Optional (on Azure)
ojdkbuild[70]
(Discontinued) 		Yes Yes No Yes No
OpenLogic OpenJDK[71] OpenLogic Yes Yes No[citation needed] No Optional
GraalVM Community Edition[72] GraalVM Yes Yes Yes No No
Oracle GraalVM Enterprise Edition[73] Oracle Yes No Yes No Yes
Oracle Java SE[74] Oracle Yes No Yes No Yes
Oracle OpenJDK[75] Oracle No[75] Yes[76] Yes No[77][78] No
Red Hat build of OpenJDK[79] Red Hat Yes Yes Yes No Yes
SAP SapMachine[80] SAP Yes Yes Yes No Optional (for SAP products)
Tencent KonaJDK Tencent Yes Yes Yes No Optional

IcedTea and inclusion in software distributions

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Main article:IcedTea

In order to bundle OpenJDK inFedoraand otherfreeLinuxdistributions, OpenJDK needed to be buildable using onlyfree softwarecomponents. Due to theencumberedcomponents in theclass libraryand implicit assumptions within the build system that the JDK being used to build OpenJDK was a Sun JDK, this was not possible. To achieve openness,Red Hatstarted the IcedTea project in June 2007.[81] It began life as an OpenJDK/GNU Classpathhybrid that could be used tobootstrapOpenJDK, replacing the encumbrances with code from GNU Classpath.[82][83]

On November 5, 2007, Red Hat signed both the Sun Contributor Agreement and the OpenJDK CommunityTCKLicense.[84]One of the first benefits of this agreement is tighter alignment with the IcedTea project, which brings togetherFedora,the Linux distribution, andJBoss,the application server, technologies in a Linux environment. IcedTea provided free software alternatives for the few remaining proprietary sections in the OpenJDK project.

In May 2008, theFedora9[15][85]andUbuntu 8.04[86] distributions included IcedTea 6, based completely onfreeandopen sourcecode.[87]Fedora 9was the first version to be shipped with IcedTea6, based on the OpenJDK6 sources from Sun rather than OpenJDK7. It was also the first to use OpenJDK for the package name (via the OpenJDK trademark agreement[88]) instead of IcedTea.[15]Ubuntualso first packaged IcedTea7[89]before later moving to IcedTea6. Packages for IcedTea6 were also created forDebianand included inLenny.On July 12, 2008,Debianaccepted OpenJDK-6 in unstable,[90][91]and it later was included instable.[92]OpenJDK is also available onopenSUSE,[93]Red Hat Enterprise Linuxand RHEL derivatives such asCentOS.[94]

In June 2008, Red Hat announced that the packaged binaries for OpenJDK onFedora 9,built using IcedTea 6, had passed theTechnology Compatibility Kittests and could claim to be a fully compatible Java 6 implementation.[95]In July 2009, an IcedTea 6 binary build forUbuntu 9.04passed all of the compatibility tests in the Java SE 6TCK.[96]

Since August 2008, OpenJDK 7 is usable onmacOSand otherBSDvariants.[97]

OnAndroid Nougat,OpenJDK replaced the now-discontinuedApache Harmonyas the Java libraries in the source code of themobile operating system.Googlewas in alegal dispute with Oracleover claims of copyright and patent infringement through its use of re-implementations of copyrighted Java APIs via Harmony. While also stating that this change was to create a more consistent platform between Java on Android and other platforms, the company admitted that the switch was motivated by the lawsuit, arguing that Oracle had authorized its use of the OpenJDK code by licensing it under the GPL.[98]

See also

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References

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