Wikipedia

PBS

This is thelatest accepted revision,reviewedon14 September 2024.
This article is about the American broadcaster. For other uses, seePBS (disambiguation).
"Public Broadcasting Service" redirects here. For other uses, seePublic broadcasting service (disambiguation).

ThePublic Broadcasting Service(PBS) is an Americanpublic broadcasterandnon-commercial,[1][2][3][4][5]free-to-airtelevision networkbased inArlington, Virginia.[6][7][8][9]PBS is a publicly fundednonprofit organizationand the most prominent provider ofeducational programsto public television stations in the United States,[10][11][12][13]distributing shows such asFrontline,Nova,PBS News Hour,Masterpiece,Sesame Street,andThis Old House.[14]

Public Broadcasting Service
Logo used since November 4, 2019
Type
CountryUnited States
Broadcast area
  • Nationwide United States
  • Parts of Canada
  • Northern Mexico (OTAonly)
AffiliatesList of member stations
HeadquartersArlington County, Virginia,U.S.
Programming
Picture format
Ownership
OwnerPBS's member public television stations[1]
Key people
History
FoundedNovember 3, 1969;54 years ago(1969-11-03)
LaunchedOctober 5, 1970;53 years ago(1970-10-05)
Founder
ReplacedNational Educational Television(1952–1970)
Links
WebcastWatch live(US only)
Websitewww.pbs.orgEdit this at Wikidata

PBS is funded by a combination ofmember stationdues, theCorporation for Public Broadcasting,pledge drives,and donations from bothprivate foundationsand individual citizens. All proposed funding for programming is subject to a set of standards to ensure the program is free of influence from the funding source.[15]PBS has over 350member television stations,[16]many owned byeducational institutions,nonprofit groups both independent or affiliated with one particular localpublic school districtor collegiate educational institution, or entities owned by or related tostate government.[4]

History

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Former PBS headquarters inCrystal City, Virginia

PBS was established on November 3, 1969, byHartford N. Gunn Jr.(president ofWGBH),John Macy(president ofCPB),James Day(last president ofNational Educational Television), and Kenneth A. Christiansen (chairman of the department of broadcasting at theUniversity of Florida).[17]

It began operations on October 5, 1970, taking over many of the functions of its predecessor,National Educational Television(NET), which later merged withNewark, New Jerseystation WNDT to formWNET.In 1973, it merged withEducational Television Stations.[18][19][20]Around the same time, the groups started out the National Public Affairs Broadcast Center (later National Public Affairs Center for Television), which offered news and national affairs to the service.[21][22]The group was later merged into member stationWETA-TVin 1972.[23][24]

Immediately after public disclosure of theWatergate scandal,on May 17, 1973, theUnited States Senate Watergate Committeecommenced proceedings; PBS broadcast the proceedings nationwide, withRobert MacNeilandJim Lehreras commentators. Although all of theBig Three TV Networksran coverage of the hearings, PBS re-broadcast them onprime time.[25]For seven months, nightly "gavel-to-gavel" broadcasts drew great public interest, and raised the profile of the fledgling PBS network.[26]

In 1991, theCorporation for Public Broadcastingresumed funding for most PBS shows that debuted prior to 1977, with the exceptions ofWashington Week in ReviewandWall Street Week(CPB resumed funding ofWashington Weekin 1997).

In 1994,The Chronicle of Philanthropyreleased the results of the largest study on the popularity and credibility of charitable and non-profit organizations. PBS ranked as the 11th "most popular charity/non-profit in America" from over 100 charities researched in the study conducted by the industry publication, with 38.2% of Americans over the age of 12 choosing "love" and "like a lot" for PBS.[27][28][29][30]

Since the mid-2000s,Roper Opinion Researchpolls commissioned by PBS have consistently placed the service as themost-trusted national institutionin the United States.[3][31]A 2016–2017 study byNielsen Media Researchfound 80% of all US television households view the network's programs over the course of a year.[5]However, PBS is not responsible for all programming carried on public television stations, a large proportion of which may come from itsmember stations—includingWGBH-TV,WETA-TV,WNET,WTTW,WQED,WHYY-TV,Twin Cities PBS—American Public Television,and independent producers. This distinction regarding the origin of different programs on the service presents a frequent source of viewer confusion.[32]

In December 2009, PBS signed up for theNielsen ratingsaudience measurementreports, and began to be included in its primetime and daily "Television Index" reports, alongside the major commercial broadcast networks.[33]

In May 2011, PBS announced that it would incorporate breaks containing underwriter spots for corporate and foundation sponsors,program promotionsand identification spots within four breaks placed within episodes ofNatureandNOVA,airing episodes broken up into segments of up to 15 minutes, rather than airing them as straight 50- to 55-minute episodes. The strategy began that fall, with the intent to expand the in-program breaks to the remainder of the schedule if successful.[34]

In 2011, PBS releasedappsforiOSandAndroidto allow viewing of full-length videos on mobile devices.[35]Vern Seward ofThe Mac Observercalls the PBS iPad App, "...cool on so many levels."[36]An update in 2015 addedChromecastsupport.[37]

"PBS UK" was launched as a paid subscription channel in the United Kingdom on November 1, 2011, featuring American documentary programming sourced from PBS. Better identifying its subject matter, this channel was renamed "PBS America"on July 4, 2012. The channel has subsequently become available in other parts of Europe and Australia.

On February 28, 2012, PBS partnered with AOL to launchMakers: Women Who Make America,a digital documentary series focusing on high-achieving women in male-dominated industries such as war, comedy, space, business, Hollywood and politics.[38][39]

PBS initially struggled to compete with online media such asYouTubefor market share. In a 2012 speech to 850 top executives from PBS stations, Senior Vice President of DigitalJason Seikenwarned that PBS was in danger of being disrupted by YouTube studios such asMaker Studios.In the speech, later described as a "seminal moment" for public television,[40]he laid out his vision for a new style of PBS digital video production. Station leadership rallied around his vision and Seiken formedPBS Digital Studios,which began producing educational but edgy videos, something Seiken called "PBS-quality with a YouTube sensibility".[41]The studio's first hit, an auto-tuned version of the theme from one of their most famous television programs,Mister Rogers' Neighborhood,was one of YouTube's 10 most viral videos of 2012.[42]By 2013, monthly video views on PBS.org had risen from 2 million to a quarter-billion, PBS.org traffic had surpassed that of the CBS, NBC, and ABC web sites, PBSKids.org had become the dominant US children's site for video, and PBS had won more 2013Webby Awardsthan any other media company in the world.[43]

On May 8, 2013, full-length episodes of PBS' prime time, news and children's programs were made available through theRokustreaming player; programming is available on Roku as separate streaming channels for "PBS" and "PBS KIDS"content.[44]Some content is only available with aPBS Passportmember benefit subscription.[45]

On July 1, 2016,Amazon Prime Videoand PBS Distribution entered into a multi-year agreement which saw several PBS Kids series on other streaming services move to Amazon Prime Video.[46]

PBS Distribution partnered withMultiChoiceto launchPBS KIDSon May 22, 2019, onDStvandGOtvsubscription platforms across itsSub-Saharan Africafootprint.[47]In mid-2021, the channel was added to Australia'sFoxtelsubscription platform.[48]

At the summer 2019Television Critics Associationpress tour day for PBS on July 29, 2019, it was announced that MVPDYouTube TVwould begin to carry PBS programming and member stations in the fall of 2019. Member stations have the choice of having their traditional channel on the service with its full programming schedule received by Google over-the-air and uploaded to the service, a YouTube TV-only feed provided by the station with some programming substitutions due to lack of digital rights, or a PBS-provided feed with limited localization, though with no local programming or pledge drive programming.[49]

In 2019, PBS announced plans to move its headquarters to another building in the Crystal Gateway complex, while remaining inCrystal City, Virginia,and did so in 2020, which included a top building sign visible off theRichmond Highway.[50][51][16]

On August 4, 2020, theAmazon Prime Videoplatform added a "PBS Documentaries" package.[52]As of that time it offered four separately-subscribable selections of PBS programming in the United States, "PBS Documentaries", "PBS Living" (also on Apple TV), "PBS Masterpiece" (also in Canada) and "PBS KIDS".[53]In the UK, a "PBS America" documentaries package is available on Amazon Prime Video.[54]

On September 3, 2020, PBS began to offer a livestream of their member stations for free via its website (as well as the websites from the member stations), on smart TVs, and on their mobile apps. However, only a small handful of stations currently do not have a livestream of their stations set up.[55]Jefferson Graham ofUSA Todaycalled it, "Arguably the best bargain in streaming".[56]

July 1, 2021 saw a PBS Julia Child channel be added toPluto TVin the United States.[57]

The channels "PBS Antiques Roadshow", "Julia Child", "Antiques Road Trip" and "PBS Nature" were added to a number of American FAST platforms in January 2023.[58]

The channels "PBS Food" (in the United States) and "PBS History" (in the UK and Australia) launched on certain FAST platforms in late 2023.[59][60]

The channel "PBS Retro" was added to Roku's live TV channel lineup in the United States on April 23, 2024, airing a variety of former shows from PBS which are considered retro.[61]

Operations

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Even with its status as a non-profit[8][2]and educational television network, PBS engages in program distribution, providing television content and related services to its member stations, each of which together cooperatively owns the network.[1]Unlike the affiliates for commercial TV networks, each non-profit PBS member station is charged with the responsibility of programming local content such as news, interviews, cultural, andpublic affairsprograms for its individual market or state that supplements content provided by PBS and other public television distributors.

In acommercial broadcasttelevision networkstructure, affiliates give up portions of their local advertising airtime in exchange for carrying network programming, and the network pays its affiliates a share of the revenue it earns from advertising. By contrast, PBS member stations pay fees for the shows acquired and distributed by the national organization. Under this relationship, PBS member stations have greater latitude in local scheduling than their commercial broadcasting counterparts. Scheduling of PBS-distributed series may vary greatly depending on the market. This can be a source of tension as stations seek to preserve their localism, and PBS strives to market a consistent national lineup. However, PBS has a policy of "common carriage", which requires most stations to clear the national prime time programs on a commonprogrammingschedule to market them nationally more effectively. Management at formerLos AngelesmemberKCETcited unresolvable financial and programming disputes among its major reasons for leaving PBS after over 40 years in January 2011, although it would return to PBS in 2019.[62]

Although PBS has a set schedule of programming, particularly in regard to itsprime timeschedule, member stations reserve the right to schedule PBS-distributed programming in other time slots or not clear it at all if they choose to do so; few of the service's members carry all its programming. Most PBS stationstimeshiftsome distributed programs. Once PBS accepts a program offered for distribution, PBS, rather than the originating member station, retains exclusive rebroadcasting rights during an agreed period. Suppliers, however, retain the right to sell the program's intellectual property in non-broadcast media such asDVDs,books, and sometimes PBS-licensed merchandise.

Programming

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Main article:List of programs broadcast by PBS

The evening and primetime schedule on PBS features a diverse array of programming includingfine arts(Great Performances);drama(Masterpiece,Downton Abbey,American Family: Journey of Dreams);science(Nova,Nature);history(American Experience,American Masters,History Detectives,Antiques Roadshow);music(Austin City Limits,Soundstage);public affairs(Frontline,PBS NewsHour,Washington Week,Nightly Business Report);independent filmsanddocumentaries(P.O.V.,Independent Lens);home improvement(This Old House); andinterviews(Amanpour & Company,Tavis Smiley,The Dick Cavett Show). In 2012, PBS began organizing much of its prime time programming around a genre-based schedule (for example, drama series encompass the Sunday schedule, while science-related programs are featured on Wednesdays).

PBS broadcasts children's programming under thePBS Kidsbranding as part of the service's (and including content supplied by other distributors not programmed by the service, its member stations') morning and afternoon schedule. As the children's programs it distributes are intended to educate as well as entertain its target audience, PBS and its stations have long been in compliance witheducational programmingguidelines set by theFederal Communications Commissionin response to the enactment of theChildren's Television Act of 1990.Many member stations have historically also broadcastdistance educationand otherinstructional televisionprograms, typically during daytime slots; though with the advent of digital television, which has allowed stations to carry these programs ondigital subchannelsin lieu of the main PBS feed or exclusively over online, many member stations/networks have replaced distance education content with children's and other programming.

Unlike its radio counterpart,National Public Radio,PBS does not have a central program production arm or news division. All of the programming carried by PBS, whether news, documentary or entertainment, is created by (or in most cases produced under contract with) other parties, such as individual member stations.BostonmemberWGBH-TVis one of the largest producers ofeducational televisionprogramming, including shows likeAmerican Experience,Arthur(with Canada-basedCINAR),Masterpiece Theatre,Nova,Antiques RoadshowandFrontline,as well as many other children's and lifestyle programs. News programs are produced byWETA-TV(PBS News Hour) inWashington, D.C.,WNETinNew York CityandWPBTinMiami.Newark, New Jersey/New York CitymemberWNETproduces or distributes programs such asSecrets of the Dead,Nature,andCyberchase.PBS also works with other networks for programming such asCNN InternationalforAmanpour & Companywhich is a co-production of CNN International and WNET.

PBS member stations are known for rebroadcasting British televisioncostume dramas,comediesandscience fictionprograms (acquired from theBBCand other sources) such asDownton Abbey;'Allo 'Allo!;Are You Being Served?;The Benny Hill Show,Red Dwarf;The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin;Father Ted;Fawlty Towers;Harry Enfield & Chums;Keeping Up Appearances;Monty Python's Flying Circus;Mr. Bean,The Vicar of Dibley,the original run ofDoctor Who,andSherlock.However, a significant amount of sharing takes place. The BBC and British broadcasters such asChannel 4often cooperate with PBS stations, producing material that is shown on both sides of theAtlantic.Less frequently, Canadian, Australian and other international programming appears on PBS stations (such asThe Red Green Show,currently distributed by syndicator Executive Program Services); public broadcasting syndicators are more likely to offer this programming to U.S.-based public television stations.

PBS is not the only distributor of public television programming to the member stations. Other distributors have emerged from the roots of companies that maintained loosely held regional public television stations in the 1960s.Boston-basedAmerican Public Television(which, among other names, was formerly known as Eastern Educational Network and the American Program Service) is second only to PBS for distributing programs to U.S. non-commercial stations. Another distributor is NETA (formerly SECA), whose properties have includedThe ShapiesandJerry Yarnell School of Fine Art.In addition, the member stations themselves also produce a variety of local shows, some of which subsequently receive national distribution through PBS or other distributors.

Rerun programming,especially domestic programming not originally produced for public television, is generally uncommon on PBS or its member stations. The most prominent exception to this isThe Lawrence Welk Show,which has aired continuously in reruns on PBS (through theOklahoma Educational Television Authority) almost every weekend since 1986. Reruns of programs originally produced for public television are common, especially with former PBS shows whose hosts have retired or died (for example,The Joy of PaintingandMister Rogers' Neighborhood). Children's programming (such asClifford the Big Red DogandDragonflyTV,the latter of which is also syndicated on commercial television) is rerun extensively. In 2020 and 2021, PBS served as the over-the-air home to select specials from thePeanutslibrary,under sublicense fromApple;[63]the deal was not renewed in 2022.[64]

PBS Kids

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Main article:PBS Kids

Launched as PTV on July 11, 1994, PBS Kids is the brand forchildren's programsaired by PBS. The PBS Kids Channel, launched in 1999 and operated until 2005, was largely funded by satellite providerDirecTV.The original channel ceased operations on September 26, 2005, in favor ofPBS Kids Sprout,a commercialdigital cableandsatellite televisionchannel originally operated as a joint venture between PBS,Comcast,Sesame WorkshopandApax Partners(NBCUniversal,which Comcast acquired in 2011, later acquired the other partners' interests in the channel in 2012). However, the original programming block still exists on PBS, filling daytime and in some cases, weekend morning schedules on its member stations; many members also carry 24-hour locally programmed children's networks featuring PBS Kids content on one of their digital subchannels. A revived version of the PBS Kids Channel was launched on January 16, 2017. As of 2019, PBS Kids is the only children's programming block on U.S. broadcast television.

As PBS is often known for doing, PBS Kids has broadcast imported series from other countries; these include British series originally broadcast by theBBCandITV.Through American Public Television, many PBS stations also began airing the Australian seriesRaggson June 4, 2007. Some of the programs broadcast as part of the service's children's lineup or through public broadcast syndication directly to its members have subsequently been syndicated to commercial television outlets (such asGhostwriterandThe Magic School Bus).

Sports

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Many PBS member stations and networks—includingMississippi Public Broadcasting(MHSAA),Georgia Public Broadcasting(GHSA),Maine Public Broadcasting Network(MPA),Iowa PBS(IGHSAU),Nebraska Public Media(NSAA), andWKYU-TV(Western Kentucky Hilltoppers)—locally broadcasthigh schooland college sports. From the 1980s onward, the national PBS network has not typically carried sporting events, mainly because the broadcast rights to most sporting events have become more cost-prohibitive in that timeframe, especially for nonprofits with limited revenue potential; in addition, starting with the respective launches of theMountainWest Sports Network(now defunct) andBig Ten Networkin 2006 and 2007 and the later launches of thePac-12 NetworkandESPN'sSEC NetworkandACC Network,athletic conferenceshave acquired rights for all of their member university's sports programs for their cable channels, restricting their use from PBS member stations, even those associated with their own universities.

From 1976 to 1989,KQEDproduced a series ofBundesligamatches under the bannerSoccer Made in Germany,withToby Charlesannouncing. PBS also carriedtennisevents, as well asIvy Leaguefootball. Notable football commentators includedUpton Bell,Marty Glickman,Bob Casciola,Brian Dowling,Sean McDonoughandJack Corrigan.[65]Other sports programs included interview series such asThe Way It WasandThe Sporting Life.[66]

Governance

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The board of directors is responsible for governing and setting policy for PBS, consisting of 27 members: 14 professional directors (station managers), 12 general directors (outside directors), and the PBS president.[67]All PBS Board members serve three-year terms, without pay.[67]PBS member stations elect the 14 professional directors; the board elects the 12 general directors and appoints the PBS president and CEO; and the entire board elects its officers.[68]

Member stations

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Main article:List of PBS member stations

As of March 2015,PBS maintains current memberships with 354 television stations encompassing 50 states, the District of Columbia and four U.S. possessions;[4][69]as such, it is the only television broadcaster in the United States—commercial or non-commercial—which has station partners licensed in every U.S. state (by comparison, none of the five major commercial broadcast networks has affiliates in certain states where PBS has members, most notablyNew Jersey). The service has an estimated national reach of 93.74% of all households in the United States (or 292,926,047 Americans with at least one television set).

PBS stations are commonly operated bynonprofit organizations,state agencies, local authorities (such as municipal boards of education), oruniversitiesin theircity of license;this is similar (albeit more centralized in states where a licensee owns multiple stations rebroadcasting the main PBS member) to the early model of commercial broadcasting in the U.S., in which network-affiliated stations were initially owned by companies that owned few to no other television stations elsewhere in the country. In some U.S. states, a group of PBS stations throughout the entire state may be organized into a single regional "subnetwork" (such asAlabama Public TelevisionandArkansas PBS); in this model, PBS programming and other content is distributed by the originating station in the subnetwork to otherfull-power stations that serve as satellites as well as any low-power translatorsin other areas of the state. Some states may be served by such a regional network and simultaneously have PBS member stations in a certain city (such as the case with secondary memberKBDI-TVinDenver,which is not related toColoradomember networkRocky Mountain PBSand itsflagship stationand primary Denver PBS member, KRMA-TV) that operate autonomously from the regional member network.

As opposed to the present commercial broadcasting model in which network programs are often carried exclusively on one television station in a given market, PBS may maintain more than one member station in certain markets, which may be owned by the licensee of the market's primary PBS member station or owned by a separate licensee (as a prime example,KOCE-TV,KLCSandKVCR-DT—which are all individually owned—serve as PBS stations for the Los Angelesmarket;KCET served as the market's primary PBS member until it left the service in January 2011,[70]at which time it was replaced by KOCE). KCET rejoined PBS in 2019, thus giving the Los Angeles area four different member stations.

For these cases, PBS utilizes the Program Differentiation Plan, which divides by percentage the number of programs distributed by the service that each member can carry on their schedule; often, this assigns a larger proportion of PBS-distributed programming to the primary member station, with the secondary members being allowed to carry a lesser number of program offerings from the service's schedule. Unlike public broadcasters in most other countries, PBS cannot own any of the stations that broadcasts its programming; therefore, it is one of the few television programming bodies that does not have anyowned-and-operated stations.This is partly due to the origins of the PBS stations themselves, and partly due to historicalbroadcast licenseissues.

Participating stations

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Most PBS member stations have produced at least some nationally distributed programs. Current regularly scheduled programming on thePBS national feedis produced by a smaller group of stations, including:

PBS networks

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Network Notes

PBS Kids 		A programming block that provideschildren's television programs.The block was formerly called PTV Park. Launched as a 24/7 network in 1999 that was dissolved in 2005 and subsequently revived in 2017.
PBS Satellite Service A 24-hour alternate network feed that provides a mixed variety of programming selected from the main PBS service, as well as for carriage on programming tiers of satellite providers.

PBS hasspun offa number oftelevision networks,often in partnership with other media companies.PBS YOU,a distance education and how-to service operated between 2000 and 2006, and was largely succeeded byCreate(a similarly formatted network owned by American Public Television). The 24-hour PBS Kids Channel has had two iterations in the age ofdigital television;one which existed between 1999 and 2005 (being superseded by PBS Kids Sprout), and the current version which was launched in 2017.Worldbegan operations in 2007 as a service operated by PBS but is now managed by American Public Television.

PBS has also restructured its satellite feed system, simplifyingHD02 (PBS West)into a timeshift feed for thePacific Time Zone,rather than a high-definition complement to its formerly primary SD feed.PBS Kids Go!was proposed as a replacement broadcast network for the original 1999–2005 version of the PBS Kids Channel; however, plans to launch the network were folded in 2006. Programming from the PBS Satellite Service has also been carried by certain member stations or regional member networks to fill their overnight schedules (particularly those that have transitioned to a 24-hour schedule since the late 1990s), in lieu of providing programming sourced from outside public television distributors or repeats of local programming (program promotions shown on the satellite feed advertise upcoming programs as being aired on PBS during the timeslot card normally used as a placeholder for member outlets to insert local airtime information).

Some or all of these services are available on a digital cable tier of many cable providers, on afree-to-air (FTA) satellite receiverreceiving fromPBS Satellite Service,as well as via subscription-baseddirect broadcast satelliteproviders. With the exception of Sprout, some of these services, including those from PBS member stations and networks, have not made contracts with Internet-distributedover-the-topMVPDservices such asSling TVand the now defunctPlayStation Vue.With the transition to over-the-airdigital televisionbroadcasts, many of the services are also often now available as standard-definitionmulticastchannels on the digital signals of some member stations, while HD02 (PBS West) serves as a secondary HD feed. With the absence ofadvertising,network identification on these PBS networks was limited to utilization at the end of the program, which includes the standard series ofbumpersfrom the "Be More" campaign.

Independent networks

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While not operated or controlled by PBS proper, additional public broadcasting networks are available and carried by PBS member stations. The following three are also distributed by PBS via satellite.

Channel Programming Origin
Create Educational and artistic programming American Public Television
World News and documentaries
First Nations Experience Indigenous programming San Bernardino Community College District

From 2002 to 2011,Buffalo, New Yorkmember stationWNED-TVoperatedThinkBright TV,a service that was carried on several stations in upstateNew York.Several state networks also offer apublic affairssubchannel network offering full-time coverage of state government events and legislative/judicial proceedings in the same vein asC-SPAN's coverage of the federal government. Many PBS stations also carried MHz Worldview from theMHz Networksuntil 2020 when MHz Networks announced its discontinuation of the network on March 1, 2020. Since then, many stations has switched to World Channel as well asFirst Nations Experience.

A separate but related concept is the state network, where a group of stations across a state simulcast a single programming schedule from a central facility, which may include specialty subchannels unique to that broadcaster.

Visual identity

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PBS's second logo, the first iteration to include the "P-Head" element
PBS's third logo, as used from 1984 to 2019. The logo pictured is the 2002 version.
PBS logo from 1970 to 1971, with the same colors as the NET logo from 1967
PBS logo from 1984 to 1989
PBS logo from 1989 to 1992
PBS logo from 1992 to 1996
PBS logo from 1996 to 1998
PBS Alternate logo from 1984 to 1998

PBS introduced its first iconographic logo in 1971, a multi-coloredwordmarkof the network's initials with the P designed to resemble asilhouetteof a human face. The logo was designed by Ernie Smith andHerb Lubalinof the Lubalin Smith Carnase design firm.[71][72]Lubalin's human face "P", known internally at PBS as "Everyman", but more commonly known as the "P-Head", became the basis for all subsequent PBS logos.[73]

In 1984, PBS introduced a new version of the logo, designed byTom GeismarofChermayeff & Geismar.[74]Chermayeff & Geismar felt that the Lubalin-designed logo was too similar to those of the three dominant commercial networks of the time, and they sought "to develop a symbol that could stand for the more inclusive concept of 'public television'".They inverted Lubalin's Everyman" P "to face to the right instead of the left, and repeated the outline as a series to represent a" multitude "of people. The symbol was subsequently renamed" Everyone ".[73]The repeated outline of the face has also been interpreted to suggest a degree ofmulticulturalism,as well as the public service aspect of the PBS mission.[75]

The logo has been used in various forms since: from 1998 onward, the Geismar logo has been rendered in white on a circle.[73]

On November 4, 2019, in honor of the network's 50th anniversary, PBS unveiled a revampedbrand identitybyLippincott,intended to be better-suited for use on digital platforms. The Geismar logo was tweaked, a new customsans-seriftypeface known as PBS Sans was commissioned for the logo and other branding elements (which replaces theslab seriftypeface used in the PBS logo since 1984), andelectric blueand white were adopted as corporate colors.[76][77]The network is allowing flexibility in implementation, but is no longer allowing the logo to be displayed independently of the PBS name. Upon the launch of the new logo, some members rebranded themselves to include PBS in their name for the first time, such as Wisconsin Public Television rebranding asPBS Wisconsin.[77][78]PBS is paying out grants to at least 100 members to cover costs associated with the rebranding.[77]

Reception

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Critical response

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PBShas been praised by critics for its variety of programming.[79]Tim Goodman ofThe Hollywood Reportermarked PBS' airing ofDownton Abbeyas a turning point for the network's reputation and program variety.[80]He also wrote, "It's PBS's time to shine"[81]and said that the network "is an endless bounty of riches...Ain't this great?"[80]Stevenonymous ofBuzzFeedwrote, "PBS isn't just TV anymore."[82]David Zurawik ofThe Baltimore Sunwrote, "If you want a reason to believe in PBS...here it is."[83]Mekeisha Madden Toby ofTheWrapwrote, "There is a lot to love...on PBS."[84]Kristen McQuinn ofBook Riotwrote, "PBS is awesome in every way."[85]Caroline Framke ofVarietywrote, "There's still no beating PBS."[79]Alyssa Rosenburg ofThe Washington Postwrote, "PBS is a unifying thread...through our cultural fabric."[86]Margaret Renkl ofThe New York Timeswrote, "By aiming to unite...PBS might save us yet."[87]Margie Barron ofEntertainment Todaywrote, "PBS remains a beacon...that inspires."[88]TheMarketing & Research Resourcessurvey, said that PBS is the "#1 most trusted media 19 years in a row."[89]In 2021, the network had 14News & Documentary Emmy Awardnominations, more than any other organization.[90]Matt Roush ofTV Insiderwrote, "PBS is and always has been a bright light."[91]For thePBS Artsprogram,Rob OwenofPittsburgh Post-Gazettewrote, "A gift to viewers."[92]

On-air fundraising

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Since 53% to 60% of public television's revenues come from private membership donations andgrants,[93]most stations solicit individual donations by methods includingfundraising,pledge drivesortelethons,which disrupt regularly scheduled programming. This has been perceived as potentially annoying since regularly scheduled programming is often replaced with specials aimed at a wider audience (such as music specials aimed at theBaby Boomergeneration and financial, health and motivational programs) to solicit new members and donations; during fundraising events, these programs are often interrupted within the broadcast by long-form segments (of six to eight minutes in length) encouraging viewers to donate to their PBS member.[94]Underwriting spotsare aired at the end of each program, which differ from traditional commercials in several ways.[95]Each spot must be approved to meet several guidelines.[96]The main guidelines state that underwriting spots cannot be qualitative in any way, nor can they have any call to action.[97]

Controversies

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Accusations of political/ideological bias

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A 1982 broadcast of theUnited States Information AgencyprogramLet Poland be Polandabout themartial law declared in Poland in 1981was widely viewed in the U.S., but met with skepticism on the part of eastern European broadcasters (communist countries at the time) due to concerns that the program's "provocative and anticommunist" tone was intended as propaganda.[98][99]

In 1999, at least three public television stations were caught selling or trading their mailing lists with theDemocratic National Committee.UnderIRSregulations,nonprofit organizationsare prohibited from participating in political actions. Officials from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting condemned the practice and conducted an investigation into the matter. The stations involved were in New York, Boston, and Washington.[100]

Individual programs aired by PBS have been the targets of organized campaigns by individuals and groups with opposing views, including by formerUnited States Secretary of EducationMargaret Spellingsin 2005.[101]

Nonetheless, in every year since 2004, surveys of Americans have shown PBS to have been consistently ranked as the most trusted institution in comparison tocommercialbroadcastandcable television,newspapers,andstreaming services,and in January 2021, Americans valued tax dollars spent on PBS behind onlymilitary defenseandoversight of food and drug safety.[102]

Accusations during Tomlinson tenure

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In September 2003,Kenneth Tomlinsonwas chosen as chairman of the CPB board.[103]He criticized PBS andNPRfor an allegedly "liberal bias".[104]His efforts sparked complaints of political pressure.[105]

To partially balance out the perceived left-leaning PBS shows, from June 2004 to July 2005, PBS airedTucker Carlson: Unfilteredwith conservative commentatorTucker Carlson,and from September 2004 to December 2005, PBS airedThe Journal Editorial ReportwithPaul Gigot,a conservative editor ofThe Wall Street Journaleditorial page.[106]In December 2004,Bill Moyersresigned as a PBS regular, citing political pressure to alter the content of his program, and saying Tomlinson had mounted a "vendetta" against him.[107]

In May 2005, two House Democrats requested the CPB inspector general investigate the complaints of political interference.[108]The inspector general's report was issued in November 2005 and described possible political influence on personnel decisions, including e-mail correspondence between Tomlinson and the White House which indicated that Tomlinson "was strongly motivated by political considerations in filling the president/CEO position", a position filled in June 2005 by formerRepublican National Committeeco-chairPatricia Harrison.[109]Tomlinson resigned from the CPB board on November 3, 2005.[110]

Accusations since the Tomlinson tenure

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In January 2021, Michael Beller, the chief attorney for PBS resigned after being caught on tape suggesting that the children ofDonald Trumpsupporters should be sent tore-education camps.[111]

Lawsuit with Pacific Arts

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In the 1990s, PBS became involved in a dispute over home video licensing rights withPacific Arts Corporation,a multimedia company owned and operated by formerMonkeesguitaristMichael Nesmith.

In 1990, Pacific Arts secured a contract with PBS to distribute their back catalog of programming on VHS under thePBS Home Videobanner. However, in the early 1990s, Pacific Arts and PBS went through a series of serious disagreements. Lawsuits were filed: by Nesmith and Pacific Arts against PBS for breach of contract, intentional misrepresentation, intentional concealment, negligent misrepresentation, and interference with contract; and by PBS against Nesmith and Pacific Arts for lost royalties.[112]The lawsuits escalated in 1994 and 1995 into major litigation between the parties over these rights and payments. PBS and Nesmith and Pacific Arts vigorously prosecuted these multimillion-dollar counter-suits.

The six plaintiffs included PBS,WGBH-TV,WNET,theKen Burns-owned American Documentaries and Radio Pioneers Film Project and theChildren's Television Workshop.They sought approximately $5 million in disputed royalties, advances, guarantees and license fees for programs and the use of the PBS logo from the defendants Pacific Arts and Nesmith.

Due to the cost of the litigation, Pacific Arts was forced to cease distribution operations and suspended the use of the PBS logo on the Pacific Arts videos.[112]Though Pacific Arts distribution system had ceased operating, the various plaintiffs were counting on capturing a personal financial guarantee Nesmith had made to PBS in the original PBS deal in 1990.

The cases went to jury trial in Federal Court in Los Angeles in February 1999. After three days of deliberation, the jury unanimously sided with Nesmith.[113]The court awarded Pacific Arts $14,625,000 for loss of its rights library, plus $29,250,000 in punitive damages. The jury awarded $3 million to Nesmith personally, including $2 million in punitive damages for a total award to Nesmith and Pacific Arts of $48,875,000. The jury resolved the outstanding license fee issues by ordering Pacific Arts and Nesmith to pay approximately $1.2 million to American Documentaries forThe Civil War,about $230,000 toWGBH-TV,and $150,000 toWNET.[112]

Following the ruling, Nesmith expressed his personal disappointment with PBS and was quoted byBBC Newsas stating "It's like finding your grandmother stealing your stereo. You're happy to get your stereo back, but it's sad to find out your grandmother is a thief."[114]

The decision never went to an appeals court and the final amount paid to Pacific Arts and Nesmith was an undisclosed sum agreed to in an out-of-court settlement.

Warning, Alert and Response Network (WARN)

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PBS provides an alternative path forWireless Emergency Alertsto wireless carriers through its Warning, Alert and Response Network (WARN). The alerts are transmitted through the PBS satellite network on theAMC-21satellite to PBS stations, who then broadcast the messages over their transmitters for reception by wireless carriers at their cell sites.[115]

The WARN network is funded by a grant throughNational Telecommunications and Information Administration(NTIA).[115]

See also

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Similar public broadcasting services

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References

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