Portal:Energy

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Introduction

Aplasma globe,usingelectrical energyto createplasma,light,heat,movementand a faintsound

Energy(fromAncient Greekἐνέργεια(enérgeia)'activity') is thequantitativepropertythat istransferredto abodyor to aphysical system,recognizable in the performance ofworkand in the form ofheatandlight.Energy is aconserved quantity—the law ofconservation of energystates that energy can beconvertedin form, but not created or destroyed;matterand energy may also be converted to one another. The unit ofmeasurementfor energy in theInternational System of Units(SI) is thejoule(J).

Common forms of energy include thekinetic energyof a moving object, thepotential energystored by an object (for instance due to its position in afield), theelastic energystored in a solid object,chemical energyassociated withchemical reactions,theradiant energycarried byelectromagnetic radiation,and theinternal energycontained within athermodynamic system.All livingorganismsconstantly take in and release energy.

Due tomass–energy equivalence,any object that has mass when stationary (calledrest mass) also has an equivalent amount of energy whose form is calledrest energy,and any additional energy (of any form) acquired by the object above that rest energy will increase the object's total mass just as it increases its total energy.

Human civilization requires energy to function, which it gets fromenergy resourcessuch asfossil fuels,nuclear fuel,orrenewable energy.The Earth'sclimateandecosystemsprocesses are driven by the energy the planet receives from the Sun (although a small amount is also contributed bygeothermal energy). (Full article...)

Selected article

High-level radioactive waste managementconcerns management and disposal of highlyradioactivematerials created during production ofnuclear powerandnuclear warheads.The technical issues in accomplishing this are daunting, due to the extremely long periodsradioactive wastesremain deadly to living organisms. Of particular concern are twolong-lived fission products,Technetium-99(half-life 220,000 years) andIodine-129(half-life 15.7 million years), which dominate spent nuclear fuel radioactivity after a few thousand years. The most troublesometransuranic elementsin spent fuel areNeptunium-237(half-life two million years) andPlutonium-239(half-life 24,000 years). Consequently, high-level radioactive waste requires sophisticated treatment and management to successfully isolate it from thebiosphere.This usually necessitates treatment, followed by a long-term management strategy involving permanent storage, disposal or transformation of the waste into a non-toxic form.

Governments around the world are considering a range of waste management and disposal options, usually involving deep-geologic placement, although there has been limited progress toward implementing long-term waste management solutions. This is partly because the timeframes in question when dealing withradioactive wasterange from 10,000 to millions of years, according to studies based on the effect of estimated radiation doses.

Selected image

Photo credit:NASA
ASaturn Vrocket launchesApollo 11,burning 3,580U.S. gallons(13,552 liters) ofkeroseneper second.

Did you know?

• The development ofrenewable energy in Icelandmeans that by 2050 the country should be the world's firstzero-carbon economy?

• World's two largestoil shale-fired power plants (Narva Power Plants) generate more than 90% of power inEstonia?

• NW NaturalinPortland, Oregonwas the first gas company in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States when it started in1859?

• TheAssistant Secretary of Energy for Fossil Energyis responsible for America'sStrategic Petroleum Reserve?

• Despite declines in production in recent years,Victoriastill produces almost 20% of Australia'scrude oil?

• 4.26 million tonnes of the Sun are converted to energy every second bynuclear fusion?

• The firstgasworksin the United Kingdom was built by theGas Light and Coke Company,incorporated byRoyal Charterin 1812?

• TheBaku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipelinewas a central plot point in theJames BondfilmThe World Is Not Enough?

Selected biography

Roman Arkadyevich Abramovich(born 24 October 1966 inSaratov,Russia) is a Jewish Russian oilbillionaireand one of theRussian oligarchs.

Between 1992 and 1995, after Soviet presidentMikhail Gorbachev's 'perestroika' economic reforms permitted the opening of small private businesses, Abramovich founded five companies that eventually evolved to specialize in the trading ofoiland oil products. With the approved byBoris Yeltsin,in 1995 Roman Abramovich and partnerBoris Berezovskypaid$100m for a controlling interest in the major RussianSibneftoil company, then valued at $150 million. Berezovsky subsequently sold his stake to Abramovich after fleeing to London. In September 2005 Abramovich sold his interest in Sibneft to state energy giantGazpromfor $13 billion.

Despite maintaining that his primary residence is Moscow, in 2006 Abramovich was named as the second-wealthiest person in the United Kingdom. His property investments and other assets were estimated at£10.8 billion. In June 2003, Abramovich became the owner of the companies that controlChelsea Football Club(soccerclub). He also became the world's greatest spender onluxury yachts,with four boats in what the media have called the 'Abramovich Navy'.

Although he rarely visits the area, in October 2005 Abramovich was reappointed governor of the impoverishedChukotka Autonomous Okrugin theRussian Far Eastwhere he has made significant financial contributions. He was originally elected to the governorship in 1999.

In the news

10 July 2024 –Russian invasion of Ukraine

TwoUkrainiansare killed byRussiandroneand missile attacks on a port in southernOdesa Oblast,Ukraine,which damaged port infrastructure, an energy facility, and acivilianship.(Reuters)

General images

The following are images from various energy-related articles on Wikipedia.

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  Refinery, Bayport Industrial Complex, Harris County, Texas (fromOil refinery)
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  Neste Oilrefinery inPorvoo,Finland (fromOil refinery)
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  Share of electricity production from nuclear, 2022 (fromNuclear power)
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  Share of electricity production from hydropower, 2022 (fromHydroelectricity)
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  Europe (fromSolar power)
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  Grangemouth Refinery,inScotland(fromOil refinery)
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  Natural gas burning on a gas stove (fromNatural gas)
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  Baton Rouge Refinery(the fifth-largest in theUnited States) (fromOil refinery)
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  Enhanced geothermal system1:Reservoir 2:Pump house 3:Heat exchanger 4:Turbine hall 5:Production well 6:Injection well 7:Hot water to district heating 8:Porous sediments 9:Observation well 10:Crystalline bedrock (fromGeothermal power)
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  Pile ofasphalt-covered aggregate for formation intoasphalt concrete(fromOil refinery)
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  Growth of worldwide nuclear power generation (fromNuclear power)
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  Electricity production by source (fromSolar power)
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  Oil refinery in Iran (fromOil refinery)
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  Schematic of theITERtokamakunder construction in France (fromNuclear power)
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  Death rates from air pollution and accidents related to energy production, measured in deaths in the past per terawatt hours (TWh) (fromNuclear power)
• 
  Example of energy policy decisions: The goal of theSouthern Gas Corridor,which connects the giantShah Deniz gas fieldinAzerbaijanto Europe, is to reduce Europe's dependency on Russian gas. (fromEnergy policy)
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  Crude oilis separated into fractions byfractional distillation.The fractions at the top of thefractionating columnhave lowerboiling pointsthan the fractions at the bottom. The heavy bottom fractions are oftencrackedinto lighter, more useful products. All of the fractions are processed further in other refining units. (fromOil refinery)
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  Most waste packaging, small-scale experimental fuel recycling chemistry andradiopharmaceuticalrefinement is conducted within remote-handledhot cells.(fromNuclear power)
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  Sample ofkerosene(fromOil refinery)
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  motor oil(fromOil refinery)
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  Geothermal power center in theUsulután Department,El Salvador(fromGeothermal power)
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  United States andUSSR/Russiannuclear weaponsstockpiles, 1945–2006. TheMegatons to Megawatts Programwas the main driving force behind the sharp reduction in the quantity of nuclear weapons worldwide since the cold war ended. (fromNuclear power)
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  The oil refinery inHaifa, Israel,is capable of processing about 9 million tons (66 million barrels) ofcrude oila year. Its twocooling towersare landmarks of the city's skyline. (fromOil refinery)
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  Global energy usageis highly unequal. High income countries such as the United States and Canada use 100 times as much energy per capita as some of theleast developed countriesin Africa. (fromSustainable energy)
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  Thomas Young- the first to use the term "energy" in the modern sense, in 1802. (fromHistory of energy)
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  Deaths caused by use of fossil fuels such as natural gas (areas of rectangles in chart) greatly exceed those resulting from production ofwind energy,nuclear energyorsolar energy(rectangles barely visible in chart). (fromNatural gas)
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  Construction close to high pressure gas transmission pipelines is discouraged, often with standing warning signs. (fromNatural gas)
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  The share of electricity production from solar, 2022 (fromSolar power)
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  Benefitting from favorable policies and declining costs of modules, photovoltaic solar installation has grown consistently, with China expected to account for 50% of new global solar photovoltaic projects by 2024. (fromSolar power)
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  Sample ofgasoline(fromOil refinery)
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  Geothermal generation by country, 2021 (fromGeothermal power)
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  Merowe DaminSudan.Hydroelectric power stations that usedamssubmerge large areas of land due to the requirement of areservoir.These changes to land color oralbedo,alongside certain projects that concurrently submerge rainforests, can in these specific cases result in the global warming impact, or equivalentlife-cycle greenhouse gasesof hydroelectricity projects, to potentially exceed that of coal power stations. (fromHydroelectricity)
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  The growth of solar PV on a semi-log scale since 1996 (fromSolar power)
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  Deaths caused as a result offossil fueluse (areas of rectangles in chart) greatly exceed those resulting from production of sustainable energy (rectangles barely visible in chart). (fromSustainable energy)
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  Themulti-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator(MMRTG), used in several space missions such as theCuriosityMars rover(fromNuclear power)
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  A woman in ruralRajasthan,India, collects firewood. Theuse of wood and other polluting fuels for cookingcauses millions of deaths each year fromindoorand outdoorair pollution.(fromSustainable energy)
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  Passive coolingfeatures, such as thesewindcatchertowers in Iran, bring cool air into buildings without any use of energy. (fromSustainable energy)
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  Aparabolic collectorconcentrates sunlight onto a tube in its focal point. (fromSolar power)
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  Yearly hydro generation by continent (fromHydroelectricity)
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  Several countries and the European Union have committed to dates for all new cars to bezero-emissions vehicles.(fromSustainable energy)
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  AWashington, D.C.Metrobus,which runs on natural gas (fromNatural gas)
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  Actual annual deployments of solar PV vs predictions by the IEA for the period 2002–2016. Predictions have largely and consistently underestimated actual growth. (fromSolar power)
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  Asugarcane plantationto produceethanolin Brazil (fromSustainable energy)
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  Yearly geothermal generation by continent (fromGeothermal power)
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  Refinery ofSlovnaftinBratislava(fromOil refinery)
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  North America (fromSolar power)
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  The warming influence (calledradiative forcing) of long-lived greenhouse gases has increased substantially in the last 40 years, with carbon dioxide and methane being the dominant drivers of global warming. (fromNatural gas)
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  South America (fromSolar power)
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  South and South-East Asia (fromSolar power)
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  The status of nuclear power globally (click for legend) (fromNuclear power)
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  Part of theSenftenberg Solarpark,a solarphotovoltaicpower plant located on former open-pit mining areas close to the city ofSenftenberg,in Eastern Germany. The 78 MW Phase 1 of the plant was completed within three months. (fromSolar power)
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  Since 1985, the proportion of electricity generated from low-carbon sources has increased only slightly. Advances in deploying renewables have been mostly offset by declining shares of nuclear power. (fromSustainable energy)
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  Acceptance of wind and solar facilities in one's community is stronger among U.S. Democrats (blue), while acceptance of nuclear power plants is stronger among U.S. Republicans (red). (fromSolar power)
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  Gas network emergency vehicle responding to a major fire inKyiv,Ukraine(fromNatural gas)
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  Bloomberg NEFreported that in 2022, global energy transition investment equaled fossil fuels investment for the first time. (fromSustainable energy)
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  Buildings in theSolar Settlement at Schlierberg,Germany, produce more energy than they consume. They incorporate rooftop solar panels and are built for maximum energy efficiency. (fromSustainable energy)
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  Aphotovoltaic power stationinCalifornia,United States
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  A micro-hydro facility inVietnam(fromHydroelectricity)
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  Yearly solar generation by continent (fromSolar power)
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  Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating Systemwith all three towers under load (fromSolar power)
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  TheWarwick Castlewater-powered generator house, used for the generation of electricity for the castle from 1894 until 1940 (fromHydroelectricity)
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  Africa and Middle East (fromSolar power)
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  Following the 2011Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster,the world's worstnuclear accidentsince 1986, 50,000 households were displaced afterradiationleaked into the air, soil and sea. Radiation checks led to bans of some shipments of vegetables and fish. (fromNuclear power)
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  The outdoor section of aheat pump.In contrast to oil and gas boilers, they use electricity and are highly efficient. As such, electrification of heating can significantly reduce emissions. (fromSustainable energy)
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  Measurement of the tailrace and forebay rates at theLimestone Generating StationinManitoba,Canada.(fromHydroelectricity)
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  Schematics of a grid-connected residentialPV power system(fromSolar power)
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  Pico hydroelectricity inMondulkiri,Cambodia(fromHydroelectricity)
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  US Natural Gas Marketed Production 1900 to 2012 (US EIA data) (fromNatural gas)
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  TheIkata Nuclear Power Plant,apressurized water reactorthat cools by using a secondary coolantheat exchangerwith a large body of water, an alternative cooling approach to largecooling towers(fromNuclear power)
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  TheFfestiniog Power Stationcan generate360MWof electricity within 60 seconds of the demand arising. (fromHydroelectricity)
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  The location ofshale gascompared to other types of gas deposits (fromNatural gas)
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  Anacortes Refinery,on the north end of March Point southeast ofAnacortes, Washington,United States (fromOil refinery)
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  Nuclear fuelassemblies being inspected before entering apressurized water reactorin the United States (fromNuclear power)
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  Battery storage facility
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  Australia (fromSolar power)
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  A geothermal power station inNegros Oriental,Philippines(fromGeothermal power)
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  Activity of spent UOx fuel in comparison to the activity of naturaluranium oreover time (fromNuclear power)
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  Natural gas processing plant inAderklaa,Lower Austria (fromNatural gas)
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  Electrified transport and renewable energy are key areas of investment for therenewable energy transition.(fromSustainable energy)
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  Comparison of natural gas prices in Japan, United Kingdom, and United States, 2007–2011 (fromNatural gas)
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  TheHoover Damin the United States is a large conventional dammed-hydro facility, with an installed capacity of2,080MW.(fromHydroelectricity)
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  Wind turbines inXin gian g,China
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  Countries bynatural gas proven reserves(2014), based on data from The World Factbook (fromNatural gas)
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  Sulphur(fromOil refinery)
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  The guided-missile cruiser USS Monterey (CG 61) receives fuel at sea (FAS) from the Nimitz-class aircraft carrier USS George Washington (CVN 73). (fromNuclear power)
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  Global geothermal electric capacity. Upper red line is installed capacity; lower green line is realized production. (fromGeothermal power)
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  Burning of natural gas coming out of the ground (fromNatural gas)
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  Natural gasdrilling rigin Texas, US (fromNatural gas)
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  Peoples GasManlove Fieldnatural gas storagearea inNewcomb Township, Champaign County, Illinois.In the foreground (left) is one of the numerous wells for the underground storage area, with an LNG plant, and above-ground storage tanks are in the background (right). (fromNatural gas)
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  Polyethyleneplasticmainbeing placed in atrench(fromNatural gas)
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  TheLeibstadt Nuclear Power Plantin Switzerland (fromNuclear power)
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  Clean energy investment has benefited from post-pandemic economic recovery, a global energy crisis involving high fossil fuel prices, and growing policy support across various nations. (fromSustainable energy)
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  A pipeline odorant injection station (fromNatural gas)
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  Trends in the top five natural gas-producing countries (US EIA data) (fromNatural gas)
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  Dry cask storagevessels storing spent nuclear fuel assemblies (fromNuclear power)
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  Community solarfarm in the town ofWheatland, Wisconsin(fromSolar power)
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  Seasonal cycle of capacity factors for wind and photovoltaics in Europe shown under idealized assumptions. The figure illustrates the balancing effects of wind and solar energy at the seasonal scale (Kaspar et al., 2019). (fromSolar power)
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  Anti-nuclear protest nearnuclear waste disposal centreatGorlebenin northern Germany (fromNuclear power)
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  Greenhouse gas emissions per energy source. Solar power is one of the sources with the least greenhouse gas emissions. (fromSolar power)
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  Manhole for domestic gas supply, London, UK (fromNatural gas)
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  Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of electricity supply technologies, median values calculated byIPCC(fromNuclear power)
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  Sample ofdiesel fuel(fromOil refinery)
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  Utility cyclinginfrastructure, such as thisbike laneinVancouver,encourages sustainable transport. (fromSustainable energy)
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  Museum Hydroelectric power plant "Under the Town" inUžice,Serbia,built in 1900. (fromHydroelectricity)
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  The nuclear fuel cycle begins when uranium is mined, enriched, and manufactured into nuclear fuel (1), which is delivered to anuclear power plant.After use, the spent fuel is delivered to a reprocessing plant (2) or to a final repository (3). Innuclear reprocessing,95% of spent fuel can potentially be recycled to be returned to use in a power plant (4). (fromNuclear power)
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  A comparison of prices over time for energy from nuclear fission and from other sources. Over the presented time, thousands of wind turbines and similar were built on assembly lines in mass production resulting in an economy of scale. While nuclear remains bespoke, many first of their kind facilities added in the timeframe indicated and none are in serial production.Our World in Datanotes that this cost is the globalaverage,while the 2 projects that drove nuclear pricing upwards were in the US. The organization recognises that themediancost of the most exported and produced nuclear energy facility in the 2010s the South KoreanAPR1400,remained "constant", including in export.
  LCOEis a measure of the average net present cost of electricity generation for a generating plant over its lifetime. As a metric, it remains controversial as the lifespan of units are not independent but manufacturer projections, not a demonstrated longevity.(fromNuclear power)
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  Cracks at the historic Town Hall ofStaufen im Breisgaupresumed due to damage from geothermal drilling (fromGeothermal power)
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  For cooking,electric induction stovesare one of the most energy-efficient and safest options. (fromSustainable energy)
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  The launching ceremony of theUSSNautilusJanuary 1954. In 1958 it would become the first vessel to reach theNorth Pole.(fromNuclear power)
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  TheCalder Hall nuclear power stationin the United Kingdom, the world's first commercial nuclear power station. (fromNuclear power)
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  Map of solar resources from World bank (fromSolar power)
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  Sample ofcrude oil(petroleum) (fromOil refinery)
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  TheThree Gorges DaminCentral Chinais theworld's largestpower-producing facility of any kind. (fromHydroelectricity)
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  Proportions of the isotopesuranium-238(blue) and uranium-235 (red) found in natural uranium and inenriched uraniumfor different applications. Light water reactors use 3–5% enriched uranium, whileCANDUreactors work with natural uranium. (fromNuclear power)
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  The 120-MW_eNesjavellirpower station in southwest Iceland (fromGeothermal power)
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  Net metering,unlike afeed-in tariff,requires only one meter, but it must be bi-directional. (fromSolar power)
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  Natural gas extraction by countriesin cubic meters per year around 2013 (fromNatural gas)
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  World map showing where people without access to electricity lived in 2016⁠—mainly insub-Saharan Africaand theIndian subcontinent(fromSustainable energy)
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  A gas bill fromBaltimore,Maryland, 1834, for manufactured coal gas, before the introduction of ground-extracted methane gas. (fromNatural gas)
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  Cylindersofliquified petroleum gas(fromOil refinery)
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  Nuclear waste flasksgenerated by the United States during the Cold War are stored underground at theWaste Isolation Pilot Plant(WIPP) inNew Mexico.The facility is seen as a potential demonstration for storing spent fuel from civilian reactors. (fromNuclear power)
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  Schematic flow diagram of a typical crude oil distillation unit as used in petroleum crude oil refineries (fromOil refinery)
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  Installed geothermal energy capacity, 2022 (fromGeothermal power)
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  Olkiluoto 3under construction in 2009. It was the firstEPR,a modernized PWR design, to start construction. (fromNuclear power)
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  Reactordecay heatas a fraction of full power after the reactor shutdown, using two different correlations. To remove the decay heat, reactors need cooling after the shutdown of the fission reactions. A loss of the ability to remove decay heat caused theFukushima accident.(fromNuclear power)
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  The first light bulbs ever lit by electricity generated by nuclear power atEBR-1atArgonne National Laboratory-West, December 20, 1951. (fromNuclear power)
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  Cooling towers at a geothermal power plant inLarderello,Italy
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  Fire-extinguishing operations after theTexas City refinery explosion(fromOil refinery)
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  Guri Dam,a hydroelectric dam inVenezuela(fromSustainable energy)
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  Kenyan dairy farmer lighting a biogas lamp.Biogasproduced frombiomassis a renewable energy source that can be burned for cooking or light. (fromSustainable energy)
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  Hydro generation by country, 2021 (fromHydroelectricity)
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  Trends in the top five geothermal electricity-generating countries, 1980–2012 (US EIA) (fromGeothermal power)
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  The town ofPripyatabandoned since 1986, with the Chernobyl plant and theChernobyl New Safe Confinementarch in the distance (fromNuclear power)
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  A breakdown of the products made from a typical barrel of US oil (fromOil refinery)
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  Russia was a keyoil and gas supplier to Europe(map from 2013). This changed with theRussian invasion of Ukrainein 2022. (fromEnergy policy)
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  Schematic flow diagram of a typical natural gas processing plant (fromNatural gas)
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  Storage tanks and towers atShell Puget Sound Refinery(Shell Oil Company),Anacortes, Washington(fromOil refinery)
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  Typical composition ofuranium dioxidefuel before and after approximately three years in theonce-through nuclear fuel cycleof aLWR(fromNuclear power)
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  Jamnagar Refinery,the world's largest oil refinery, inGujarat,India(fromOil refinery)
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  Part of the 354 MWSolar Energy Generating Systems(SEGS)parabolic troughsolar complex in northernSan Bernardino County, California(fromSolar power)

Quotations

• "If we already have theKyoto protocol,why invent another proposal and not just implement one that already exists? If a country is incapable of implementing the result of an internationaltreatythat has established rules and regulations, it won't end up implementing those rules voluntarily. "" –Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva,2007
• "Climate changeis a challengeChinamust cope with to realizesustainable development... Implementing aclimate change containment policymay cost a fortune, but the cost will be even higher if we delay.Early action is imperative."–Ma Kai,2007
• "The consequences of restricting the development ofdeveloping nationswill be much more serious than theconsequences of global warming."–Ma Kai,2007

Related portals

WikiProjects

WikiProjectsconnected with energy:

• WikiProject Energy
• Oil megaprojects task force

Other WikiProjects that may be of interest:

• WikiProject Environment
• WikiProject Technology
• WikiProject Biography

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E=mc²

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