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United States Marinepracticing martial arts, 2008

Martial artsare codified systems and traditions ofcombatpracticed for a number of reasons such asself-defence;militaryandlaw enforcementapplications;competition;physical, mental, and spiritual development;entertainment;and the preservation of a nation'sintangible cultural heritage.(Full article...)

Although the earliest evidence ofmartial artsgoes back millennia, the true roots are difficult to reconstruct. Inherent patterns ofhuman aggressionwhich inspire practice ofmock combat(in particularwrestling) and optimization of seriousclose combatascultural universalsare doubtlessly inherited from thepre-humanstage and were made into an "art"from theearliest emergenceof that concept. Indeed, many universals of martial art are fixed by the specifics ofhuman physiologyand not dependent on a specific tradition or era.

Specific martialtraditionsbecome identifiable inClassical Antiquity,with disciplines such asshuai jiao,Greek wrestlingor those described in theIndian epicsor theSpring and Autumn AnnalsofChina.(Full article...)

Selected articles

  • Image 1 A retiarius stabs at a secutor with his trident in this mosaic from the villa at Nennig, c. 2nd–3rd century CE. A retiarius (plural retiarii; literally, "net-man" in Latin) was a Roman gladiator who fought with equipment styled on that of a fisherman: a weighted net (rete (3rd decl.), hence the name), a three-pointed trident (fuscina or tridens), and a dagger (pugio). The retiarius was lightly armoured, wearing an arm guard (manica) and a shoulder guard (galerus). Typically, his clothing consisted only of a loincloth (subligaculum) held in place by a wide belt, or of a short tunic with light padding. He wore no head protection or footwear. The retiarius was routinely pitted against a heavily armed secutor. The net-fighter made up for his lack of protective gear by using his speed and agility to avoid his opponent's attacks and waiting for the opportunity to strike. He first tried to throw his net over his rival. If this succeeded, he attacked with his trident while his adversary was entangled. Another tactic was to ensnare his enemy's weapon in the net and pull it out of his grasp, leaving the opponent defenceless. Should the net miss or the secutor grab hold of it, the retiarius likely discarded the weapon, although he might try to collect it back for a second cast. Usually, the retiarius had to rely on his trident and dagger to finish the fight. The trident, as tall as a human being, permitted the gladiator to jab quickly, keep his distance, and easily cause bleeding. It was not a strong weapon, usually inflicting non-fatal wounds so that the fight could be prolonged for the sake of entertainment. The dagger was the retiarius's final backup should the trident be lost. It was reserved for when close combat or a straight wrestling match had to settle the bout. In some battles, a single retiarius faced two secutores simultaneously. For these situations, the lightly armoured gladiator was placed on a raised platform and given a supply of stones with which to repel his pursuers. (Full article...)
    Aretiariusstabs at asecutorwith histridentin this mosaic from the villa atNennig,c. 2nd–3rd century CE.


    Aretiarius(pluralretiarii;literally, "net-man" inLatin) was aRomangladiatorwho fought with equipment styled on that of a fisherman: aweighted net(rete(3rd decl.), hence the name), a three-pointedtrident(fuscinaortridens), and adagger(pugio). Theretiariuswas lightly armoured, wearing an arm guard (manica) and a shoulder guard (galerus). Typically, his clothing consisted only of a loincloth (subligaculum) held in place by a wide belt, or of a shorttunicwith light padding. He wore no head protection or footwear.

    Theretiariuswas routinely pitted against a heavily armedsecutor.The net-fighter made up for his lack of protective gear by using his speed and agility to avoid his opponent's attacks and waiting for the opportunity to strike. He first tried to throw his net over his rival. If this succeeded, he attacked with his trident while his adversary was entangled. Another tactic was to ensnare his enemy's weapon in the net and pull it out of his grasp, leaving the opponent defenceless. Should the net miss or thesecutorgrab hold of it, theretiariuslikely discarded the weapon, although he might try to collect it back for a second cast. Usually, theretiariushad to rely on his trident and dagger to finish the fight. The trident, as tall as a human being, permitted the gladiator to jab quickly, keep his distance, and easily cause bleeding. It was not a strong weapon, usually inflicting non-fatal wounds so that the fight could be prolonged for the sake of entertainment. The dagger was theretiarius's final backup should the trident be lost. It was reserved for when close combat or a straight wrestling match had to settle the bout. In some battles, a singleretiariusfaced twosecutoressimultaneously. For these situations, the lightly armoured gladiator was placed on a raised platform and given a supply of stones with which to repel his pursuers. (Full article...)
  • Image 2 Boxer at Rest bronze sculpture, dated variously from 300 to 50 BC Ancient Greek boxing (Greek: πυγμαχία pygmachia, "fist fighting") dates back to at least the 8th century BC (Homer's Iliad), and was practiced in a variety of social contexts in different Greek city-states. Most extant sources about ancient Greek boxing are fragmentary or legendary, making it difficult to reconstruct the rules, customs and history surrounding this activity in great detail. Still, it is clear that gloved boxing bouts were a significant part of ancient Greek athletic culture throughout the early classical period. (Full article...)

    Boxer at Rest
    bronze sculpture,dated variously from 300 to 50 BC

    Ancient Greek bo xing(Greek:πυγμαχίαpygmachia,"fist fighting" ) dates back to at least the 8th century BC (Homer'sIliad), and was practiced in a variety of social contexts in different Greek city-states. Most extant sources about ancient Greekbo xingare fragmentary or legendary, making it difficult to reconstruct the rules, customs and history surrounding this activity in great detail. Still, it is clear that gloved bo xing bouts were a significant part of ancient Greek athletic culture throughout the early classical period. (Full article...)
  • Image 3 5th-century terracotta sculpture of wrestlers from Uttar Pradesh, India. Malla-yuddha (Sanskrit: मल्लयुद्ध, IAST: mallayuddha) is the traditional form of combat-wrestling originating in the Indian subcontinent. It is closely related to Southeast Asian wrestling styles such as naban and is one of the two ancestors of kushti. Indian wrestling is described in the 13th century Malla Purana. Malla-yuddha incorporates wrestling, joint-breaking, punching, biting, choking and pressure point striking. Matches were traditionally codified into four types which progressed from purely sportive contests of strength to actual full-contact fights known as yuddha. Due to the extreme violence, this final form is generally no longer practised. The second form, wherein the wrestlers attempt to lift each other off the ground for three seconds, still exists in south India. Additionally, malla-yuddha is divided into four categories (see below). Each yuddhan is named after Hindu gods and legendary fighters: Hanumanti - concentrates on technical superiority. Jambuvanti - uses locks and holds to force the opponent into submission. Jarasandhi - concentrates on breaking the limbs and joints while fighting. Bhimaseni - focuses on sheer strength. (Full article...)

    5th-century terracotta sculpture of wrestlers fromUttar Pradesh, India.

    Malla-yuddha(Sanskrit:मल्लयुद्ध,IAST:mallayuddha) is the traditional form of combat-wrestling originating in theIndian subcontinent.It is closely related toSoutheast Asianwrestling styles such asnabanand is one of the two ancestors ofkushti.Indian wrestling is described in the 13th centuryMalla Purana.

    Malla-yuddha incorporates wrestling, joint-breaking, punching, biting, choking andpressure point striking.Matches were traditionally codified into four types which progressed from purely sportive contests of strength to actual full-contact fights known asyuddha.Due to the extreme violence, this final form is generally no longer practised. The second form, wherein the wrestlers attempt to lift each other off the ground for three seconds, still exists insouth India.Additionally, malla-yuddha is divided into four categories (see below). Each yuddhan is named after Hindu gods and legendary fighters:
    • Hanumanti- concentrates on technical superiority.
    • Jambuvanti- uses locks and holds to force the opponent into submission.
    • Jarasandhi- concentrates on breaking the limbs and joints while fighting.
    • Bhimaseni -focuses on sheer strength.
    (Full article...)
  • Image 4 Kyuzo Mifune (left) and Kanō Jigorō (right) Judo (Japanese: 柔道, Hepburn: Jūdō, lit. 'gentle way') is an unarmed modern Japanese martial art, combat sport, Olympic sport (since 1964), and the most prominent form of jacket wrestling competed internationally. Judo was created in 1882 by Kanō Jigorō (嘉納 治五郎) as an eclectic martial art, distinguishing itself from its predecessors (primarily Tenjin Shinyo-ryu jujutsu and Kitō-ryū jujutsu) due to an emphasis on "randori" (乱取り, lit. 'free sparring') instead of kata (形, kata, pre-arranged forms) alongside its removal of striking and weapon training elements. Judo rose to prominence for its dominance over established jujutsu schools in tournaments hosted by the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department (警視庁武術大会, Keishicho Bujutsu Taikai), resulting in its adoption as the department's primary martial art. A judo practitioner is called a "judoka" (柔道家, jūdōka, lit. 'judo performer'), and the judo uniform is called "judogi" (柔道着, jūdōgi, lit. 'judo attire'). The objective of competitive judo is to throw an opponent, immobilize them with a pin, or force an opponent to submit with a joint lock or a choke. While strikes and use of weapons are included in some pre-arranged forms (kata), they are not frequently trained and are illegal in judo competition or free practice. Judo's international governing body is the International Judo Federation, and competitors compete in the international IJF professional circuit. (Full article...)

    Kyuzo Mifune(left) andKanō Jigorō(right)
    Judo(Japanese:Nhu đạo,Hepburn:Jūdō,lit. 'gentle way')is an unarmedmodern Japanese martial art,combat sport,Olympic sport (since 1964), and the most prominent form ofjacket wrestlingcompeted internationally. Judo was created in 1882 byKanō Jigorō(Gia nạp trị Ngũ Lang) as an eclectic martial art, distinguishing itself from its predecessors (primarilyTenjin Shinyo-ryujujutsu andKitō-ryūjujutsu) due to an emphasis on "randori"(Loạn lấy り,lit. 'free sparring') instead ofkata(Hình,kata,pre-arranged forms)alongside its removal of striking and weapon training elements. Judo rose to prominence for its dominance overestablished jujutsu schoolsin tournaments hosted by theTokyo Metropolitan Police Department( cảnh coi sảnh võ thuật đại hội,Keishicho Bujutsu Taikai), resulting in its adoption as the department's primary martial art. A judo practitioner is called a "judoka"(Nhu đạo gia,jūdōka,lit. 'judo performer'),and the judo uniform is called "judogi"(Nhu đạo,jūdōgi,lit. 'judo attire').

    The objective of competitive judo is tothrowan opponent, immobilize them with apin,or force an opponent to submit with ajoint lockor achoke.Whilestrikesand use of weapons are included in some pre-arranged forms (kata), they are not frequently trained and are illegal in judo competition or free practice. Judo's international governing body is theInternational Judo Federation,and competitors compete in the international IJF professional circuit. (Full article...)
  • Image 5 Megumi Fujii (left) vs. Cody Welchlin (right) While mixed martial arts is primarily a male dominated sport, it does have female athletes. For instance, Female competition in Japan includes promotions such as DEEP Jewels. Now defunct promotions that featured female fighters were Valkyrie, and Smackgirl. Professional mixed martial arts organizations in the United States that invite women to compete are industry leader Ultimate Fighting Championship, the all female Invicta Fighting Championships, Resurrection Fighting Alliance, Bellator Fighting Championships, and Legacy Fighting Championship. Now defunct promotions that featured female fighters were Strikeforce and EliteXC. There has been a growing awareness of women in mixed martial arts due to popular female fighters and personalities such as Amanda Nunes, Megumi Fujii, Gina Carano, Ronda Rousey, Miesha Tate, Holly Holm, Alexa Grasso, and Joanna Jędrzejczyk and among others. Carano became known as "the face of women's MMA" after appearing in a number of EliteXC events. This was furthered by her appearances on MGM Television's 2008 revival of their game show American Gladiators. The UFC's decision to allow female fighters in the organization, to promote the dominant fighter Ronda Rousey, is often cited as the reason women's mixed martial arts became known to the general public. Rousey won the Best Fighter ESPY Award at the 2015 ESPN ESPY awards, beating out noted fighters such as Floyd Mayweather Jr., and becoming the first UFC and MMA fighter to win the award. (Full article...)

    Megumi Fujii (left) vs. Cody Welchlin (right)

    Whilemixed martial artsis primarily a male dominated sport, it does have female athletes. For instance, Female competition in Japan includes promotions such asDEEP Jewels.Now defunct promotions that featured female fighters wereValkyrie,andSmackgirl.Professional mixed martial arts organizations in theUnited Statesthat invite women to compete are industry leaderUltimate Fighting Championship,the all femaleInvicta Fighting Championships,Resurrection Fighting Alliance,Bellator Fighting Championships,andLegacy Fighting Championship.Now defunct promotions that featured female fighters wereStrikeforceandEliteXC.
    There has been a growing awareness of women in mixed martial arts due to popular female fighters and personalities such asAmanda Nunes,Megumi Fujii,Gina Carano,Ronda Rousey,Miesha Tate,Holly Holm,Alexa Grasso,andJoanna Jędrzejczykand among others. Carano became known as "the face of women's MMA" after appearing in a number ofEliteXCevents. This was furthered by her appearances on MGM Television's 2008 revival of their game showAmerican Gladiators.

    The UFC's decision to allow female fighters in the organization, to promote the dominant fighter Ronda Rousey, is often cited as the reason women's mixed martial arts became known to the general public. Rousey won theBest Fighter ESPY Awardat the 2015ESPNESPY awards, beating out noted fighters such asFloyd Mayweather Jr.,and becoming the first UFC and MMA fighter to win the award. (Full article...)
  • Image 6 Part of the Zliten mosaic from Libya (Leptis Magna), about 2nd century AD. It shows (left to right) a thraex fighting a murmillo, a hoplomachus standing with another murmillo (who is signaling his defeat to the referee), and one of a matched pair. A gladiator (Latin: gladiator, "swordsman", from gladius, "sword") was an armed combatant who entertained audiences in the Roman Republic and Roman Empire in violent confrontations with other gladiators, wild animals, and condemned criminals. Some gladiators were volunteers who risked their lives and their legal and social standing by appearing in the arena. Most were despised as slaves, schooled under harsh conditions, socially marginalized, and segregated even in death. Irrespective of their origin, gladiators offered spectators an example of Rome's martial ethics and, in fighting or dying well, they could inspire admiration and popular acclaim. They were celebrated in high and low art, and their value as entertainers was commemorated in precious and commonplace objects throughout the Roman world. (Full article...)
    Part of theZliten mosaicfromLibya(Leptis Magna), about 2nd century AD. It shows (left to right) athraexfighting amurmillo,ahoplomachusstanding with anothermurmillo(who is signaling his defeat to the referee), and one of a matched pair.



    Agladiator(Latin:gladiator,"swordsman", fromgladius,"sword" ) was an armed combatant who entertained audiences in theRoman RepublicandRoman Empirein violent confrontations with other gladiators, wild animals, and condemned criminals. Some gladiators were volunteers who risked their lives and their legal and social standing by appearing in the arena. Most were despised as slaves, schooled under harsh conditions, socially marginalized, and segregated even in death.

    Irrespective of their origin, gladiators offered spectators an example of Rome's martial ethics and, in fighting or dying well, they could inspire admiration and popular acclaim. They were celebrated in high and low art, and their value as entertainers was commemorated in precious and commonplace objects throughout the Roman world. (Full article...)
  • Image 7 Krav Maga course at an Israeli paratroopers school in 1955 Krav Maga (/ˌkrɑːv məˈɡɑː/ KRAHV mə-GAH; Hebrew: קְרַב מַגָּע, IPA: [ˈkʁav maˈɡa]; lit. 'contact combat') is an Israeli self-defense system. Developed for the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), it is derived from a combination of techniques from Aikido, Boxing, Judo, Karate, Wrestling, etc. It is known for its focus on real-world situations. Krav Maga was originally developed by Hungarian-born Israeli martial artist Imi Lichtenfeld. Having grown up in Bratislava during a time of anti-Semitic unrest, Lichtenfeld used his training as a boxer and wrestler to defend Jewish neighborhoods against attackers in the mid-to-late 1930s, becoming an experienced street fighter. After his immigration to Mandatory Palestine in the late 1940s, he began to provide lessons on combat training to Jewish paramilitary groups that would later form the IDF during the 1948 Palestine war. As an instructor, he compiled his knowledge and experience into the combat system that would later become known as Krav Maga. This system would continue to be taught long after he left the IDF. (Full article...)

    Krav Maga course at an Israeliparatroopers schoolin 1955

    Krav Maga(/ˌkrɑːvməˈɡɑː/KRAHVmə-GAH;Hebrew:קְרַב מַגָּע,IPA:[ˈkʁavmaˈɡa];lit. 'contact combat') is an Israeliself-defensesystem. Developed for theIsrael Defense Forces(IDF), it is derived from a combination of techniques fromAikido,Bo xing,Judo,Karate,Wrestling,etc. It is known for its focus on real-world situations.

    Krav Maga was originally developed by Hungarian-born Israeli martial artistImi Lichtenfeld.Having grown up in Bratislava during a time of anti-Semitic unrest, Lichtenfeld used his training as a boxer and wrestler to defendJewishneighborhoods against attackers in the mid-to-late 1930s, becoming an experiencedstreet fighter.After his immigration toMandatory Palestinein the late 1940s, he began to provide lessons on combat training to Jewish paramilitary groups that would later form the IDF during the1948 Palestine war.As an instructor, he compiled his knowledge and experience into the combat system that would later become known as Krav Maga. This system would continue to be taught long after he left the IDF. (Full article...)
  • Image 8 Final of the Challenge Réseau Ferré de France–Trophée Monal 2012, épée world cup tournament in Paris. Fencing is a combat sport that features sword fighting. The three disciplines of modern fencing are the foil, the épée, and the sabre (also saber); each discipline uses a different kind of blade, which shares the same name, and employs its own rules. Most competitive fencers specialise in one discipline. The modern sport gained prominence near the end of the 19th century and is based on the traditional skill set of swordsmanship. The Italian school altered the historical European martial art of classical fencing, and the French school later refined that system. Scoring points in a fencing competition is done by making contact with an opponent. The 1904 Olympics Games featured a fourth discipline of fencing known as singlestick, but it was dropped after that year and is not a part of modern fencing. Competitive fencing was one of the first sports to be featured in the Olympics and, along with athletics, cycling, swimming, and gymnastics, has been featured in every modern Olympics. (Full article...)

    Final of the Challenge Réseau Ferré de France–Trophée Monal 2012, épée world cup tournament inParis.

    Fencingis acombat sportthat features sword fighting. The three disciplines of modern fencing are thefoil,theépée,and thesabre(alsosaber); each discipline uses a different kind of blade, which shares the same name, and employs its own rules. Most competitive fencers specialise in one discipline. The modern sport gained prominence near the end of the 19th century and is based on the traditional skill set ofswordsmanship.TheItalian schoolaltered thehistorical European martial artofclassical fencing,and theFrench schoollater refined that system. Scoring points in a fencing competition is done by making contact with an opponent.

    The 1904Olympics Gamesfeatured a fourth discipline of fencing known assinglestick,but it was dropped after that year and is not a part of modern fencing. Competitive fencing was one of the first sports to be featured in the Olympics and, along withathletics,cycling,swimming,andgymnastics,has been featured in every modern Olympics. (Full article...)
  • Image 9 The Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) is an American mixed martial arts (MMA) promotion company based in Las Vegas, Nevada. It is owned and operated by TKO Group Holdings, a majority owned subsidiary of Endeavor Group Holdings. It is the largest MMA promotion in the world as of 2023. It produces events worldwide that showcase 11 weight divisions (eight men's and three women's) and abides by the Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts. , it had held over 600 events. Dana White has been its president since 2001 and CEO since 2023. Under White's stewardship, it has grown into a global multi-billion-dollar enterprise. The UFC was founded by businessman Art Davie and Brazilian martial artist Rorion Gracie, and the first event was held in 1993 at the McNichols Sports Arena in Denver, Colorado. The purpose of the UFC's early competitions was to identify the most effective martial art in a contest with minimal rules and no weight classes between competitors of different fighting disciplines. In subsequent events, more rigorous rules were created and fighters began adopting effective techniques from more than one discipline, which indirectly helped create a separate style of fighting known as present-day mixed martial arts. (Full article...)
    TheUltimate Fighting Championship(UFC) is an Americanmixed martial arts(MMA)promotion companybased inLas Vegas,Nevada. It is owned and operated byTKO Group Holdings,a majority owned subsidiary ofEndeavor Group Holdings.It is the largest MMA promotion in the world as of 2023. It produces events worldwide that showcase 11weight divisions(eight men's and three women's) and abides by theUnified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts.,it had heldover 600 events.Dana Whitehas been its president since 2001 and CEO since 2023. Under White's stewardship, it has grown into a global multi-billion-dollar enterprise.

    The UFC was founded by businessmanArt Davieand Brazilian martial artistRorion Gracie,and thefirst eventwas held in 1993 at theMcNichols Sports ArenainDenver,Colorado. The purpose of the UFC's early competitions was to identify the most effectivemartial artin a contest with minimal rules and no weight classes between competitors of different fighting disciplines. In subsequent events, more rigorous rules were created and fighters began adopting effective techniques from more than one discipline, which indirectly helped create a separate style of fighting known as present-day mixed martial arts. (Full article...)
  • Image 10 Catch wrestling (originally catch-as-catch-can) is a style of wrestling with looser rules than forms like Greco-Roman wrestling. For example, catch wrestling allows leg attacks and joint locks. It was popularised by wrestlers of travelling funfairs who developed their own submission holds, or "hooks", into their wrestling to increase their effectiveness against their opponents. Catch wrestling derives from various different British and Irish styles of wrestling such as (primarily Lancashire, as well as Cumberland and Westmorland wrestling, Devonshire, Cornish wrestling and Irish collar-and-elbow wrestling). The training of some modern submission wrestlers, professional wrestlers and mixed martial artists is founded in catch wrestling. Professional wrestling, once a legitimate combat sport, was competitive catch wrestling. The original and historic World Heavyweight Wrestling Championship was created in 1905 to identify the best catch-as-catch-can wrestler in the world, before the belt was retired in 1957 and unified with the NWA World Heavyweight Championship. Modern day professional wrestling has its origins in catch wrestling exhibitions at carnivals where predetermined ("worked") matches had elements of performing arts introduced (as well as striking and acrobatic manoeuvres), turning it into an entertainment spectacle. In a few countries, such as in France and Germany, "Catch" is still the term used for professional wrestling. (Full article...)

    Catch wrestling(originallycatch-as-catch-can) is a style ofwrestlingwith looser rules than forms likeGreco-Roman wrestling.For example, catch wrestling allows leg attacks and joint locks. It was popularised by wrestlers oftravelling funfairswho developed their ownsubmission holds,or "hooks", into their wrestling to increase their effectiveness against their opponents. Catch wrestling derives from various different British and Irish styles of wrestling such as (primarilyLancashire,as well asCumberland and Westmorland wrestling,Devonshire,Cornish wrestlingand Irishcollar-and-elbowwrestling). The training of some modernsubmission wrestlers,professional wrestlersandmixed martial artistsis founded in catch wrestling.

    Professional wrestling,once a legitimatecombat sport,was competitive catch wrestling. The original and historicWorld Heavyweight Wrestling Championshipwas created in 1905 to identify the best catch-as-catch-can wrestler in the world, before the belt was retired in 1957 and unified with theNWA World Heavyweight Championship.Modern day professional wrestling has its origins in catch wrestling exhibitions at carnivals where predetermined ("worked") matches had elements ofperforming artsintroduced (as well asstrikingandacrobatic manoeuvres), turning it into anentertainmentspectacle. In a few countries, such as in France and Germany, "Catch" is still the term used for professional wrestling. (Full article...)
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Selected biography

Morihei Ueshiba at his Ayabe dojo in 1921.
Morihei Ueshiba(Thực chi thịnh bình,Ueshiba Morihei,December 14, 1883 – April 26, 1969)was a Japanesemartial artistand founder of themartial artofaikido.He is often referred to as "the founder"Kaiso(Khai tổ)orŌsensei(Đại tiên sinh / ông tiên sinh),"Great Teacher".

The son of a landowner fromTanabe,Ueshiba studied a number of martial arts in his youth, and served in theJapanese Armyduring theRusso-Japanese War.After being discharged in 1907, he moved toHokkaidōas the head of a pioneer settlement; here he met and studied withTakeda Sōkaku,the headmaster ofDaitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu.On leaving Hokkaido in 1919, Ueshiba joined theŌmoto-kyōmovement, aShintosect, inAyabe,where he served as a martial arts instructor and opened his firstdojo.He accompanied the head of the Ōmoto-kyō group,Onisaburo Deguchi,on an expedition to Mongolia in 1924, where they were captured by Chinese troops and returned to Japan. The following year, he had a profound spiritual experience, stating that, "a golden spirit sprang up from the ground, veiled my body, and changed my body into a golden one." After this experience, his martial arts technique became gentler, with a greater emphasis on the control ofki.

Ueshiba moved toTokyoin 1926, where he set up what would become theAikikai Hombu Dojo.By this point he was comparatively famous in martial arts circles, and taught at this dojo and others around Japan, including in several military academies. In the aftermath ofWorld War IIthe Hombu dojo was temporarily closed, but Ueshiba had by this point left Tokyo and retired toIwama,and he continued training at the dojo he had set up there. From the end of the war until the 1960s, he worked to promote aikido throughout Japan and abroad. He died from liver cancer in 1969.

After Ueshiba's death, aikido continued to be promulgated by his students (many of whom became noted martial artists in their own right). It is now practiced around the world. (Full article...)


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Selected entertainment

UFC 148: Silva vs. Sonnen IIwas amixed martial artsevent held by theUltimate Fighting Championshipon July 7, 2012, at theMGM Grand Garden ArenainLas Vegas, Nevada.It was the seventeenthUFCevent of the year. The card consisted of eleven bouts, with six televised live onpay-per-view,four preliminary bouts onFX,and one onFacebook.

The card's main event featuredUFC Middleweight ChampionAnderson Silvadefending his title againstChael Sonnenin a highly anticipated bout. The contest was heavily promoted, featuring the International Fight Week, as well as the preview showUFC Primetime. Tito Ortizwas inducted into theUFC Hall of Fameduring the UFC Fan Expo in conjunction with the event, and fought fellow formerUFC Light Heavyweight ChampionForrest Griffinin the co-main event of the evening.


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A painting of a boxer being knocked out of the ring.
A painting of a boxer being knocked out of the ring.
Credit: Deborah Feller

Dempsey and Firpo(sometimes referred to asDempsey Through The Ropes) is an oil-on-canvas painting executed in 1923–1924 by the American artistGeorge Bellows.It depictsthe September 14, 1923, bo xing matchbetween AmericanJack Dempseyand ArgentineLuis Firpo.It has become Bellows' most famous bo xing painting. The work has been in the collection of theWhitney Museum of Artsince the museum's opening in 1931. (Full article...)


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The ultimate aim of Karate lies not in victory or defeat, but in the perfection of the character of the participant.
—Gichin Funakoshi,Karate-do: My Way of Life


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