Wikipedia

R.E.M.

This article is about the band. For other uses, seeRem (disambiguation).

R.E.M.was an Americanalternative rockband formed inAthens, Georgiain 1980 by drummerBill Berry,guitaristPeter Buck,bassistMike Mills,and lead vocalistMichael Stipe,who were students at theUniversity of Georgia.One of the first alternative rock bands, R.E.M. was noted for Buck's ringing,arpeggiatedguitar style; Stipe's distinctive vocal quality, unique stage presence, and obscure lyrics; Mills's melodic bass lines and backing vocals; and Berry's tight, economical drumming style. In the early 1990s, other alternative rock acts such asNirvana,PixiesandPavementviewed R.E.M. as a pioneer of the genre. After Berry left in 1997, the band continued with mixed critical and commercial success. The band broke up amicably in 2011, having sold more than 90 million albums worldwide and becoming one of theworld's best-selling music acts.

R.E.M.
R.E.M. performing on stage with a sign reading "LUV" behind them
R.E.M. performing in 2003. From left to right:Mike Mills(partially cropped),Michael Stipe,touring drummerBill Rieflin,andPeter Buck
Background information
Also known as
  • Hornets Attack Victor Mature[1]: 68 
  • Bingo Hand Job[1]: 47 
  • It Crawled from the South[1]: 194 
  • Twisted Kites
OriginAthens, Georgia,U.S.
Genres
Discography
Years active
  • 1980–2011
Labels
Spinoffs
Past members
Websiteremhq

The band released their first single, "Radio Free Europe",in 1981 on the independent record labelHib-Tone.It was followed by theChronic TownEPin 1982, their first release onI.R.S. Records.Over the course of the decade, R.E.M. released acclaimed albums, commencing with their debutMurmur(1983), and continuing yearly withReckoning(1984),Fables of the Reconstruction(1985),Lifes Rich Pageant(1986),Document(1987) andGreen(1988). During their most successful period, they worked with the producerScott Litt.With constant touring, and the support ofcollege radiofollowing years of underground success, R.E.M. achieved a mainstream hit with the 1987 single "The One I Love".They signed toWarner Bros. Recordsin 1988, and began to espouse political and environmental concerns while playing arenas worldwide.

R.E.M.'s most commercially successful albums,Out of Time(1991) andAutomatic for the People(1992), put them in the vanguard of alternative rock as it was becoming mainstream.Out of Timereceived seven nominations at the34th Annual Grammy Awards,and the lead single, "Losing My Religion",was R.E.M.'s highest-charting and best-selling hit.Monster(1994) continued its run of success. The band began its first tour in six years to support the album; the tour was marred by medical emergencies suffered by three of the band members. In 1996, R.E.M. re-signed with Warner Bros. for a reported US$80 million, at the timethe most expensive recording contract ever.The tour was productive and the band recorded the following album mostly during soundchecks. The resulting record,New Adventures in Hi-Fi(1996), is hailed as the band's last great album and the members' favorite, growing in cult status over the years. Berry left the band the following year, and Stipe, Buck and Mills continued as a musical trio, supplemented by studio and live musicians, such as the multi-instrumentalistsScott McCaugheyandKen Stringfellowand the drummersJoey WaronkerandBill Rieflin.They also parted ways with their longtime managerJefferson Holt,at which point the band's attorneyBertis Downsassumed managerial duties. Seeking to also renovate their sound, the band stopped working with Litt, and hired as co-producerPat McCarthy,who had worked as mixer and engineer on the band's previous two albums.

After the electronic experimental direction ofUp(1998), which was commercially unsuccessful,Reveal(2001), referred to as "a conscious return to their classic sound",[2]received general acclaim. In 2007, the band was inducted into theRock and Roll Hall of Famein its first year of eligibility. Berry reunited with the band for the ceremony, and to record a cover ofJohn Lennon's "#9 Dream"for the 2007 compilation albumInstant Karma: The Amnesty International Campaign to Save Darfurto benefitAmnesty International's campaign to alleviate theDarfur conflict.Looking for a change of sound after lukewarm reception forAround the Sun(2004), the band collaborated with the producerJacknife Leeon their final two studio albums—the well-receivedAccelerate(2008) andCollapse into Now(2011). In 2024, the band reunited to perform "Losing My Religion" at their induction into theSongwriters Hall of Fame.[3]

History

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1980–1982: Formation and first releases

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The church steeple ofSt. Mary's Episcopal Churchin 2015; this is all that remains of where members of R.E.M. lived briefly and performed their first concert on April 5, 1980.

In January 1980,Peter BuckmetMichael StipeinWuxtry Records,the Athens record store where Buck worked. The pair discovered that they shared similar tastes in music, particularly inpunk rockandproto-punkartists likePatti Smith,Television,andthe Velvet Underground.Stipe said, "It turns out that I was buying all the records that [Buck] was saving for himself."[4]Through mutual friend Kathleen O'Brien,[5]Stipe and Buck then met fellowUniversity of GeorgiastudentsBill BerryandMike Mills,[6]who had played music together since high school[7]: 30 and had lived together inMacon, Georgia.[8]The quartet agreed to collaborate on several songs; Stipe later commented that "there was never any grand plan behind any of it".[4]Their still-unnamed band spent a few months rehearsing in the deconsecratedSt. Mary's Episcopal Churchon Oconee Street in Athens. "I remember our very first practice," recalled Mills in 2024. "Bill and I had some stuff left over from our band in Macon. We showed it to Peter and Michael, and they took it to places—even that very first night—that I didn't expect. I thought, 'This works for me.'"[9]He continued: "Bill and I had a bunch of songs from a band we were in in Macon, and we showed [Peter and Michael] those songs. Peter was playingarpeggiatedstuff – nobody plays that. And Michael: the voice was there, and he did some fun things with the melodies. I thought, 'These guys are bringing something to the game.' "[10]They fleshed out their performances at their rehearsal space, on Jackson Street in Athens.[11]

They played their first show on April 5, 1980, supportingthe Side Effectsat O'Brien's birthday party held in the same church, performing a mix of originals and 1960s and 1970s covers.[5]After considering names such as "Cans of Piss" and "Twisted Kites",[5]the band settled on "R.E.M.", which Stipe selected at random from a dictionary.[7]: 39 R.E.M.is well known as an abbreviation forrapid eye movement,the dream stage of sleep; however, sleep researcher Rafael Pelayo reports that when his colleagueWilliam Dement,the sleep scientist who coined the termREM,reached out to the band, Dement was told that the band was named "not after REM sleep".[12]

Mitch Easter(left) was R.E.M.'s producer until 1984, helping to define the band's early sound.

The band members eventually dropped out of school to focus on their developing group.[13]They found a manager inJefferson Holt,a record store clerk who was so impressed by an R.E.M. performance in his hometown ofChapel Hill, North Carolina,that he moved to Athens.[7]: 41 R.E.M.'s success was almost immediate in Athens and surrounding areas; the band drew progressively larger crowds for shows, which caused some resentment in theAthens music scene.[7]: 46 Over the next year and a half, R.E.M. toured throughout the Southern United States. Touring was arduous because a touring circuit for alternative rock bands did not then exist. The group toured in an old blue van driven by Holt (and any band member except Stipe),[14]and lived on a food allowance of $2 each per day.[7]: 53–54 

During April 1981, R.E.M. recorded their first single, "Radio Free Europe",at producerMitch Easter'sDrive-In StudioinWinston-Salem, North Carolina,after a recommendation byPeter Holsapple.[15]Initially distributing it as a four-track demo tape to clubs, record labels and magazines, the single was released in July 1981 on the localindependent record labelHib-Tonewith an initial pressing of 1,000 copies—600 of which were sent out as promotional copies. The single quickly sold out, and another 6,000 copies were pressed due to popular demand, despite the original pressing leaving off the record label's contact details.[16][5]Despite its limited pressing, the single garnered critical acclaim, and was listed as one of the ten best singles of the year byThe New York Times.[1]: 497 

"Radio Free Europe"
The band's debut single "Radio Free Europe" was released on Hib-Tone in 1981 and re-recorded for the debut albumMurmurin 1983. Stipe's "mumbling" singing style helped establish interest in his lyrics as Enigma tic and obscure.[17]
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R.E.M. recorded theChronic TownEP with Mitch Easter in October 1981, and planned to release it on a new indie label named Dasht Hopes.[7]: 59 However,I.R.S. Recordsacquired a demo of the band's first recording session with Easter that had been circulating for months.[7]: 61–63 The band turned down the advances of major labelRCA Recordsin favor of I.R.S., with whom they signed a contract in May 1982. I.R.S. releasedChronic Townthat August as its first American release.[7]: 66–67 A positive review of the EP byNMEpraised the songs' auras of mystery, and concluded, "R.E.M. ring true, and it's great to hear something as unforced and cunning as this."[18]

1982–1988: I.R.S. Records and cult success

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I.R.S. first paired R.E.M. with producerStephen Hagueto record their debut album. Hague's emphasis on technical perfection left the band unsatisfied, and the band members asked the label to let them record with Easter.[7]: 72 I.R.S. agreed to a "tryout" session, allowing the band to return toNorth Carolinaand record the song "Pilgrimage" with Easter and producing partnerDon Dixon.After hearing the track, I.R.S. permitted the group to record the album with Dixon and Easter.[7]: 78 Because of their bad experience with Hague, the band recorded the album via a process of negation, refusing to incorporate rock music clichés such asguitar solosor then-popularsynthesizers,in order to give its music a timeless feel.[7]: 78–82 The completed album,Murmur,was greeted with critical acclaim upon its release in 1983, withRolling Stonelisting the album as its record of the year.[7]: 73 The album reached number 36 on theBillboardalbum chart.[7]: 357–58 A re-recorded version of "Radio Free Europe" was the album's lead single and reached number 78 on theBillboardsingles chart in 1983.[19]Despite the acclaim awarded the album,Murmursold only about 200,000 copies, which I.R.S.'s Jay Boberg felt was below expectations.[7]: 95 

R.E.M. made their first national television appearance onLate Night with David Lettermanin October 1983,[1]: 432 during which the group performed a new, unnamed song.[1]: 434 The piece, eventually titled "So. Central Rain (I'm Sorry)",became the first single from the band's second album,Reckoning(1984), which was also recorded with Easter and Dixon. The album met with critical acclaim;NME'sMat Snowwrote thatReckoning"confirms R.E.M. as one of the most beautifully exciting groups on the planet".[20]WhileReckoningpeaked at number 27 on the US album charts—an unusually high chart placing for acollege rockband at the time—scant airplay and poor distribution overseas resulted in it charting no higher than number 91 in Britain.[7]: 115 

Michael Stipe (left) and Peter Buck (right) on stage inGhent,Belgium, during R.E.M.'s 1985 tour

The band's third album,Fables of the Reconstruction(1985), demonstrated a change in direction. Instead of Dixon and Easter, R.E.M. chose producerJoe Boyd,who had worked withFairport ConventionandNick Drake,to record the album in England. The band members found the sessions unexpectedly difficult, and were miserable due to the cold winter weather and what they considered to be poor food;[7]: 131–132 the situation brought the band to the verge of break-up.[7]: 135 The gloominess surrounding the sessions worked its way into the context for the album's themes. Lyrically, Stipe began to create storylines in the mode ofSouthern mythology,noting in a 1985 interview that he was inspired by "the whole idea of the old men sitting around the fire, passing on... legends and fables to the grandchildren".[21]

They toured Canada in July and August 1985, and Europe in October of that year, including the Netherlands, England (including one concert at London'sHammersmith Palais), Ireland, Scotland, France, Switzerland, Belgium, and West Germany.[22]On October 2, 1985, the group played a concert inBochum,West Germany, for the German TV showRockpalast.Stipe had bleached his hair blond during this time.[23][24]R.E.M. invited California punk bandMinutemento open for them on part of the US tour, and organized a benefit for the family of Minutemen frontmanD. Boonwho died in a December 1985 car crash shortly after the tour's conclusion.[25]Fables of the Reconstructionperformed poorly in Europe and its critical reception was mixed, with some critics regarding it as dreary and poorly recorded.[7]: 140 As with the previous records, the singles fromFables of the Reconstructionwere mostly ignored by mainstream radio. Meanwhile, I.R.S. was becoming frustrated with the band's reluctance to achieve mainstream success.[7]: 159 

For their fourth album, R.E.M. enlistedJohn Mellencamp's producerDon Gehman.The album, entitledLifes Rich Pageant(1986), featured Stipe's vocals closer to the forefront of the music. In a 1986 interview with theChicago Tribune,Peter Buck related, "Michael is getting better at what he's doing, and he's getting more confident at it. And I think that shows up in the projection of his voice."[26]The album improved markedly upon the sales ofFables of the Reconstructionand reached number 21 on theBillboardalbum chart. The single "Fall on Me"also picked up support on commercial radio.[7]: 151 The album was the band's first to be certified gold for selling 500,000 copies.[27]: 142 While American college radio remained R.E.M.'s core support, the band was beginning to chart hits on mainstream rock formats; however, the music still encountered resistance fromTop 40 radio.[7]: 160 

Following the success ofLifes Rich Pageant,I.R.S. issuedDead Letter Office,a compilation of tracks recorded by the band during their album sessions, many of which had either been issued asB-sidesor left unreleased altogether. Shortly thereafter, I.R.S. compiled R.E.M.'s music video catalog (except "Wolves, Lower" ) as the band's first video release,Succumbs.

Scott Littproduced a number of R.E.M.'s albums from the late 1980s to the early to mid-1990s.

Don Gehman was unable to produce R.E.M.'s fifth album, so he suggested the group work withScott Litt.[27]: 146 Litt would be the producer for the band's next five albums.Document(1987) featured some of Stipe's most openly political lyrics, particularly on "Welcome to the Occupation" and "Exhuming McCarthy", which were reactions to theconservativepolitical environment of the 1980s under American presidentRonald Reagan.[28]Jon ParelesofThe New York Timeswrote in his review of the album, "'Document'is both confident and defiant; if R.E.M. is about to move from cult-band status to mass popularity, the album decrees that the band will get there on its own terms. "[29]Documentwas R.E.M.'s breakthrough album, and the first single "The One I Love"charted in the Top 20 in the US, UK, and Canada.[7]: 357–58 By January 1988,Documenthad become the group's first album to sell a million copies.[27]: 157 In light of the band's breakthrough, the December 1987 cover ofRolling Stonedeclared R.E.M. "America's Best Rock & Roll Band".[7]: 163 

1988–1997: International breakout and alternative rock stardom

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Frustrated that its records did not see satisfactory overseas distribution, R.E.M. left I.R.S. when its contract expired and signed with the major labelWarner Bros. Records.[7]: 174 Though other labels offered more money, R.E.M. ultimately signed with Warner Bros.—reportedly for an amount between $6 million and $12 million—due to the company's assurance of total creative freedom. (Jay Boberg claimed that R.E.M.'s deal with Warner Bros. was for $22 million, which Peter Buck disputed as "definitely wrong".)[7]: 177 In the aftermath of the group's departure, I.R.S. released the 1988 "best of" compilationEponymous(assembled with input from the band members) to capitalize on assets the company still possessed.[27]: 170–171 The band's first album from Warner Bros.,Green(1988), was recorded inMemphis, Tennessee,and showcased the group experimenting with its sound.[7]: 179 The record's tracks ranged from the upbeat first single "Stand"(a hit in the United States),[7]: 180 to more political material, like the rock-oriented "Orange Crush"and" World Leader Pretend ", which address theVietnam Warand theCold War,respectively.[7]: 183 Greenhas gone on to sell four million copies worldwide.[27]: 296 The band supported the album with their biggest and most visually developed tour to date, featuring back-projections andart filmsplaying on the stage.[7]: 184 After theGreenWorld Tour,the band members unofficially decided to take the following year off, the first extended break in the band's career.[7]: 198 In 1990, Warner Bros. issued the music video compilationPop Screento collect clips from theDocumentandGreenalbums, followed a few months later by the video albumTourfilmfeaturing live performances filmed during theGreenWorld Tour.[27]: 181 

"Losing My Religion"
Sample of "Losing My Religion" fromOut of Time(1991). Themandolin-driven song became R.E.M.'s biggest American hit, peaking at number four on theBillboardcharts.
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R.E.M. reconvened in mid 1990 to record their seventh album,Out of Time.In a departure fromGreen,the band members often wrote the music with non-traditional rock instrumentation includingmandolin,organ,andacoustic guitarinstead of adding them as overdubs later in the creative process.[7]: 209 [30]Released in March 1991,Out of Timewas the band's first album to top both the US and UK charts.[7]: 357–58 The record eventually sold 4.2 million copies in the US alone,[7]: 287 and about 12 million copies worldwide by 1996.[27]: 296 The album's lead single, "Losing My Religion",was a worldwide hit that received heavy rotation on radio, as did the music video onMTVandVH1.[7]: 205 "Losing My Religion" was also R.E.M.'s highest-charting single in the US, reaching number four on theBillboardcharts.[7]: 357–58 "There've been very few life-changing events in our career because our career has been so gradual," Mills said years later. In 2024, he added: "If we'd sold ten million of our first record, I doubt any of us would be alive right now."[31]Regarding a pivotal moment, he said: "If you want to talk about life changing, I think 'Losing My Religion' is the closest it gets".[7]: 204 The album's second single, "Shiny Happy People"—one of three songs on the record to feature vocals fromKate Piersonof fellow Athens bandthe B-52's,was also a major hit, reaching number 10 in the US and number six in the UK.[7]: 357–58 Out of Timegarnered R.E.M. seven nominations at the1992 Grammy Awards,the most nominations of any artist that year. The band won three awards: one forBest Alternative Music Albumand two for "Losing My Religion",Best Short Form Music VideoandBest Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal.[32]R.E.M. did not tour to promoteOut of Time;instead, the band played a series of one-off shows, including an appearance taped for an episode ofMTV Unplugged[7]: 213 and released music videos for each song on the video albumThis Film Is On.The band also performed "Losing My Religion" with members of theAtlanta Symphony Orchestrain Madison, Georgia, at Madison-Morgan Cultural Center as part of MTV's 10th anniversary special.[33]

After spending some months off, R.E.M. returned to the studio in 1991 to record their next album. In late 1992, the band releasedAutomatic for the People.Even though the group had intended to make a harder-rocking album after the softer textures ofOut of Time,[7]: 216 the somberAutomatic for the People"[seemed] to move at an even more agonized crawl", according toMelody Maker.[34]The album dealt with themes of loss and mourning inspired by "that sense of... turning thirty", according to Buck.[7]: 218 Several songs featuredstringarrangementsby formerLed ZeppelinbassistJohn Paul Jones.Considered by a number of critics (as well as by Buck and Mills) to be the band's best album,[7]: 217 Automatic for the Peoplereached numbers one and two on UK and US charts, respectively, and generated the American Top 40 hit singles "Drive","Man on the Moon",and"Everybody Hurts".[7]: 357–58 The album would sell over fifteen million copies worldwide.[27]: 296 As withOut of Time,there was no tour in support of the album. The decision to forgo a tour, in conjunction with Stipe's physical appearance, generated rumors that the singer was dying orHIV-positive,which were vehemently denied by the band.[34]

"What's the Frequency, Kenneth?"
Sample of "What's the Frequency, Kenneth?" fromMonster(1994). The song's loud, distorted guitars were an intentional departure from the sound of R.E.M.'s previous two albums.
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After the band released two slow-paced albums in a row, R.E.M.'s 1994 albumMonsterwas, as Buck said, "a 'rock' record, with the rock in quotation marks." In contrast to the sound of its predecessors, the music ofMonsterconsisted of distorted guitar tones, minimal overdubs, and touches of 1970sglam rock.[7]: 236 LikeOut of Time,Monstertopped the charts in both the US and UK.[7]: 357–58 The record sold about nine million copies worldwide.[27]: 296 The singles "What's the Frequency, Kenneth?"and"Bang and Blame"were the band's last American Top 40 hits, although all the singles fromMonsterreached the Top 30 on the British charts.[7]: 357–58 Warner Bros. assembled the music videos from the album as well as those fromAutomatic for the Peoplefor release asParallelin 1995.[27]: 270 

In January 1995, R.E.M. set out on its first tour in six years. The tour was a huge commercial success, but the period was difficult for the group.[7]: 248 On March 1, Berry collapsed on stage during a performance inLausanne, Switzerland,having suffered abrain aneurysm.He had surgery immediately and recovered fully within a month. Berry's aneurysm was only the beginning of a series of health problems that plagued theMonstertour. Mills had to undergo abdominal surgery to remove an intestinal adhesion in July; a month later, Stipe had to have an emergency surgery to repair ahernia.[7]: 251–255 Despite all the problems, the group had recorded the bulk of a new album while on the road. The band brought along eight-track recorders to capture its shows, and used the recordings as the base elements for the album.[7]: 256 The final three performances of the tour were filmed at the Omni Coliseum in Atlanta, Georgia and released in home video form asRoad Movie.[27]: 274 

R.E.M. re-signed with Warner Bros. Records in 1996 for a reported $80 million (a figure the band constantly asserted originated with the media), rumored to be the largest recording contract in history at that point.[7]: 258 The group's 1996 albumNew Adventures in Hi-Fidebuted at number two in the US and number one in the UK.[7]: 357–58 The five million copies of the album sold were a reversal of the group's commercial fortunes of the previous five years.[7]: 269 Critical reaction to the album was mostly favorable. In a 2017 retrospective on the band,Consequence of Soundranked it third out of R.E.M.'s 15 full-length studio albums.[35]The album is Stipe's favorite from R.E.M. and he considers it the band at their peak.[36]Mills says, "It usually takes a good few years for me to decide where an album stands in the pantheon of recorded work we've done. This one may be third behindMurmurandAutomatic for the People.[37]According to DiscoverMusic: "Arguably less immediate and less accessible [...]New Adventures in Hi-Fiis a sprawling, "White Album" -esque affair clocking in at 65 minutes. However, while it required some time and commitment from the listener, the record's contents were rich, compelling and frequently stunning. Accordingly, the album has continued to lobby for recognition and has long since earned its reputation as R.E.M.'s most unsung LP. "[38]While sales were impressive, they were below their previous major label records.Time's writer Christopher John Farley argued that the lesser sales of the album were due to the declining commercial power of alternative rock as a whole.[39]That same year, R.E.M. parted ways with manager Jefferson Holt, allegedly due tosexual harassmentcharges levied against him by a member of the band's home office in Athens.[40]The group's lawyerBertis Downsassumed managerial duties.[7]: 259 

1997–2006: Continuing as three-piece with mixed success

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In April 1997, the band convened at Buck'sKauaivacation home to record demos of material intended for the next album. The band sought to reinvent its sound and intended to incorporate drum loops and percussion experiments.[41]Just as the sessions were due to begin in October, Berry decided, after months of contemplation and discussions with Downs and Mills, to tell the rest of the band that he was quitting.[7]: 276 Berry told his bandmates that he would not quit if they would break up as a result, so Stipe, Buck, and Mills agreed to carry on as a three-piece with his blessing.[7]: 280 Berry publicly announced his departure three weeks later in October 1997. Berry told the press, "I'm just not as enthusiastic as I have been in the past about doing this anymore... I have the best job in the world. But I'm kind of ready to sit back and reflect and maybe not be a pop star anymore."[41]Stipe admitted that the band would be different without a major contributor: "For me, Mike, and Peter, as R.E.M., are we still R.E.M.? I guess a three-legged dog is still a dog. It just has to learn to run differently."[7]: 280 

After drummerBill Berryquit in 1997, R.E.M. continued as a trio.

The band cancelled their scheduled recording sessions as a result of Berry's departure. "Without Bill it was different, confusing", Mills later said. "We didn't know exactly what to do. We couldn't rehearse without a drummer."[42]: 232 The remaining members of R.E.M. resumed work on the album in February 1998 at Toast Studios in San Francisco.[42]: 233 The band ended their decade-long collaboration with Scott Litt and hiredPat McCarthyto produce the record.Nigel Godrichwas taken on as assistant producer, and drafted inScreaming TreesmemberBarrett MartinandBeck's touring drummerJoey Waronker.The recording process was tense, and the group came close to disbanding. Bertis Downs called an emergency meeting in which the band members resolved their problems and agreed to continue as a group.[7]: 286 Led by the single "Daysleeper",Up(1998) debuted in the top ten in the US and UK. However, the album was a relative failure, selling 900,000 copies in the US by mid-1999 and eventually selling just over two million copies worldwide.[7]: 287 While R.E.M.'s American sales were declining, the group's commercial base was shifting to the UK, where more R.E.M. records were sold per capita than any other country and the band's singles regularly entered the Top 20.[7]: 292 

A year afterUp's release, R.E.M. wrote the instrumental score to theAndy Kaufmanbiographical filmMan on the Moon,a first for the group. The film took its title from theAutomatic for the Peoplesong of the same name.[43]The song "The Great Beyond"was released as a single from theMan on the Moonsoundtrack album. "The Great Beyond" only reached number 57 on the American pop charts, but was the band's highest-charting single ever in the UK, reaching number three in 2000.[7]: 357–58 

R.E.M. on tour in 2008, with long-time collaboratorScott McCaughey

R.E.M. recorded the majority of their twelfth albumReveal(2001) in Canada and Ireland from May to October 2000.[42]: 248–249 Revealshared the "lugubrious pace" ofUp,[7]: 303 and featured drumming by Joey Waronker, as well as contributions byScott McCaughey(a co-founder of the bandthe Minus 5with Buck), andKen Stringfellow(founder ofthe Posies). Global sales of the album were over four million, but in the United StatesRevealsold about the same number of copies asUp.[7]: 310 The album was led by the single "Imitation of Life",which reached number six in the UK.[7]: 305 Writing forRock's Backpages,The Rev. Al Friston described the album as "loaded with golden loveliness at every twist and turn", in comparison to the group's "essentially unconvincing work onNew Adventures in Hi-FiandUp".[44]Similarly,Rob SheffieldofRolling StonecalledReveal"a spiritual renewal rooted in a musical one" and praised its "ceaselessly astonishing beauty".[45]

In 2003, Warner Bros. released the compilation album and DVDIn Time: The Best of R.E.M. 1988–2003andIn View: The Best of R.E.M. 1988–2003,which featured two new songs, "Bad Day"and"Animal".At a 2003 concert inRaleigh, North Carolina,Berry made a surprise appearance, performing backing vocals on "Radio Free Europe". He then sat behind the drum kit for a performance of the early R.E.M. song "Permanent Vacation", marking his first performance with the band since his retirement.[46][47]

R.E.M. releasedAround the Sunin 2004. During production of the album in 2002, Stipe said, "[The album] sounds like it's taking off from the last couple of records into unchartered R.E.M. territory. Kind of primitive and howling".[48]After the album's release, Mills said, "I think, honestly, it turned out a little slower than we intended for it to, just in terms of the overall speed of songs."[49]Around the Sunreceived a mixed critical reception, and peaked at number 13 on theBillboardcharts.[50]The first single from the album, "Leaving New York",was a Top 5 hit in the UK.[51]For the record and subsequent tour, the band hired a new full-time touring drummer,Bill Rieflin,who had previously been a member of severalindustrial musicacts such asMinistryandPigface,and remained in that role for the duration of the band's active years.[52]The video albumPerfect Squarewas released that same year.

2006–2011: Last albums, recognition and breakup

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R.E.M. at theRoyal Albert Hallin 2008

EMIreleased a compilation album covering R.E.M.'s work during its tenure on I.R.S. in 2006 calledAnd I Feel Fine... The Best of the I.R.S. Years 1982–1987along with the video albumWhen the Light Is Mine: The Best of the I.R.S. Years 1982–1987—the label had previously released the compilationsThe Best of R.E.M.(1991),R.E.M.: Singles Collected(1994), andR.E.M.: In the Attic – Alternative Recordings 1985–1989(1997). That same month, all four original band members performed during the ceremony for their induction into theGeorgia Music Hall of Fame.[53]While rehearsing for the ceremony, the band recorded a cover ofJohn Lennon's "#9 Dream"forInstant Karma: The Amnesty International Campaign to Save Darfur,a tribute album benefitingAmnesty International.[54]The song—released as a single for the album and the campaign—featured Bill Berry's first studio recording with the band since his departure almost a decade earlier.[55]

In October 2006, R.E.M. was nominated for induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in their first year of eligibility.[56]The band was one of five nominees accepted into the Hall that year, and the induction ceremony took place in March 2007 at New York'sWaldorf-Astoria Hotel.The group—which was inducted by Pearl Jam lead singerEddie Vedder—performed three songs with Bill Berry; "Gardening at Night","Man on the Moon"and"Begin the Begin"as well as a cover of"I Wanna Be Your Dog".[57]

Bassist Mike Mills performing in concert in 2008

Work on the group's fourteenth album commenced in early 2007. The band recorded with producerJacknife Leein Vancouver and Dublin, where it played five nights in theOlympia Theatrebetween June 30 and July 5 as part of a "working rehearsal".[58]R.E.M. Live,the band's first live album (featuring songs from a 2005 Dublin show), was released in October 2007.[59]The group followed this with the 2009 live albumLive at The Olympia,which features performances from its 2007 residency. R.E.M. releasedAcceleratein early 2008. The album debuted at number two on theBillboardcharts,[60]and became the band's eighth album to top the British album charts.[61]Rolling StonereviewerDavid FrickeconsideredAcceleratean improvement over the band's previous post-Berry albums, calling it "one of the best records R.E.M. have ever made".[62]

R.E.M. onstage in 2008

In 2010, R.E.M. released the video albumR.E.M. Live from Austin, TX—a concert recorded forAustin City Limitsin 2008. The group recorded its fifteenth album,Collapse into Now(2011), with Jacknife Lee in locales including Berlin, Nashville, and New Orleans. For the album, the band aimed for a more expansive sound than the intentionally short and speedy approach implemented onAccelerate.[63]The album debuted at number five on theBillboard200, becoming the group's tenth album to reach the top ten of the chart.[64]This release fulfilled R.E.M.'s contractual obligations to Warner Bros., and the band began recording material without a contract a few months later with the possible intention of self-releasing the work.[65]

On September 21, 2011, R.E.M. announced via its website that it was "calling it a day as a band". Stipe said that he hoped fans realized it "wasn't an easy decision": "All things must end, and we wanted to do it right, to do it our way."[66]Long-time associate and former Warner Bros. Senior Vice President of Emerging Technology Ethan Kaplan has speculated that shake-ups at the record label influenced the group's decision to disband.[67]The group discussed breaking up for several years, but was encouraged to continue after the lackluster critical and commercial performance ofAround the Sun;according to Mills, "We needed to prove, not only to our fans and critics but to ourselves, that we could still make great records."[68]They were also uninterested in the business end of recording as R.E.M.[69]The band members finished their collaboration by assembling the compilation albumPart Lies, Part Heart, Part Truth, Part Garbage 1982–2011,which was released in November 2011. The album is the first to collect songs from R.E.M.'s I.R.S. and Warner Bros. tenures, as well as three songs from the group's final studio recordings from post-Collapse into Nowsessions.[70]In November, Mills and Stipe did a brief span of promotional appearances in British media, ruling out the option of the group ever reuniting.[71]

In 2024, during their first interview as a foursome in 27 years, the band was asked what it would take for them to re-form. "A comet," replied Mills. "Superglue," added Berry. When asked why it would not happen, Buck stated, "It would never be as good."[72]

2011–present: Post-breakup releases and events

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In 2014,Unplugged: The Complete 1991 and 2001 Sessionswas released forRecord Store Day.[73]Download collections ofI.R.S.andWarner Bros.rarities followed. Later in the year, R.E.M. compiled the video album box setREMTV,which collected their twoUnpluggedperformances along with several other documentaries and live shows, while their record label released the box set7IN—83–88,made up of7-inchvinyl singles.[74]In December 2015, the band members agreed to a distribution deal withConcord Bicycle Musicto re-release their Warner Bros. albums.[75]

In March 2016, R.E.M. signed a publishing administration deal withUniversal Music Publishing Group.[76]In March 2017, R.E.M. leftBroadcast Music, Inc.,who had represented theirperformance rightsfor their entire career, and joinedSESAC.[77]The first release under SESAC was the 2018 box setR.E.M. at the BBC,followed in 2019 byLive at the Borderline 1991for Record Store Day. On March 24, 2020, Rieflin died of cancer.[78]

In October 2019, during the presentation of his book of photographs in Rome, Michael Stipe said: "I'm having dinner with Mike (Mills) just tomorrow night in London and I spoke to Peter (Buck) last night, we're good friends but R.E.M.'s time it's over, that's it".[79]

In September 2021, a decade after disbanding, Stipe reiterated that R.E.M. had no intention of regrouping: "We decided when we split up that that would just be really tacky and probably money-grabbing, which might be the impetus for a lot of bands to get back together."[80]In 2023, R.E.M. was nominated for induction into theSongwriters Hall of Fame[81]and were inducted in June 2024.[82]To mark this occasion, on 13 June 2024, all four founding members reunited for their first public live performance since 2007 and performed an acoustic rendition of "Losing My Religion" in New York City.[83][84]

Musical style

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"Fall on Me"
Sample of "Fall on Me" fromLifes Rich Pageant(1986), which showcases Peter Buck's jangly,arpeggiatedguitar style and features Michael Stipe and Mike Mills harmonizing in the chorus.
Problems playing this file? Seemedia help.

R.E.M.'s music has been described asalternative rock,[85]college rock,[86]folk rock,[87]jangle pop,[88]post-punk,[88]andnew wave.[89]In a 1988 interview, Peter Buck described R.E.M. songs as typically, "Minor key, mid-tempo, Enigma tic, semi-folk-rock-balladish things. That's what everyone thinks and to a certain degree, that's true."[90]All songwriting is credited to the entire band, even though individual members are sometimes responsible for writing the majority of a particular song.[91]Each member is given an equal vote in the songwriting process; however, Buck has conceded that Stipe, as the band's lyricist, can rarely be persuaded to follow an idea he does not favor.[34]Among the original line-up, there were divisions of labor in the songwriting process: Stipe would write lyrics and devise melodies, Buck would edge the band in new musical directions, and Mills and Berry would fine-tune the compositions due to their greater musical experience.[7]: 85 Regarding Buck's driven approach, Mills said: "Someone's got to drive the train, and we were all more than happy to have Peter be our motivator." Stipe added, addressing Buck: "There's a body of work that wouldn't be there had you not been pushing us as hard as you did."[92]

Michael Stipe sings in what R.E.M. biographer David Buckley described as "wailing, keening, arching vocal figures".[7]: 87 Stipe often harmonizes with Mills in songs; in the chorus for "Stand", Mills and Stipe alternate singing lyrics, creating a dialogue.[7]: 180–181 Early articles about the band focused on Stipe's singing style (described as "mumbling" byThe Washington Post), which often rendered his lyrics indecipherable.[17]Creemwriter John Morthland wrote in his review ofMurmur,"I still have no idea what these songs are about, because neither me nor anyone else I know has ever been able to discern R.E.M.'s lyrics."[93]Stipe commented in 1984, "It's just the way I sing. If I tried to control it, it would be pretty false."[94]Producer Joe Boyd convinced Stipe to begin singing more clearly during the recording ofFables of the Reconstruction.[7]: 133 

Stipe later called the lyrics in the chorus of "Sitting Still"from R.E.M.'s debut album,Murmur,"nonsense", saying in a 1994 online chat, "You all know there aren't words,per se,to a lot of the early stuff. I can't even remember them. "In truth, Stipe carefully crafted the lyrics to many early R.E.M. songs.[7]: 88 Stipe explained in 1984 that when he started writing lyrics they were like "simple pictures", but after a year he grew tired of the approach and "started experimenting with lyrics that didn't make exact linear sense, and it's just gone from there."[94]In the mid-1980s, as Stipe's pronunciation while singing became clearer, the band decided that its lyrics should convey ideas on a more literal level.[7]: 143 Mills explained, "After you've made three records and you've written several songs and they've gotten better and better lyrically the next step would be to have somebody question you and say, are you saying anything? And Michael had the confidence at that point to say yes..."[7]: 150 Songs like "Cuyahoga" and "Fall on Me" onLifes Rich Pageantdealt with such concerns as pollution.[7]: 156–157 Stipe incorporated more politically oriented concerns into his lyrics onDocumentandGreen."Our political activism and the content of the songs was just a reaction to where we were, and what we were surrounded by, which was just abject horror," Stipe said later. "In 1987 and '88 there was nothing to do but be active."[95]Stipe has since explored other lyrical topics.Automatic for the Peopledealt with "mortality and dying. Pretty turgid stuff", according to Stipe,[96]whileMonstercritiqued love and mass culture.[95]Musically, Stipe stated that bands likeT. RexandMott the Hoople"really impacted me".[97]

Peter Buck's guitar-playing style has defined R.E.M.'s sound.

Peter Buck's style of playing guitar has been singled out by many as the most distinctive aspect of R.E.M.'s music. During the 1980s, Buck's "economical, arpeggiated, poetic" style reminded British music journalists of 1960s Americanfolk rockbandthe Byrds.[7]: 77 Buck has stated "[Byrds guitarist]Roger McGuinnwas a big influence on me as a guitar player ",[7]: 81 but said it was Byrds-influenced bands, includingBig Starandthe Soft Boys,that inspired him more.[27]: 115 Comparisons were also made with the guitar playing ofJohnny Marrof alternative rock contemporariesthe Smiths.While Buck professed being a fan of the group, he admitted he initially criticized the band simply because he was tired of fans asking him if he was influenced by Marr,[91]whose band had in fact made their debut after R.E.M.[27]: 115 Buck generally eschews guitar solos; he explained in 2002, "I know that when guitarists rip into this hot solo, people go nuts, but I don't write songs that suit that, and I am not interested in that. I can do it if I have to, but I don't like it."[7]: 80 Mike Mills' melodic approach to bass playing is inspired byPaul McCartneyofthe BeatlesandChris SquireofYes;Mills has said, "I always played a melodic bass, like a piano bass in some ways... I never wanted to play the traditional locked into thekick drum,root notebass work. "[7]: 105 Mills has more musical training than his bandmates, which he has said "made it easier to turn abstract musical ideas into reality."[7]: 81 

Legacy

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Pavement,one of several bands to name R.E.M. as an influence, wrote the song "Unseen Power of the Picket Fence" in honor of them.

R.E.M. was pivotal in the creation and development of the alternative rock genre.AllMusicstated, "R.E.M. mark the point whenpost-punkturned into alternative rock. "[13]In the early 1980s, the musical style of R.E.M. stood in contrast to the post-punk andnew wavegenres that had preceded it. Music journalistSimon Reynoldsnoted that the post-punk movement of the late 1970s and early 1980s "had taken whole swaths of music off the menu", particularly that of the 1960s, and that "After postpunk's demystification and New Pop's schematics, it felt liberating to listen to music rooted in mystical awe and blissed-out surrender." Reynolds declared R.E.M., a band that recalled the music of the 1960s with its "plangent guitar chimes and folk-styled vocals" and who "wistfully and abstractly conjured visions and new frontiers for America", one of "the two most important alt-rock bands of the day."[98]With the release ofMurmur,R.E.M. had the most impact musically and commercially of the developing alternative genre's early groups, leaving in its wake a number ofjangle popfollowers.[99]

R.E.M.'s early breakthrough success served as an inspiration for other alternative bands.Spinreferred to the "R.E.M. model" —career decisions that R.E.M. made that set guidelines for other underground artists to follow in their own careers.Spin'sCharles Aaron wrote that by 1985, "They'd shown how far an underground, punk-inspired rock band could go within the industry without whoring out its artistic integrity in any obvious way. They'd figured out how to buy in, not sellout-in other words, they'd achieved the American Bohemian Dream."[100]Steve WynnofDream Syndicatesaid, "They invented a whole new ballgame for all of the other bands to follow whether it wasSonic Youthorthe ReplacementsorNirvanaorButthole Surfers.R.E.M. staked the claim. Musically, the bands did different things, but R.E.M. was first to show us you can be big and still be cool. "[101]Biographer David Buckley stated that between 1991 and 1994, a period that saw the band sell an estimated 30 million albums, R.E.M. "asserted themselves as rivals toU2for the title of biggest rock band in the world. "[7]: 200 Over the course of its career, the band has sold over 85 million records worldwide.[102]Colin Larkin'sAll Time Top 1000 Albumsstated that "Their catalogue is destined to endure as critics reluctantly accept their considerable importance in the history of rock".[103]

Alternative bands such asNirvana,Pavement,Radiohead,[104]Coldplay,[105]Pearl Jam(the band's vocalistEddie Vedderinducted R.E.M. into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame),[106]Live,[107]Counting Crows,[108]Stone Temple Pilots,[106]Collective Soul,[106]Alice in Chains,[106]andHootie and the Blowfish[106]have drawn inspiration from R.E.M.'s music. "When I was 15 years old in Richmond, Virginia, they were averyimportant part of my life, "Pavement'sBob Nastanovichsaid, "as they were for all the members of our band."[109]Pavement's contribution to theNo Alternativecompilation (1993) was "Unseen Power of the Picket Fence", a song about R.E.M.'s early days.[110]Local H,according to the band'sTwitteraccount, created their name by combining two R.E.M. songs: "Oddfellows Local 151" and "Swan Swan H".[111]Black Francisofthe Pixieshas describedMurmuras "hugely influential" on his songwriting.[112]Kurt Cobainof Nirvana was a fan of R.E.M., and had unfulfilled plans to collaborate on a musical project with Stipe.[7]: 239–240 Cobain toldRolling Stonein an interview earlier that year, "I don't know how that band does what they do. God, they're the greatest. They've dealt with their success like saints, and they keep delivering great music."[113]

During his show at the40 Watt Clubin October 2018,Johnny Marrsaid: "As a British musician coming out of theindiescene in the early '80s, which I definitely am and am proud to have been, I can't miss this opportunity to acknowledge and pay my respects and honor the guys who put this town on the map for us in England. I'm talking about my comrades in guitar music, R.E.M.The Smithsreally respected R.E.M. We had to keep an eye on what those guys were up to. It's an interesting thing for me, as a British musician, and all those guys as British musicians, to come to this place and play for you guys, knowing that it's the roots of Mike Mills and Bill Berry and Michael Stipe and my good friend Peter Buck. "[114]On November 3, 2023, the formerMonkeesmemberMicky Dolenzreleased an EP of R.E.M. cover songs.[115][116]

Awards

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Main article:List of awards and nominations received by R.E.M.

Campaigning and activism

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Michael Stipe has used his celebrity status to support political and humanitarian causes; he is seen here at the 2007Tribeca Film Festival,which was created to renew that neighborhood of New York City after theSeptember 11 attacks

Throughout R.E.M.'s career, its members sought to highlight social and political issues. According to theLos Angeles Times,R.E.M. was considered to be one of the United States' "most liberal and politically correct rock groups."[117]The band's members were "on the same page" politically, sharing aliberalandprogressiveoutlook.[7]: 155 Mills admitted that there was occasionally dissension between band members on what causes they might support, but acknowledged "Out of respect for the people who disagree, those discussions tend to stay in-house, just because we'd rather not let people know where the divisions lie, so people can't exploit them for their own purposes." An example is that in 1990 Buck noted that Stipe was involved withPeople for the Ethical Treatment of Animals,but the rest of the band were not.[7]: 197 

R.E.M. helped raise funds for environmental, feminist and human rights causes, and were involved in campaigns to encouragevoter registration.[30]During theGreentour, Stipe spoke on stage to the audiences about a variety of socio-political issues.[7]: 186 Through the late 1980s and 1990s, the band (particularly Stipe) increasingly used its media coverage on national television to mention a variety of causes it felt were important. One example is during the1991 MTV Video Music Awards,Stipe wore a half-dozen white shirts emblazoned with slogans including "rainforest", "love knows no colors", and "handgun control now".[7]: 195–196 

R.E.M. helped raise awareness ofAung San Suu Kyiandhuman rights violations in Myanmar,when they worked with the Freedom Campaign and theUS Campaign for Burma.[118]Stipe himself ran ads for the 1988 election, supportingDemocraticpresidential candidate andMassachusettsgovernorMichael Dukakisover then-Vice PresidentGeorge H. W. Bush.[119]In 2004, the band participated in theVote for Changetour that sought to mobilize American voters to support Democratic presidential candidateJohn Kerry.[120]R.E.M.'s political stance, particularly coming from a wealthy rock band under contract to a label owned by a multinational corporation, received criticism from formerQeditorPaul Du Noyer,who criticized the band's "celebrity liberalism", saying, "It's an entirely pain-free form of rebellion that they're adopting. There's no risk involved in it whatsoever, but quite a bit of shoring up of customer loyalty."[7]: 299 

From the late 1980s, R.E.M. was involved in the local politics of its hometown of Athens, Georgia.[7]: 192 Buck explained toSoundsin 1987, "Michael always says think local and act local—we have been doing a lot of stuff in our town to try and make it a better place."[121]The band often donated funds to local charities and helped renovate and preserve historic buildings in the town.[7]: 194 [30]R.E.M.'s political clout was credited with the narrow election of Athens mayor Gwen O'Looney twice in the 1990s.[7]: 195 [30]The band is a member of the Canadian charity Artists Against Racism.[122]

Members

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R.E.M. on their final tour (from left to right): guitarist Peter Buck (on piano), touring musician Scott McCaughey, vocalist Michael Stipe (back to camera), touring drummer Bill Rieflin (on guitar), and bassist Mike Mills
Scott McCaugheywas a touring member of R.E.M. from 1994 until their disbandment.

Main members

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  • Bill Berry– drums, percussion, backing vocals, occasional bass and keyboards (1980–1997, 2024; occasional concert appearances with the band 2003–2007)
  • Peter Buck– guitar, mandolin, banjo, occasional bass, keyboards and drums (1980–2011, 2024)
  • Mike Mills– bass, keyboards, backing vocals, occasional lead vocals and guitar (1980–2011, 2024)
  • Michael Stipe– lead vocals, occasional harmonica, percussion and guitar (1980–2011, 2024)

Non musical members

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Several publications made by the band, such as albumliner notesand fan club mailers, list Downs and Holt alongside the four founding band members[123][40]

Touring and session musicians

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Timeline

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Discography

edit
Main articles:R.E.M. discographyandList of songs recorded by R.E.M.

Studio albums

See also

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References

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Sources

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  • Buckley, David.R.E.M.: Fiction: An Alternative Biography.Virgin, 2002.ISBN978-1-85227-927-1
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  • Sullivan, Denise.Talk About the Passion: R.E.M.: An Oral Biography.Underwood-Miller, 1994.ISBN0-88733-184-X
edit

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