Sedan (automobile)

Asedanorsaloon(British English)is apassenger carin athree-boxconfiguration with separate compartments for an engine, passengers, and cargo.The first recorded use ofsedanin reference to an automobile body occurred in 1912.The name derives from the 17th-centurylitterknown as a sedan chair, a one-person enclosed box with windows and carried by porters. Variations of the sedan style include the close-coupled sedan, club sedan, convertible sedan, fastback sedan, hardtop sedan, notchback sedan, and sedanet.

2024BMW 5 Seriessedan

1928Ford Model ATudor sedan

World's first all-steel sedan made byBuddforDodge Bros,1919

Definition

Profiles of a sedan,station wagonandhatchbackversions of the same model (aFord Focus)

A sedan (/sɪˈdæn/) is a car with a closed body (i.e., a fixed metal roof) with the engine, passengers, and cargo in separate compartments.This broad definition does not differentiate sedans from various other car body styles. Still, in practice, the typical characteristics of sedans are:

• aB-pillar(between the front and rear windows) that supports the roof;
• two rows of seats;
• athree-box designwith the engine at the front and the cargo area at the rear;
• a less steeply sloping roofline than a coupé results in increased headroom for rear passengers and a less sporting appearance;and
• a rear interior volume of at least 33 cu ft (0.93 m³).

It is sometimes suggested that sedans must have four doors (to provide a simple distinction between sedans and two-doorcoupés); others state that a sedan can have four or two doors.Although the sloping rear roofline defined the coupe, the design element has become common on many body styles with manufacturers increasingly "cross-pollinating" the style so that terms such as sedan and coupé have been loosely interpreted as "'four-door coupes' - an inherent contradiction in terms."

When a manufacturer produces two-door sedan and four-door sedan versions of the same model, the shape and position of thegreenhouseon both versions may be identical, with only the B-pillar positioned further back to accommodate the longer doors on the two-door versions.

Etymology

Turkish sedan chair from a historical exhibition

A sedan chair, a sophisticatedlitter,is an enclosed box with windows used to transport one seated person.Portersat the front and rear carry the chair with horizontal poles.Litters date back to long before ancient Egypt, India, and China. Sedan chairs were developed in the 1630s.Etymologistssuggest the name of the chair very probably came throughvarieties of Italianfrom theLatinsedere,or theProto-Indo-Europeanroot "sed-"meaning" to sit. "

Motor World,November 14, 1912

The first recorded use of sedan for an automobile body occurred in 1912 when theStudebakerFour and Studebaker Six models were marketed as sedans.There were fully enclosed automobile bodies before 1912. Long before that time, the same fully enclosed but horse-drawn carriages were known as abroughamin the United Kingdom,berlinein France, andberlinain Italy; the latter two have become the terms for sedans in these countries. It is sometimes stated that the 1899Renault Voiturette Type B(a 2-seat car with an extra external seat for a footman/mechanic) was the first sedan, since it is the first known car to be produced with a roof. A one-off instance of similar coachwork is also known in a 1900 De Dion-Bouton Type D.

A sedan is typically considered to be a fixed-roof car with at least four seats.Based on this definition, the earliest sedan was the 1911Speedwell,which was manufactured in the United States.

International terminology

1900 Renault Type B

InAmerican English,Latin American Spanish,andBrazilian Portuguese,the termsedanis used (accented assedánin Spanish).InBritish English,a car of this configuration is called asaloon(/səˈlun/).Hatchback sedans are known simply ashatchbacks(nothatchback saloons); long-wheelbase luxury saloons with a division between the driver and passengers arelimousines.

InAustraliaandNew Zealand,sedanis now predominantly used; they were previously simply cars. In the 21st century,saloonremains in the long-established names of particular motor races.In other languages, sedans are known asberline(French),berlina(European Spanish,European Portuguese,Romanian,andItalian), though they may include hatchbacks. These names, like the sedan, all come from forms of passenger transport used before the advent of automobiles. InGerman,a sedan is calledLimousineand alimousineis aStretch-Limousine.

In the United States, two-door sedan models were marketed as Tudor in theFord Model A (1927–1931)series.Automakers use different terms to differentiate their products and for Ford's sedan body styles "the tudor (2-door) and fordor (4-door) were marketing terms designed to stick in the minds of the public."Ford continued to use the Tudor name for 5-window coupes, 2-door convertibles, and roadsters since all had two doors.The Tudor name was also used to describe theŠkoda 1101/1102introduced in 1946.The public popularized the name for a two-door model and was then applied by the automaker to the entire line that included a four-door sedan and station wagon versions.

Standard styles

Chrysler 300Cnotchback sedan

Notchback sedans

Main article:Notchback

In the United States, the notchback sedan distinguishes models with a horizontal trunk lid. The term is generally only referred to in marketing when it is necessary to differentiate between two sedan body styles (e.g., notchback and fastback) of the same model range.

Liftback sedans

Main article:Liftback

Several sedans have afastbackprofile but a hatchback-style tailgate is hinged at the roof. Examples include thePeugeot 309,Škoda Octavia,Hyundai Elantra XD,Chevrolet Malibu Maxx,BMW 4 Series Grand Coupe,Audi A5 Sportback,andTesla Model S.The names hatchback and sedan are often used to differentiate between body styles of the same model. To avoid confusion, the term hatchback sedan is not often used.

Fastback sedans

Main article:Fastback

There have been many sedans with a fastback style.

• 
  1950Volkswagen Beetle
• 
  1939Lincoln-Zephyr
• 
  1948Cadillac Series 62
• 
  2013Mercedes-Benz CLS

Hardtop sedans

1957Cadillac Eldoradofour-door hardtop

1957Sunbeam Rapiertwo-door hardtop

Main article:Hardtop § Pillarless Hardtops

Hardtop sedans were a popular body style in the United States from the 1950s to the 1970s. Hardtops are manufactured without aB-pillarleaving uninterrupted open space or, when closed, glass along the side of the vehicle.The top was intended to look like a convertible's top. However, it was fixed and made of hard material that did not fold.

All manufacturers in the United States from the early 1950s into the 1970s provided at least a 2-door hardtop model in their range and a 4-door hardtop. The lack of side bracing demanded a strong, heavy chassis frame to combat unavoidable fle xing. The pillarless design was also available in four-door models usingunibodyconstruction.For example, Chrysler moved to unibody designs for most of its models in 1960 andAmerican Motors Corporationoffered four-door sedans, as well a four-doorstation wagonfrom 1958 until 1960 in the Rambler andAmbassadorseries.

In 1973, the US government passedFederal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 216creating a standard roof strength test to measure the integrity of roof structure in motor vehicles tocome into effectsome years later. Hardtop sedan body style production ended with the 1978Chrysler Newport.Roofs were covered with vinyl, and B-pillars were minimized by styling methods like matt black finishes. Stylists and engineers soon developed more subtle solutions.

Mid-20th century variations

1929PackardClose Coupled Sedan

Close-coupled sedans

A close-coupled sedan is a body style produced in the United States during the 1920s and 1930s. Their two-box boxy styling made these sedans more likecrossover vehiclesthan traditional three-box sedans. Like other close-coupled body styles, the rear seats are farther forward than a regular sedan.This reduced the length of the body; close-coupled sedans, also known as town sedans, were the shortest of the sedan models offered.

Models of close-coupled sedans include theChrysler Imperial,Duesenberg Model A,andPackard745

Coach sedans

1947BugattiCoach

1932 Chevrolet Coach

A two-door sedan for four or five passengers but with less room for passengers than a standard sedan. A Coach body has no external trunk for luggage. Haajanen says it can be difficult to tell the difference between a Club and a Brougham and a Coach body, as if manufacturers were more concerned with marketing their product than adhering to strict body style definitions.

1967Rover 3-litrecoupé

Close-coupled saloons

Close-coupled saloons originated as four-door thoroughbred sportinghorse-drawn carriageswith little room for rear passengers' feet. In automotive use, manufacturers in the United Kingdom used the term to develop thechummybody, where passengers were forced to be friendly because they were tightly packed. They provided weather protection for extra passengers in what would otherwise be a two-seater car. Two-door versions would be described in the United States and France as coach bodies.A postwar example is theRover 3 Litre Coupé.

Club sedans

1932 Buick series 90 Club Sedan

1954KaiserManhattan Club Sedan

Produced in the United States from the mid-1920s to the mid-1950s, the name club sedan was used for highly appointed models using the sedan chassis.Some people describe a club sedan as a two-door vehicle with a body style otherwise identical to the sedan models in the range.Others describe a club sedan as having either two or four doors and a shorter roof and therefore less interior space than the other sedan models in the range.

Club sedanoriginates from a railroad train's club carriage (e.g.,, the lounge or parlour carriage).

1947Buick Sedanet

Sedanets

From the 1910s to the 1950s, several United States manufacturers have named models either Sedanet or Sedanette. The term originated as a smaller version of the sedan;however, it has also been used for convertibles and fastback coupes. Models that have been called Sedanet or Sedanette include the 1917DortSedanet,King,1919Le xing ton,1930sCadillac FleetwoodSedanette,1949Cadillac Series 62Sedanette,1942-1951Buick Super Sedanet,and 1956Studebaker.

See also

• Car classification

External links

• Sedan vehicleatBritannica