Mars sol

For other uses, seeSol.

Not to be confused withSun.

Sol(borrowed from theLatinword for sun) is asolar dayonMars;that is, aMars-day.A sol is the apparent interval between two successive returns of the Sun to the same meridian (sundial time) as seen by an observer on Mars. It is one of several units fortimekeeping on Mars.

Sunrise on Mars

Sunset on Mars

Images captured byInSight

A sol is slightly longer than an Earth day. It is approximately 24 hours, 39 minutes, 35 seconds long. AMartian yearis approximately 668.6 sols, equivalent to approximately 687 Earth daysor 1.88 Earth years.

The sol was adopted in 1976 during theViking Lander missionsand is ameasure of timemainly used byNASAwhen, for example, scheduling the use of aMars rover.

Length

The average duration of the day-night cycle on Mars — i.e., a Martianday— is 24 hours, 39 minutes and 35.244 seconds,equivalent to 1.02749125 Earth days.Thesidereal rotational periodof Mars—its rotation compared to the fixed stars—is 24 hours, 37 minutes and 22.66 seconds.The solar day lasts longer because Mars's rotation is the same direction as its orbital motion.

Usage in Mars lander timekeeping

Main article:Timekeeping on Mars

Transit of Deimos from Mars,as captured by the Mars roverPerseveranceon sol 1037 of its mission (20 January 2024UTC).

When aNASAspacecraft lander begins operations on Mars, the passing Martian days (sols) have been tracked using a simple numerical count. The twoViking landers,Mars Phoenix,Mars Science LaboratoryroverCuriosity,InSight,andPerseverancerover projects all counted the sol of touchdown as "Sol 0".Mars Pathfinderand the twoMars Exploration Roversinstead defined touchdown as "Sol 1".Generally speaking, the choice between counting from Sol 0 or Sol 1 has been made so that Sol 1 would be the first sol with "meaningful" or "useful" lander operations.Thus, landers that touched down late in the Martian day have begun their sol count at 0, while those that touch down early in the day began their count at 1.

AlthoughNASAlander missions to Mars have twice occurred in pairs, no effort was made to synchronize the sol counts of the two landers within each pair. Thus, for example, althoughSpiritandOpportunitywere sent to operate simultaneously on Mars, each counted its landing date as "Sol 1", putting their calendars approximately 21 sols out of sync.

Terminology

The word "yestersol" was coined by the NASA Mars operations team early during the MER mission to refer to the previous sol (the Mars version of "yesterday" ), and came into fairly wide use within that organization during theMars Exploration RoverMission of 2003.It was eventually picked up and used by the press.Other neologisms include "tosol" (for "today" on Mars), as well as one of three Mars versions of "tomorrow": "nextersol", "morrowsol", or "solmorrow".NASA planners coined the term "soliday" at least as far back as 2012 to refer to days off due to time phasing or the syncing of planetary schedules.

Conversion

Considering a possiblecolonization of Mars,one question that arose was "how does one convert a Sol to standard Earth time?" In thescience fictionseriesMars trilogybyKim Stanley Robinson,the Mars settlers use traditional Earth watches that stop ticking atmidnightfor 39 minutes and 40 seconds before resuming their timekeeping. This creates something like a "witching hour"which compensates for the time difference between a Sol and an Earth day. This follows the method previously given byPhilip K. Dickin his 1964 novelMartian Time-Slip.

For theSpiritmission, a small watchmaker's store created mechanical watches for the mission crew that kept Mars time with no more than 10 seconds difference per Earth-day.In 2022, it was reported that the watchmakerOmegahad begun to sell digital-analog hybrid watches to the public.