The Skin of Our Teeth

This article is about the 1942 play. For the 1959 Australian television play based on it, seeThe Skin of Our Teeth (film).For the biblical phrase, seeSkin of my teeth.

The Skin of Our Teethis aplaybyThornton Wilderthat won thePulitzer Prize for Drama.It opened on October 15, 1942, at theShubert TheatreinNew Haven, Connecticut,before moving to thePlymouth TheatreonBroadwayon November 18, 1942. It was produced by Michael Myerberg and directed byElia Kazanwith costumes byMary Percy Schenck.The play is a three-partallegoryabout the life of mankind, centering on the Antrobus family of the fictional town of Excelsior,New Jersey.The epic comedy-drama is noted as among the most heterodox of classic American comedies, as it breaks nearly every established convention of theatrical performances that was in effect when Wilder wrote it.

The Skin of Our Teeth
Handbill for the 1942 Broadway production. Artwork byDon Freeman.
Written by	Thornton Wilder
Characters	Sabina Mrs. Antrobus Mr. Antrobus Gladys Telegraph Boy Dinosaur Chair Pusher Henry Woolly Mammoth
Date premiered	October 15, 1942
Place premiered	Shubert Theatre New Haven, Connecticut
Original language	English
Genre	Comedy
Setting	The Antrobus home in Excelsior, New Jersey; the Atlantic City boardwalk

The phrase used as the title comes from theKing James Bible,Job 19:20: "My bone cleaveth to my skin and to my flesh, and I am escaped with theskin of my teeth."

Overview

The main characters of the play are George and Maggie Antrobus (fromGreek:άνθρωπος(anthropos), "human" or "person" ), their two children, Henry and Gladys, and Sabina, who appears as the family's maid in the first and third acts, and as a beauty queen temptress in the second act. The play's action takes place in a modern setting, but is full of anachronisms reaching back to prehistoric times. The characters' roles asarchetypesare emphasized by their identification withBiblicalandclassicalpersonalities:

The name Lilly Sabina is a reference to the myth ofLilithand to the historicalrape of the Sabine women,identifications made relatively explicit in the play's text. Henry Antrobus's name was changed from "Cain",following his murder of his brotherAbel,mirroring the biblical story in whichAdam's son murders his brother after God favors Abel over Cain by gifts. This implies that George Antrobus is Adam and Maggie AntrobusEve,supported when George composes a song for his wife Maggie in honor of their anniversary: "Happy w'dding ann'vers'ry dear Eva."

The murder of Abel is an underlying theme in the play. Mr. Antrobus pays far more attention to his "perfect" third child Gladys than he does Henry. As this treatment of Henry continues, Henry's anger progresses throughout the play, reaching its climax in the third act.

While the Antrobus family remains constant throughout the play, the three acts do not form a continuous narrative. The first act takes place during an impendingice age;in the second act the family circumstances have changed as George becomes president of the Fraternal Order of Mammals (apparent references toSodom and Gomorrahbut also to theRoaring Twenties), while the end of the world approaches a second time; the third act opens with Maggie and Gladys emerging from a bunker at the end of a seven-year-long war.

An additional layer of stylistic complexity is added by the occasional interruption of therecitativenarrative scene byactors directly addressing the audience:In the first scene, the actress playing Sabina reveals her misgivings to the audience about the play; in the second act she refuses to recite her lines and instead talks to the spectators, causing a woman in the audience to run from the theater sobbing; and in the third act, the actor playing Mr. Antrobus interrupts to announce that several actors have taken ill, asking the audience to indulge them while the "stage manager" of the play conducts a rehearsal with the replacements.

Plot

Act I

Act one is anamalgamof early 20th centuryNew Jerseyand the dawn of theIce Age.The father is inventing things such as thelever,thewheel,theAlpha bet,andmultiplication tables.The family and the entire northeastern U.S. face extinction by a wall of ice moving southward from Canada. The story is introduced by a narrator and further expanded by the family maid, Sabina. There are unsettling parallels between the members of the Antrobus family and various characters from the Bible. In addition, time is compressed and scrambled to such an extent that the refugees who arrive at the Antrobus house seeking food and fire include theOld TestamentprophetMoses,the ancient Greek poetHomer,and women who are identified asMuses.

Act II

Act II takes place on theBoardwalkatAtlantic City, New Jersey,where the Antrobuses are present for George's swearing-in as president of the Ancient and Honorable Order of Mammals, Subdivision Humans. Sabina is present, also, in the guise of a scheming beauty queen, who tries to steal George's affection from his wife and family. The conventioneers are rowdy and party furiously, but there is an undercurrent of foreboding as a fortune teller warns of an impending storm. The weather soon transforms from summery sunshine to hurricane to deluge. Gladys and George each attempt their individual rebellions, and are brought back into line by the family. The act ends with the family members reconciled and, paralleling the Biblical story ofNoah's Ark,directing pairs of animals to safety on a large boat where they survive the storm and the end of the world.

Act III

The final act takes place in the ruins of the Antrobuses' former home. A devastating war has occurred; Maggie and Gladys have survived by hiding in a cellar. When they come out of the cellar we see that Gladys has a baby. Sabina joins them, "dressed as a Napoleonic camp-follower". George has been away at the front lines leading an army. Henry also fought, on the opposite side, and returns as ageneral.The family members discuss the ability of thehuman raceto rebuild and continue after continually destroying itself. The question is raised: "Is there any accomplishment or attribute of the human race of enough value that its civilization should be rebuilt?"

Thestage managerinterrupts the play-within-the-play to explain that several members of their company can't perform their parts, possibly due to food poisoning (as the actress playing Sabina sawblue moldon thelemon meringue pieat dinner). The stage manager drafts a janitor, a dresser, and other non-actors to fill their parts, which involve quoting philosophers such asPlatoandAristotleto mark the passing of time within the play.

Thealternate historyaction ends where it began, with Sabina dusting the living room and worrying about George's arrival from the office. Her final act is to address the audience and turn over the responsibility of continuing the action, or life, to them.

Influences and criticism

Similarities between the play andJames Joyce's novelFinnegans Wake(1939) have been noted— such as a family that represents the totality of humanity, cyclical storytelling, and copious Biblical allusions. One such comparison was published in theSaturday Reviewduring the play's run on Broadway.Norman Cousins,editor of theReview,printed a short article byJoseph CampbellandHenry Morton Robinsontitled "The Skin of Whose Teeth? The Strange Case of Mr. Wilder's New Play andFinnegans Wake"in the issue for December 19, 1942,with a second part in the February 13, 1943, issue.

In Campbell's bookPathways to Bliss,Campbell recalls his reaction to the similarities he noted between Wilder's play and Joyce's novel:

[W]hen I went to see Thornton Wilder'sThe Skin of Our Teeth,which was the big Broadway hit at the time...all I heard wasFinnegans Wake.[...] I phoned Robinson, and I said, "Good God, here's Wilder making tons of money and a lot of fame on this thing, and it's simplyFinnegans Wake."Joyce had just died, and his family was destitute. So I said," I think we should write a letter to theNew York Times."

Campbell claimed to have comparedFinnegans Wakeand the book form ofThe Skin of Our Teethand found "nearly two hundred and fifty analogues—characters, themes, and finally a four-line, word-for-word quote."

The fact is that Wilder was one ofFinnegans Wake's early champions — Wilder wrote toGertrude SteinandAlice Toklasin August 1939, a few months after the book's publication, that "One of my absorptions [...] has been James Joyce's new novel, digging out its buried keys and resolving that unbroken chain of erudite puzzles."

Campbell and Robinson's reviews-cum-denunciations created a huge uproar at the time. The New Yorkermagazine'sWolcott Gibbssatirized Campbell and Robinson's accusations in a December 26, 1942, piece called "Finnegan's Teeth."

Notable productions

The original production starredTallulah Bankhead,Fredric March,Florence Eldridge,andMontgomery Clift.Bankhead won aVarietyAward for Best Actress and theNew York Drama Critics Awardfor Best Actress of the Year for her role as Sabina. When she left the production in March 1943, she was replaced byMiriam Hopkins.Hopkins was in turn replaced byGladys George.For two performances, while George was ill,Lizabeth Scott,who had been Bankhead'sunderstudy,was called in to play the role. Scott then played the role for the production's run inBoston.Originally billed in New York as "Elizabeth Scott", she dropped the "E" before taking the part in Boston, and it became her breakthrough role.

Following a pre-London tryout tour of the UK, the play had its London premiere at the Phoenix Theatre on 16 May 1945, where it ran for 77 performances, closing 21 July 1945. It re-opened in London at the Piccadilly Theatre on 11 September 1946, running there for a further 109 performances, until 14 December. Directed byLaurence Olivier,Sabina was played byVivien Leigh,withCecil Parkeras George Antrobus (George Devineat the Piccadilly).The Oliviers also included the production on their Old Vic tour of Australia and New Zealand in 1948. Leigh revived the role in a 1959 television production filmed live byGranada Television,also starringGeorge Devineas Mr. Antrobus andRuth Dunningas Mrs. Antrobus.

The play was revived on Broadway in 1955, premiering at theANTA Theatre.It was staged by theEdinburgh Gateway Companyin 1961.

In 1983,American Playhouse,on PBS, aired a production that was produced at theOld Globe Theatrein San Diego. It starredBlair Brown,Harold Gould,Sada Thompson,Rue McClanahanandJeffrey Combs,and was directed by Jack O'Brien.

New York City'sPublic Theaterpresented a production as part of its 1998 summerShakespeare in the Parkfestival at theDelacorte TheaterinCentral Park.That production starredKristen Johnston,John GoodmanandFrances Conroy.It was directed by Irene Lewis.

In 2017,Theatre for a New AudienceperformedThe Skin of Our Teethdirected by Arin Arbus.It won the 2017Obie Awardfor Directing and Performance by Kecia Lewis.

A Broadway revival of the play directed byLileana Blain-Cruzpremiered at theVivian Beaumont Theaterin previews on April 1, 2022, and officially on April 25. It was subsequently nominated for sixTony Awardsincluding Best Direction, Best Lead Actress, Best Costume Design, Best Lighting Design, Best Sound Design, and Best Set Design.

Cast list

Character	Original Broadway Cast 1942	Old Globe Theatre, San Diego 1983	Public Theatre, New York 1998	Vivian Beaumont Broadway revival 2022
Mr. Antrobus	Fredric March	Harold Gould	John Goodman	James Vincent Meredith
Mrs. Antrobus	Florence Eldridge	Sada Thompson	Frances Conroy	Roslyn Ruff
Henry	Montgomery Clift	Jeffrey Combs	John Ortiz	Julian Robertson
Gladys	Frances Heflin	Monique Fowler	Brienin Bryant	Paige Gilbert
Sabina	Tallulah Bankhead	Blair Brown	Kristen Johnston	Gabby Beans
Mr. Fitzpatrick	E.G. Marshall	Jonathan McMurty	—	Donnetta Lavina Grays

Awards and nominations

2022 Broadway revival

Year	Award	Category	Nominated work	Result
2022	Tony Awards	Best Actress in a Play	Gabby Beans	Nominated
		Best Direction of a Play	Lileana Blain-Cruz	Nominated
		Best Scenic Design of a Play	Adam Rigg	Nominated
		Best Costume Design of a Play	Montana Levi Blanco	Won
		Best Lighting of a Play	Yi Zhao	Nominated
		Best Sound Design of a Play	Palmer Hefferan	Nominated

References

Sources

• Brooks Atkinson (15 November 1942)."The Skin of Our Teeth".The New York Times.Retrieved2021-06-20.
• Mel Gussow (24 November 1986)."Wilder Revival The Skin of Our Teeth".The New York Times.Retrieved2008-07-10.

External links

• ​The Skin of Our Teeth​at theInternet Broadway Database
• ​The Skin of Our Teeth​at theInternet Broadway Database
• The Skin of Our TeethPlot Summary and Critical Analysis;by The Thornton Wilder Society
• The Skin of Our TeethTeaching and Reading Educational Materials;by The Thornton Wilder Society
• VivAndLarry (May 30, 2013).Vivien Leigh in The Skin of Our Teeth (1/2).YouTube.
• VivAndLarry (May 30, 2013).Vivien Leigh in The Skin of Our Teeth (2/2).YouTube.