Tipton

This article is about the town in England. For other uses, seeTipton (disambiguation).

Tiptonis an industrial town in the metropolitan borough ofSandwell,in the county of theWest Midlands,England. It had a population of 38,777 at the2011 UK Census.It is located northwest ofBirminghamand southeast ofWolverhampton.It is also contiguous with nearby towns ofDarlaston,Dudley,WednesburyandBilston.

Tipton
View from the tower of St Matthew's Church, looking north
Tipton Location within theWest Midlands
Population	38,777(2011)
OS grid reference	SO9592
Metropolitan borough	Sandwell
Metropolitan county	West Midlands
Region	West Midlands
Country	England
Sovereign state	United Kingdom
Post town	TIPTON
Postcode district	DY4
Dialling code	0121
Police	West Midlands
Fire	West Midlands
Ambulance	West Midlands
UK Parliament	West Bromwich West

HistoricallywithinStaffordshireand brieflyWorcestershire.It is located between bothWolverhamptonandBirmingham.It incorporates the surrounding villages and suburbs ofTipton Green,Ocker Hill,Dudley Port,Horseley HeathandGreat Bridge.

Tipton was anurban districtuntil 1938, when it became amunicipal borough.Much of the Borough of Tipton was transferred into West Bromwich County Borough in 1966, but parts of the old borough were absorbed into an expandedDudley boroughand the newly createdCounty Borough of Warley.Along with the rest ofWest Bromwichand Warley, Tipton was moved into theSandwell Metropolitan Boroughin 1974.

Etymology

Tipton gains its name from the Anglo-Saxon name 'Tibba' followed by'tun',the Old English word for farm or settlement.The town of Tipton was recorded asTibintonein theDomesday Bookof 1086, meaning Tibba's estate.The present spelling of Tipton derives from the 16th century.

History

Grade II listedTipton District Library, which was built in 1905 but has not been used as a library since the service was moved to a new site in thetown centrein 2000

Until the 18th century, Tipton was a collection of smallhamlets.Industrial growth started in the town whenironstoneandcoalwere discovered in the 1770s. A number ofcanalswere built through the town and laterrailways,which greatly accelerated its industrialisation.

James Wattbuilt his firststeam enginein Tipton in the 1770s, which was used to pump water from the mines. In 1780,James Keirand Alexander Blair set up a chemical works there, makingalkaliandsoapon a large scale.

The 1801 census records 834 houses with 872 families living in Tipton: 46 houses were stated as being empty. An adult population of 4,280 is recorded with males numbered at 2,218 and slightly fewer females at 2,062. Iron making and mining were the main employment for the population. Trades and manufacturing provided work for 1,740 people and other jobs totalled 2,484. Between Tipton and Dudley there were a few farms listed, which gave employment to 56 people.

Expansion in the iron and coal industries led to the population of Tipton expanding rapidly through the 19th century, going from 4,000 at the beginning of the century to 30,000 at the end. Tipton gained a reputation as being "the quintessence of the Black Country"because chimneys of local factories belched heavy pollution into the air, whilst houses and factories were built side by side. Most of the traditional industries which once dominated the town have since disappeared.

In March 1922, 19 girls - as young as 13 - and young women were killed in an explosion at an unlicensed factory that was dismantling surplusWorld War Iammunition, in an event dubbed theTipton Catastrophe.

Tividale QuaysBasin,Dudley Port,Tipton, on theBCN Old Main Line

TheBlack Country Living Museumin nearbyDudleyre-creates life in the early 20th century Black Country, in original buildings which have been rebuilt and furnished, many of them being transported from – or based on – sites originally located in Tipton. There is a residential canal basin at the museum, reflecting Tipton's former status in popular local culture as theVenice of the Midlands.Some of the town's canals were infilled during the 1960s and 1970s. The towpaths of the remaining canals, the Old and NewBCN Main Linesare today a cycling, wildlife and leisure facility.

The landscape of Tipton began to change further from the late 1920s when new housing estates were built by the town's council, in response to the growing need to replace slum housing. Among the first council estates to be built were the Shrubbery Estate at Tipton Green, the Tibbington Estate near Princes End, (Princes End came underCoseleyat the time) the Moat Farm Estate at Ocker Hill (which earned the nickname "Lost City" due to its isolated location) and the Cotterill's Farm Estate at Ocker Hill, the Glebefields Estate at Ocker Hill and Great Bridge. Private houses were also built on smaller developments around the same time. The "Lost City" was integrated with the rest of Tipton as further housing developments sprang up around it namely The Glebefields Estate and The Gospel Oak Estate.

During theSecond World War(1939–1945), there were a number of air raids on the town. On 19 November 1940, three people were killed by aLuftwaffebomb which was dropped in Bloomfield Road and destroyed several buildings including the Star public house; it was rebuilt after the war but demolished in 1996. Just before Christmas in 1940, an anti-aircraft shell fired from the hills atRowley Regisfell down the chimney of the Boat Inn, Dudley Road East, Tividale; fatally injuring 12 people at a wedding reception (including the bride, while the groom lost both legs) as well as the resident of an adjacent house. On 17 May 1941, six people died in an air raid in New Road, Great Bridge. Tipton Tavern and New Road Methodist Church were destroyed and a number of nearby houses were damaged. Tipton Tavern landlord Roger Preece was trapped in the rubble but survived with minor injuries.

Tipton Tavern was rebuilt in the 1950s and became the Hallbridge Arms during the 1990s and, more recently, the Pearl Girl, the world's first licensed pearl bar. It closed in 2016 and has since been converted into a day nursery for young children.

The last major council housing development by Tipton council was the Glebefields Estate part of Ocker Hill and not Princes End as many suggest, due to Princes End not being part of Tipton at this time, and built during the first half of the 1960s. A stretch of theWednesbury Oak LoopCanal was filled in to make way for it. The last major private housing development to be built in the Municipal Borough of Tipton was the Foxyards Estate, on land straddling the borders with Dudley and Coseley, in the mid 1960s.

Until 1966, the town had its own council. The urban district council of Tipton was formed in 1894 contained only thecivil parishof Tipton, then received Municipal Borough status in 1938.The headquarters were originally based in a 19th-century building on Owen Street until 1935 when it relocated to the former Bean offices site on Sedgley Road West, straddling the border with Coseley. The council remained at that site for the next 31 years, until the dissolution of the borough council. On 1 April 1966 the district was abolished and the bulk of the Tipton borough was absorbed into an expandedCounty Borough of West Bromwich,although a fragment of the town near the border with Coseley (including the former council offices and the bulk of the new Foxyards housing estate) was absorbed into theCounty Borough of Dudleyand most of the Tividale area became part of the newCounty Borough of Warley.In this reorganisation, the township of Tipton was expanded around Princes End to take over a section of the former Coseley urban district.The parish was also abolished on 1 April 1966 and merged with West Bromwich and Dudley, part also went to formWarley.In 1961 the parish had a population of 38,100.The headquarters building was later taken over by Dudley College, who retained it until 1993. It has since been occupied by businesses and training scheme providers.

The local government structure within North Worcestershire and South Staffordshire – Prior to theWest Midlands Order 1965reorganisation

Since 1974, Tipton has been split between theMetropolitan Borough of Sandwell,which was created by a merger of the former West Bromwich and Warley boroughs, and the neighbouring Metropolitan Borough of Dudley.

By the end of the 1970s, most of the housing in Tipton built before 1890 had been demolished. Owen Street, the town's main shopping area, was redeveloped between 1979 and 1982, with a reduced number of shop units as well as new low-rise council houses and flats.

In 1956, one of Britain's first comprehensive schools,Tividale Comprehensive School,was opened in Tipton near the border withOldbury,in the area which became part of Warley a decade later and was not included in the modern Tipton DY4 postal district.

Tipton's first gasworks was opened in 1958 and redeveloped as a state-of-the-art Naphta Gas plant by 1965, but owing to the emergence ofNorth Seagas, the gasworks closed in 1975 and stood empty for a decade before demolition. The site of the gas plant was redeveloped as the Standbridge Park housing estates in the 1990s.

Dudley Port railway station

Tipton has two railway stations, the main railway station at Owen Street and another station at Dudley Port. There were several other stations in the town on three different railway lines, but these were gradually closed between 1916 and 1964 as passenger trains were phased out on these lines. The Dudley-Wolverhampton railway line, which straddled Tipton's border with Coseley, closed in 1968. The Princes End Branch Line, which was only two miles long, closed in 1981. TheSouth Staffordshire Linethrough Tipton, which led toWalsallnorthwards andDudleysouthwards, closed in 1993. The part of the line between Wednesbury and Brierley Hill is scheduled to re-open in 2023 as a part of Midland Metro line 2.

Most of the archive collection for Tipton is held atSandwell Community History and Archives Service,although some items have been retained by the town's library.

Local industry

Tipton was one of the key towns in theIndustrial Revolutionof the 19th century. Even during the 18th century it had established its first key industries. This included the world's first successful steam pumping engine, which was erected at Conygre Coalworks in 1712 by industrialistThomas Newcomen.A full-size replica of the engine now exists at theBlack Country Living Museumjust over Tipton's borders in Dudley.

In 1800, Tipton was a predominantly rural area, with a few coal mines and some 4,000 residents. Mass building of factories and digging ofcoal minesthen took place, and resulted in Tipton becoming a heavily built-up and industrialised area with more than 30,000 residents by the end of the 19th century. The town's population grew further in the 20th century after new housing developments, mostly by the local council but with a significant number in the private sector. Local industry also expanded further during this time.

In 1840, the Batson family established a lubricant blending plant to serve the local industries at the junction of High Street and Dudley Road. The site is still operational today, owned by German refiner H&R AG, although the original buildings have long since been replaced.

Coal mining had disappeared from Tipton by the mid-20th century, and the town lost a large percentage of its factories during therecessionsof the 1970s and 1980s, which contributed to a rise in unemployment and poverty in Tipton, while living conditions continued to improve.

Bean Cars,a company that manufactured cars and lorry engines and other vehicle parts, had a factory in Tipton.Further industrial sites have been abandoned since the 1970s, paving the way for mass private house building on the land.The town'snaphthagas plant opened in 1965 but closed just 10 years later, unable to compete with natural gas from theNorth Sea.The gasworks stood abandoned for about a decade afterwards, when it was finally demolished. Standeridge Park housing estate was built on its site during the 1990s. By the late 2000s, most of the town's large factories had closed.

Transport

TheM5 motorwaybetween the West Midlands and the West Country and its junction with theM6 motorwaypasses a few miles to the South and East of the town but not through the town itself. The M5 runs along the eastern region passing over canals and railways. M5 Junction 1 is accessible at West Bromwich using theA41 roadBlack Country Spine Road. M5 Junction 2 is accessible at Oldbury on the A4123 Wolverhampton Road (Harborne to Wolverhampton) at Birchley Island. The M5 also enables access to other motorways.

Buses

Tipton has direct bus links with the towns ofDudley,Walsall,Sedgley,West Bromwich,Bilston,WednesburyonDiamond Bus.

Railways

Tipton has direct, frequent rail services to Wolverhampton and Walsall via Birmingham New Street with some additional services during evening rush hour direct to Telford and Shrewsbury. There are two railway stations -Tiptonin the town centre andDudley Port.Both are on the electrified line fromBirmingham New StreettoWolverhamptonwhich is a section of theWest Coast Main Line.

South Staffordshire Line

Closed lines include that fromWalsall to Stourbridge,closed to all traffic in 1993 after some 150 years in use. This line had served stations at Dudley Port Lower Level and Great Bridge North, but both were closed in 1964 by theBeeching cuts.The line is set to re-open around 2023, with the lines shared between goods trains and theWest Midlands Metro.

In October 2015, it was announced that due to high transport funding for the West Midlands, the Stourbridge to Walsall line could re-open as aNetwork Railoperated line served byWest Midlands franchiseservices and the delivery date was 2018-2020, however this did not occur. Instead, the line will partially reopen operated by the West Midlands Metro as its second line, running between Wednesbury and Brierley Hill. Services are anticipated to start in 2023 and the stations within the Tipton boundaries will be Great Bridge, Horseley Heath, Dudley Port (Low Level), Sedgley Road East and Birmingham New Road.

Other closed lines

The line between Great Bridge andSwan Villagein nearby West Bromwich was closed in 1968 under the Beeching cuts, and most of its route was occupied by the southern section of theBlack Country Spine Road,completed in 1995.

The line between Princes End and Ocker Hill closed to passenger trains in 1916 but remained open to goods traffic until 1981. The closure of the railway was followed by the construction of a pedestrian walkway on the trackbed, while the tunnel under the road at Ocker Hill was filled in. The final stub of the line, which linked Wednesbury withOcker Hill Power Station,was closed in 1991.

The Dudley-Wolverhampton railway closed in 1968, several years after passenger trains were withdrawn, and by the 1990s some sections of it had been built over, making it impossible to reopen this route at any stage. The formerTipton Five WaysandPrinces End & Coseleystations were redeveloped for housing and road access. A bridge abundment that carried the line in and out of Tipton Five Ways another on the Birmingham New Road near theBlack Country Museumare some of the last remaining signs of this railway in Tipton.

Notable people

• Alan Baker(born 1944), footballer, born in Tipton.
• Scott Baker(born 1986), darts player.
• Philip BradbournMEP (1951–2014), politician, born in Tipton and attended Tipton Grammar School.
• Chris Brookes(born 1991), professional wrestler, born in Tipton.
• Steve Bull(born 1965), footballer, born in Tipton and played for Tipton Town before signing forWest Bromwich Albionin 1985,Wolverhampton Wanderers1986 and also played forEngland.
• David Burrows(born 1968), footballer, born in Dudley but grew up on the Denbigh Estate, Tipton.
• Yan Dhanda(born 1998), footballer forSwansea City,grew up in Tipton.
• Jack Holden (athlete)(1907–2004), a long distance runner for Tipton Harriers and Great Britain, running in both the Olympic and Commonwealth Games. A public garden was named after him in Tipton.
• Jamie Hughes(born 1986), darts player.
• Alec Jackson(born 1937), footballer, born and lived in Tipton.
• Nicky James(1943–2007), musician and music writer.
• Margaret Macdonald Mackintosh(1864–1933) andFrances Macdonald(1873–1921), artist sisters best known for their founding work in theGlasgow style,were born in Tipton.
• Joe Mayo(born 1951), footballer, born and lived in Tipton.
• William Perry(1819–1880), Victorianbareknuckle boxerand Champion of England, aka 'The Tipton Slasher'. There is a statue of Perry in the Coronation Gardens, Tipton.
• Alan Roper(born 1939), footballer, born in Tipton and played as a defender for Walsall FC from 1962–65, following which he ran the Union Pub in Tipton.
• Joseph Williams (composer)(c.1800–1834), English coal-miner and composer of sacred music, lived in Watery Lane, Tipton.

Sport

Tipton Town Football Clubwere formed in 1948 as Ocker Hill United, adopting their current name in 1967. They currently play in the non-league West Midland league division one and made history in the2010-11 football seasonby reaching theFA Cupfirst round proper for the first time in their history, earning a trip toCarlisle United,theLeague One(third highest English division) club.They were the first club that Steve Bull played for; he joined them on leaving school in 1981 and remained with them until he signed forWest Bromwich Albion,atop divisionclub, in 1985. However, it was after signing forWolverhampton Wanderersin November 1986 that Bull achieved fame; by the time he retired in 1999, he had scored more than 300 goals for the club. He was also capped 13 times by theEngland national football teambetween May 1989 and October 1990, scoring four goals.

TheSandwell Steelerswho are anAmerican Footballteam who play in theBAFA National Leaguesoperate from theTipton Sports Academy.

Media

Local news and television programmes are provided byBBC West MidlandsandITV Central.Television signals are received from theSutton ColdfieldTV transmitter.Local radio stations areBBC Radio WM,Capital Midlands,Heart West Midlands,Smooth West Midlands,Greatest Hits Radio Birmingham & The West Midlands,andBlack Country Radio,a community based station which broadcast to the town and across theBlack Country.The town is served by the local newspapers,Dudley NewsandExpress & Star.

Districts

• Great Bridge,located in the western section of the town around Great Bridge town centre, near the border withWest Bromwich.
• Dudley Port,located south of the Dudley Port train station, adjacent toDudleyandTividale.
• Horseley Heath,in between Great Bridge and Dudley Port.
• Ocker Hill,located in the very north of the town, on the border withWednesbury,1 mile (1.6km) west of Princes End high street. The area includes the Leabrook Road estate, Toll End, and Moat Farm (locally known as "the Lost City" ).
• Princes End,located immediately north of Princes end high street, on the border withBilston.
• Tibbington,in between Princes End high street and Tipton town centre.
• Tipton Green,the area surrounding the town centre.
• Glebefields,located around the western section of St Mark's road, south-east of Princes End high street.

Education

Secondary schools

• Q3 Academy Tipton(formerly Tipton Central School, Tipton Grammar School and Alexandra High School and Sixth Form Centre, Ace Academy)
• Gospel Oak School(formerly Willingsworth High School and RSA Academy)

The town has two secondary schools, though in the Tipton Green area of the town a significant percentage of children attendHigh Arcal Schoolin the borough ofDudley.Ormiston Sandwell Academy, formed in September 2009 from Tividale High School, also takes in pupils from parts of Dudley andOldbury.

Until 1958 there was also a secondary school at Ocker Hill, which was then replaced by Willingsworth Secondary Modern School.

Alexandra High School was formed in 1969 on a merger of Tipton Grammar School and Park Lane Boys and Girls Secondary Modern Schools, with the Park Lane buildings being retained until 1990 for the teaching of younger pupils at the new school.

Primary schools

• Tipton Green Junior School – on Park Lane West, Tipton Green, Tipton. Started life in 1880 at a site on Sedgley Road West before relocating to Park Lane West in 1976, a new building opening in that building's grounds in 2011.
• Victoria Infant School – in Queen's Road, Tipton Green. Opened in 1995 to replace Manor Road Infant School, which was built in the 1930s. The current school exists on the site of the former Park Lane Secondary Modern School, which was later an annex for the younger pupils of Alexandra High School and Sixth Form Centre.
• Summerhill Primary School – on Central Avenue,Tibbington,on the merger of Locarno Primary School and Prince's End Primary School.
• Great Bridge Primary School – in Mount Street, Great Bridge, Tipton.
• Ocker Hill Infant and Nursery School- located in Prospect Street, Ocker Hill, Tipton.
• Ocker Hill Junior School – located in Gospel Oak Road, Ocker Hill, Tipton.
• Glebefields Primary School – Located on Sandgate Road, the Glebefields Estate, Ocker Hill, Tipton.
• Sacred Heart Primary School – originally located on Victoria Road, Tipton Green and was Tipton's onlyRoman Catholicschool. Recently relocated to a new site on Sedgley Road East after pupil admission numbers rapidly increased. The previous building still remains unoccupied.
• Wednesbury Oak Primary School – off Wednesbury Oak Road, Tipton. It was constructed in 1972 to serve the recently built Wednesbury Oak housing estate.
• St Paul's Church of England Primary School – off Robert Road. It was formed in 1874 at a site in Wood Street. It remained at this site until 1992, when it relocated to a new building in nearby Robert Road. It takes its name from the parish church of St Paul, which opened in Owen Street, Tipton. in 1839.
• St Martin's Church of England Primary School – on Upper Church Lane, Tipton.
• Joseph Turner Primary School – on Powis Avenue, Cotterills Farm Estate, Ocker Hill, Tipton.
• Jubilee Park Primary School – on Highfield Road, the Glebefields Estate, Ocker Hill, Tipton.
• Burnt Tree Primary School – on Hill Road, Burnt Tree Estate, Tipton.
• Foxyards Primary School – on Foxyards Road, Foxyards Estate, Tipton.

Religion

• Tipton Christian Churchwas established around 70 years ago and today is a Pentecostal Church situated in Waterloo Street.
• Tipton Family Churchwas established in November 1992. It is anEvangelicalChristian fellowship.
• St Matthew's Church Tiptonis aChurch of EnglandEvangelicalchurch on Dudley Road, established in 1890.
• St Marks Church Ocker Hillis aChurch of Englandchurch in the Anglo-Catholic tradition.
• The Elite Church,formerly the Church of St Martin and St Paul, is in Owen Street.

Public parks

• Jubilee Park – Located between Powis Avenue, Highfields Road on the Glebefields Estate.
• Victoria Park– on Victoria Road in theTipton Greenarea.