United States Naval Academy

For the census-designated place, seeNaval Academy, Maryland.

"USNA" redirects here. For other uses, seeUSNA (disambiguation).

TheUnited States Naval Academy(USNA,Navy,orAnnapolis) is afederal service academyinAnnapolis, Maryland.It was established on 10 October 1845 during the tenure ofGeorge BancroftasSecretary of the Navy.The Naval Academy is the second oldest of the fiveU.S. service academiesand it educates midshipmen for service in the officer corps of theUnited States NavyandUnited States Marine Corps.It is part of theNaval University System.The 338-acre (137 ha) campus is located on the former grounds ofFort Severnat the confluence of theSevern RiverandChesapeake BayinAnne Arundel County,33 miles (53 km) east of Washington, D.C., and 26 miles (42 km) southeast ofBaltimore.The entire campus, known colloquially as the Yard, is aNational Historic Landmarkand home to many historic sites, buildings, and monuments. It replacedPhiladelphia Naval AsyluminPhiladelphiathat had served as the first United States Naval Academy from 1838 to 1845 when the Naval Academy formed in Annapolis.

United States Naval Academy

Motto	Ex Scientia Tridens(Latin)
Motto in English	From Knowledge, Seapower
Type	U.S. service academy
Established	10 October 1845(1845-10-10)
Parent institution	Naval University System
Academic affiliations	Space-grant
Superintendent	Vice AdmiralYvette M. Davids
Provost	Samara L. Firebaugh
Commandant of Midshipmen	CaptainWalter H. Allman III
Academic staff	510
Students	4,576
Location	Annapolis, Maryland , United States
Campus	Urban – 338 acres (1,370,000 m2)
Colors	Navy Blue Gold
Nickname	Midshipmen
Sporting affiliations	NCAA Division I–Patriot League AACCSFL EARC EIGL EIWA IRA MAISA
Website	usna.edu
U.S. Naval Academy
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. National Historic Landmark District
Location	Maryland Avenue and Hanover Street,Annapolis,Maryland
Built	1845(1845)
Architect	Ernest Flagg
Engineer	Severud Associates
Architectural style	Beaux Arts
NRHP referenceNo.	66000386
Significant dates
Added to NRHP	15 October 1966
Designated NHLD	4 July 1961

Candidates for admission generally must apply directly to the academy and apply separately for a nomination, usually from amember of Congress.Students are officers-in-training with the rank ofmidshipman.Tuition for midshipmen is fully funded by the Navy in exchange for an active duty service obligation upon graduation. Approximately 1,200 "plebes" (an abbreviation of the Ancient Roman wordplebeian) enter the academy each summer for the rigorousPlebe Summer.About 1,000 midshipmen graduate and commission. Graduates arecommissionedas eitherensignsin the Navy orsecond lieutenantsin the Marine Corps, but a small number can also be cross-commissioned as officers in other U.S. services, and the services of allied nations. The United States Naval Academy has some of the highest-paid graduates in the country according to starting salary.The academic program grants a Bachelor of Science degree with a curriculum that grades midshipmen's performance upon a broad academic program, military leadership performance, and mandatory participation in competitive athletics. Midshipmen are required to adhere to the academy'sHonor Concept.

Rotunda steps leading to Memorial Hall

Other Navy schools

The Navy operates theNaval Postgraduate Schooland theNaval War Collegeseparately. TheNaval Academy Preparatory School(NAPS) in Newport, Rhode Island, is the official preparatory school for the Naval Academy.

History

U.S. Naval Academy in 1853

Stereoscopic viewsof midshipman quarters and mess hall c. 1905

The first nautical school for officers was conceived by CommodoreArthur Sinclairin 1819 while in command of the Norfolk Navy Yard. Due to his zeal and perseverance, the "Nautical School" was opened on board the frigateGuerriereon 3 December 1821 with between 40 and 50 midshipmen attached to the ship. The curriculum was diversified with naval tactics, astronomy, geography, French, history, English grammar, and international relations. The school operated until 1828, when USSGuerrierewas ordered to duty in the Pacific.It was from that small start that the U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis grew.

The history of the academy can be divided into four eras: the use of original Fort Severn from 1845 to 1861, "Porter's Academy" between 1865 and 1903, "FlaggAcademy "from 1903 to 1941, and the modern era since 1941.

The academy's Latin motto isEx Scientia Tridens,which means 'Through Knowledge, Sea Power'. It appears on a design devised by naval academy graduate (1867)Park Benjamin, Jr.It was adopted by the Navy Department in 1898 due to the efforts of another graduate (also 1867) and collaborator, Jacob W. Miller.

Early years

The institution was founded as the Naval School on 10 October 1845 bySecretary of the NavyGeorge Bancroftand Captain David Forman. The campus was established atAnnapolison the grounds of the former U.S. Army postFort Severn.The school opened with 50 midshipman students and seven professors. The decision to establish an academy on land may have been in part a result of theSomersAffair, an alleged mutiny involving the Secretary of War's son that resulted in his execution at sea.CommodoreMatthew Perryhad a considerable interest in naval education, supporting an apprentice system to train new seamen, and helped establish the curriculum for the United States Naval Academy. He was also a vocal proponent of modernization of the navy.

Originally a course of study for five years was prescribed. Only the first and last were spent at the school with the other three being passed at sea. The present name was adopted when the school was reorganized in 1850 and placed under the supervision of the chief of the Bureau of Ordnance and Hydrography. Under the immediate charge of the superintendent, the course of study was extended to seven years with the first two and the last two to be spent at the school and the intervening three years at sea. The four years of study were made consecutive in 1851 and practice cruises were substituted for the three consecutive years at sea. The first class of naval academy students graduated on 10 June 1854. They were considered aspassed midshipmenuntil 1912, when graduates were first sworn in as officers.

In 1850, Edward Seager joined the faculty as the first instructor of drawing, and he also served as the first fencing instructor. He held the position of teacher of the art of defence from 1851 to 1859.

In 1860, theTripoli Monumentwas moved to the academy grounds. Later that year in August, the model of the USSSomersexperiment was resurrected whenUSSConstitution,then 60 years old, was recommissioned as a school ship for the fourth-class midshipmen after a conversion and refitting begun in 1857. She was anchored at the yard, and the plebes lived on board the ship to immediately introduce them to shipboard life and experiences.

American Civil War

TheAmerican Civil Warwas disruptive to the Naval Academy. Southern sympathy ran high in Maryland. Although riots broke out, Maryland did not declare secession. The United States government was planning to move the school, when the sudden outbreak of hostilities forced a quick departure. Almost immediately the three upper classes were detached and ordered to sea, and the remaining elements of the academy were transported toFort AdamsinNewport, Rhode Islandby theUSSConstitutionin April 1861, where the academy was set up in temporary facilities and opened in May.The Annapolis campus, meanwhile, was turned into a United States Army Hospital.

US Naval Academy waterfront in the late 1860s with the barrack/school ships USSConstitutionandSanteetied up in the background. Other ships not identified.

TheUnited States Navywas stressed by the situation – 24% of its officers resigned to join theConfederate States Navy,including 95 graduates and 59 midshipmen,along with many key leaders who influenced USNA's founding. As the first superintendent of theUnited States Naval Observatory,CommanderMatthew Fontaine Maury,who advocatedfor creating the United States Naval Academy, also resigned his commission.

The first superintendent, AdmiralFranklin Buchanan,joined the Confederate States Navy as its first and primary admiral. CaptainSidney Smith Lee,the second commandant of midshipmen,and older brother of Robert E. Lee, left Federal service in 1861 for the Confederate States Navy. LieutenantWilliam Harwar Parker,CSN, class of 1848, and instructor at USNA, joined theVirginia State Navy,and then went on to become the superintendent of theConfederate States Naval Academy.

Lieutenant Charles "Savez" Read may have been "anchor man" (graduated last) in the class of 1860, but his later service to the Confederate States Navy included defending New Orleans, service on CSSArkansasand CSSFlorida,and command of a series of captured Union ships that culminated in seizing the US Revenue CutterCaleb Cushingin Portland, Maine. LieutenantJames Iredell Waddell,CSN, a former instructor at the US Naval Academy, commanded theCSSShenandoah.

The midshipmen and faculty returned to Annapolis in the summer of 1865, just after the war ended.

Porter's Academy: Civil War to Spanish–American War

David Dixon Porter

Civil War hero AdmiralDavid Dixon Porterbecame superintendent in 1865. He found the infrastructure at Annapolis a shambles, the result of ill military use during the War. Porter attempted to restore the facilities. He concentrated on recruiting naval officers as opposed to civilians, a change of philosophy. He recruited teachers Stephen B. Luce, future admiralsWinfield Scott Schley,George Dewey,andWilliam T. Sampson.The midshipmanbattalionconsisted of fourcompanies.These were bunked in a single wooden building containing 100 rooms, one company to a floor. They held dress parades every evening except Sunday. Students were termed "cadets", though sometimes "cadet midshipmen"; other appellations were used. Porter began organized athletics, usually intramural at the time.

Antoine Joseph Corbesier,an immigrant from Belgium, was appointed to the position of Assistant Swordmaster in 1864, and then Swordmaster at USNA in October 1865. He coached Navy fencers in intercollegiate competition from 1896, when the Naval Academy joined the Intercollegiate Fencing Association, until 1914, when he retired. By special act of Congress, he was commissioned a 1st lieutenant in the Marine Corps on 4 March 1914. He died on 26 March 1915 and is buried on Hospital Point.

In 1867, indoor plumbing and water was supplied to the family quarters. In 1868, thefigureheadofTamanendfromUSSDelaware(later nicknamed "Tecumseh") was erected in the yard. Class rings were first issued in 1869. Weekly dances were held. Wags called the school" Porter's Dancing Academy. "PresidentU.S. Grantdistributed diplomas to the class of 1869.Porter ensured continued room for expansion by overseeing the purchase of 113 acres (46 ha) across College Creek, later known as Hospital Point.

In 1871, the color competition began, along with the selection of the color company and "color girl."

In the 1870s, cuts in the military budget resulted in graduating much smaller classes. In 1872, 25 graduated. Eight of these made the Navy a career.The third class physically hazed the fourth class so ruthlessly that Congress passed an anti-hazing law in 1874. Hazing continued in more stealthy forms.

Many firsts for minorities occurred during this period. In 1877, Kiro Kunitomo, a Japanese citizen, graduated from the academy.And then in 1879,Robert F. Lopezwas the first Hispanic-American to graduate from the academy.

John H. Conyersof South Carolina was the first African-American admitted on 21 September 1872.After his arrival, he was subject to severe, ongoing hazing, including verbal torment, and beatings. His classmates even attempted to drown him.Three cadets were dismissed as a result, but the abuse, includingshunning,continued in more subtle forms and Conyers finally resigned in October 1873.

In 1874, the curriculum was altered to study naval topics in the final two years at the academy. In 1878, the academy was awarded a gold medal for academics at theUniversal Expositionin Paris.In the late 19th century, Congress required the academy to teach a formal course in hygiene, the only course required by Congress of any military academy.

In 1890, Navy adopted thegoat mascotafter winning its first football game with Army.

The Flagg Academy: Spanish–American War to WWI

The graduating class of 1894

TheSpanish–American Warof 1898 greatly increased the academy's importance and the campus was almost wholly rebuilt and much enlarged between 1899 and 1906. The ground on which most of the academy sat was dredged from the surrounding bodies of water and consisted of silt. This was too fragile for the newer heavy stone buildings.Pilingswere sunk from 100 feet (30 m) to 400 feet (120 m) deep. Some wooden with iron caps; modern ones of steel.Today's campus dates from that era. In 1905, Isherwood Hall, containing the Department of Marine Engineering, was constructed.

Prior to that era, about 43 men entered annually. There were 114 joining the class of 1905, 201 with the class of 1908.

The academy built a modern hospital in 1907, the fourth in sequence, on what is today called "Hospital Point."

In 1910, the academy established its own dairy farm. In 1913, the Navy purchased theHoward's Adventureestate in nearbyGambrills, Marylandto expand their dairy operations. The farm is also home toBill the Goat.The Naval Academy dairy was closed in 1998.

The Aviation School

On 23 August 1911, the Navy officers on flight duty atHammondsport,New York, andDayton,Ohio, were ordered to report for duty at the Engineering Experiment Station, Naval Academy, "in connection with the test of gasoline motors and other experimental work in the development of aviation, including instruction at the aviation school" being set up on Greenbury Point, Annapolis.The "aerodrome" at Greenbury Point sat on 1000 square feet of land and consisted of a building with a rubber-reinforced roof containing three hangars (one for each of the newly purchased airplanes), a workshop, an office, and several bunk rooms. All three airplanes cost a total of $14,000. Over 100 officers applied for aviation duty prior to August 1911. Swimming was among a set of other qualifications that a pilot candidate must have passed before being accepted to aviation duty. Pilot qualifications were in accordance with Federation Aeronautique Internationale (FAI) standards. In the presence of a committee of the Aero Club of America, a pilot candidate had to fly five figure eights around two flags buoyed 1500 feet apart then land within 150 feet of an established mark. This course had to be completed twice. The test also required the prospective aviator to climb to a minimum altitude of 150 ft (officially 50 meters). It was estimated by CAPTWashington Irving Chambersthat a student could qualify as a new pilot in about a month, weather permitting. All students wore life preservers. The control wheel of the Curtiss machines featured a "shift control" where the controls could be "thrown" between the student and instructor at any time. The Wright machine was delivered to Greenbury by August 1911, but was not yet configured with water gear.Navy flight training moved toNAS Pensacola,Florida, in January 1914.

In 1912,Reina Mercedes,sunk at theBattle of Santiago de Cuba,was raised and used as the "brig" ship for the academy.

By 1912, the midshipmen were organized into abrigade,its current structure.The prior organization was named aregiment.

In 1914, the Midshipmen Drum and Bugle corps was formed and by 1922 it went defunct. They were revived in 1926.

The brigade and faculty tripled during WWI. The 3rd and 4th wings of Bancroft Hall were built.

In 1918, thegreat flu pandemic of 1918infected about half the brigade (1,000 out of 2,000 men); ten midshipmen died.

World War I and interwar period

With the advent of the automobile and improved roads, the academy became a tourist attraction.

At the 1920 summer Olympics men's 8+ rowing competition in Brussels, the Naval Academy rowing men's 8+ (The Wonder Crew) won the gold medal. US collegiate boats won the gold medal in the 8+ competition at the next seven Olympics – a standing record as of 2019 for consecutive gold medal wins by any nation in a particular sport.

The Naval Academy football team played theUniversity of Washingtonin theRose Bowltying 14–14. In 1925, the second-class ring dance was started. In 1925, the Midshipmen Drum and Bugle Corps was formally reestablished.In 1926, "Navy Blue and Gold",composed by organist and choirmaster J. W. Crosley, was first sung in public. It became a tradition to sing thisalma mater songat the end of student and alumni gatherings such as pep rallies and football games, and on graduation day. In 1926, Navy won the national collegiate football championship title. In the fall of 1929, theSecretary of the Navygave his approval for graduates to compete forRhodes Scholarships.Six graduates were selected for that honor that same year. TheAssociation of American Universitiesaccredited the Naval Academy curriculum on 30 October 1930.

In 1930, the class of 1891 presented a bronze replica of the figurehead of Tamanend to replace the deteriorating wooden figurehead that had been prominently displayed on campus.

PresidentFranklin D. Rooseveltsigned into law anact of Congress(Public Law 73–21, 48 Stat. 73) on 25 May 1933 providing for the Bachelor of Science degree for Naval, Military, and Coast Guard Academies. Four years later, Congress authorized the superintendent to award a Bachelor of Science degree to all living graduates. Reserve officer training was re-established in anticipation of World War II in 1941.

The U.S. Naval Academy was honored by the U.S. Post Office on a commemorative stamp, depicting two midshipmen in past (left) and present uniforms, with the Naval Academy seal at center, issued in 1937.

In 1939, the firstYard patrol boatarrived.

In 1940, the academy stopped usingReina Mercedesas a brig for disciplining midshipmen, and restricted them to Bancroft Hall, instead.

In April 1941, superintendent Rear AdmiralRussell Willsonrefused to allow the school'slacrosseteamto play a visiting teamfromHarvard Universitybecause the Harvard team included an African-American player. Harvard's athletic director ordered the player home and the game was played on 4 April, as scheduled, which Navy won 12–0.Georgia Tech President and Colonel Dr.Blake R Van Leerwould later be appointed by PresidentHarry S. Trumanto the Visitor Board and assist with its curriculum. Dr. Van Leer was already a member toThe United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organizationwho had a focus to work against racism through influentialstatements on racestarting with a declaration of anthropologists.

In 1941, the 5th and 6th wings of Bancroft Hall were completed.Landfill was made outboard of the hospital to create a sports field. Fill was made on the north side of the Severn to create an area for seaplanes.

Modern era: World War II to present

The academy and its support facilities became part of the Severn River Naval Command from 1941 to 1962.

A total of 3,319 graduates were commissioned during World War II. Dr.Chris Lambertsenheld the firstclosed-circuit oxygenSCUBA course in the United States for theOffice of Strategic Servicesmaritime unit at the academy on 17 May 1943.In 1945, A Department of Aviation was established. That year a vice admiral,Aubrey W. Fitch,became superintendent. The naval academy celebrated its centennial. During the century of its existence, roughly 18,563 midshipmen had graduated, including the class of 1946.

The academy was accredited in 1947 by theMiddle States Commission on Higher Education.

On January 15, 1947,James L. Hollowaybecame the 35thsuperintendent of the United States Naval Academy,succeeding Vice AdmiralAubrey W. Fitch.At 48, Holloway was the youngest superintendent in fifty years, having been handpicked bySecretary of the NavyForrestal to implement the academic changes suggested by the Holloway Board, which had recommended that the Naval Academy curriculum move away from rote recitation and continuous crams "to give a stronger emphasis to basic and general education, rendering more fundamental and less detailed instruction in strictly naval material and techniques."

An accelerated course was given to midshipmen during the war years which affected classes entering during the war and graduating later. The students studied year around. This affected the class of 1948 most of all. For the only time, a class was divided by academic standing. 1948A graduated in June 1947; the remainder, called 1948B, a year later.

From 1946 to 1961,N3Namphibious biplanes were used at the academy to introduce midshipmen to flying.

On 3 June 1949,Wesley A. Brown,the sixth African-American to enter the academy,became the first to graduate, followed several years later byLawrence Chambers,who became the first African-American graduate to make flag rank.

The 1950 Navy fencing team won the NCAA national championship.

The Navy eight-man rowing crew won thegold medalat1952 Summer Olympicsin Helsinki, Finland. They were also named National Intercollegiate Champions.In 1955, the tradition of greasingHerndon Monumentfor plebes to climb to exchange their plebe "dixie cup" covers (hats) for a midshipman's cover started.

In 1957, the moored training shipReina Mercedes,ruined by a hurricane, was scrapped.

The 1959 fencing team won the NCAA national championship, and became the first to do so by placing first in all three weapons (foil, épée, and saber). All 3 fencers were selected for the1960 Olympicsteam, as was head coach Andre Deladrier. TheNavy–Marine Corps Memorial Stadium,funded by donations, was dedicated 26 September 1959.

From 1959 to 1973, land was reclaimed from the Chesapeake Bay and Severn River, removal of Isherwood, Melville, and Griffin Halls, and by moving the stadium off-campus. This allowed room for expansion of Bancroft Hall, and the addition of Mitscher, Michelson, Chauvenet, Alumni, Rickover, and Hopper Halls, and the Nimitz Library. Encroached parade grounds and athletic fields were moved riverside onto the newly filled areas.

Joe Bellino(Class of 1961) was awarded theHeisman Trophyon 22 June 1960. In 1961, the Naval Academy Foreign Affairs Conference was started. TheU.S. Department of the Interiordesignated the campus of the U.S. Naval Academy as aNational Historic Landmarkon 21 August 1961.

The 1962 fencing team won the NCAA national championship.

In 1963,Roger Staubach,Class of 1965, was awarded the Heisman Trophy.

In 1963, the academy changed from a marking system based on 4.0 to a letter grade. Midshipmen began referring to the statue of Tamanend as the "god of 2.0" instead of "the god of 2.5", the former failing mark.

The academy started the Trident Scholar Program in 1963. From 3 to 16 juniors are selected for independent study during their final year.

Professor Samuel Massie became the first African-American faculty member in 1966. On 4 June 1969, the first designated engineering degrees were granted to qualified graduates of the Class of 1969.During the period 1968 to 1972, the academy moved beyond engineering to include more than 20 majors. From 1845 to 1968, midshipmen studied identical courses, with the exception of a choice of foreign language. In 1970, the "James ForrestalLecture "was created, named for the firstU.S. Secretary of Defensein 1947/1949. This has resulted in various leaders speaking to midshipmen, including U.S. Secretary of State,Henry Kissinger,football coachDick Vermeil,andSupreme CourtJusticeAntonin Scalia,and others.

In 1972,Lieutenant CommanderGeorgia Clark became the first female officer instructor, and Dr. Rae Jean Goodman was appointed to the faculty as the first civilian woman. Later in 1972, a decision of theUnited States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbiaterminated compulsory chapel attendance, a tradition which had been in effect since 1853.In September 1973, the new expansive library facility complex was completed and named forFleet AdmiralChester W. Nimitz,Class of 1905.

On 8 August 1975, Congress authorized women to attend service academies. The Class of 1980 was inducted with 81 female midshipmen. In 1980, the academy included "Hispanic/Latino "as a racial category for demographic purposes; four women identified themselves as Hispanic in the class of 1981, and these women become the first Hispanic women to graduate from the academy: Carmel Gilliland (who had the highest class rank), Lilia Ramirez (who retired with the rank ofcommander), Ina Marie Gomez, and Trinora Pinto.In 1979, the traditional "June Week" was renamed "Commissioning Week" because graduation had been moved earlier to May.

In 1980, Elizabeth Anne Belzer (later Rowe) became the first woman graduate, andJanie L. Minesbecame the first African-American woman graduate.On 23 May 1984, Kristine Holderied became the first woman to graduate at the head of the class. In addition, the Class of 1984 included the first naturalized Korean-American graduates, all choosing commissions in the U.S. Navy. The four Korean-American ensigns were Walter Lee, Thomas Kymn, Andrew Kim, and Se-Hun Oh.

In 1982, Isherwood, Griffin, and Melville Halls were demolished.

On 30 July 1987, theComputing Sciences Accreditation Board(CSAB) granted accreditation for the Computer Science program.In 1991, Midshipman Juliane Gallina, class of 1992, became the first woman brigade commander. On 29 January 1994, the first genderless service assignment was held. All billets were opened equally to men and women with the exception of special warfare and submarine duty.

Naval Academy Midshipmen celebrate after graduation.

On 12 March 1995, Lieutenant CommanderWendy B. Lawrence,Class of 1981, became a mission specialist in the space shuttle Endeavour. She is the first woman USNA graduate to fly in space.

To celebrate the 150th Anniversary of the U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis (1845–1995), theU.S. Postal Serviceprinted a commemorative postage stamp; the First Day of Issue was 10 October 1995.

Freedom 7,America's first space capsule shot into sub-orbit in 1961, was placed on display at the visitor center as the centerpiece of the "Grads in Space" exhibit on 23 September 1998. The late Rear AdmiralAlan Shepard,Class of 1945, had flown Mercury program capsule "Freedom 7" 116.5 miles (187.5 km) into space on 5 May 1961. His historic flight marked America's first step in thespace race.

On 11 September 2001, the academy lost 14 alumni in theSeptember 11 attackson theWorld Trade CenterinNew York CityandThe PentagoninArlington County, Virginia.The academy and its bounds was placed under unprecedented high security.

In August 2007, Superintendent Vice Admiral Jeffrey Fowler changed academy policy to limit liberty, required more squad interaction to emphasize that "we are a nation at war."

On 3 November 2007, the Navy football team defeated long-time rivalNotre Damefor the first time in 43 years: 46–44 in triple overtime. The two teams have met every year since 1926 and continue a rivalry that became amicable when Notre Dame volunteered to open its facilities for training of naval officers inWorld War II.Notre Dame's enrollment fell to just 250 students during World War II however the Navy was credited with saving the university by using its campus to train 12,000 men to become officers.

In November 2007, Memorial Hall was the venue for a 50-nationAnnapolis Conferenceon a Palestinian-Israeli peace process discussion.

In 2017, hospital functions were moved across the Severn.

In 2019 the USNA team represented the US in the King's Cup at theHenley Royal Regatta.The race commemorated the centenary of the 1919 Royal Henley Peace Regatta, and included the original WWI allies Australia, Canada, France, New Zealand, the UK and the US, joined in 2019 by Germany and the Netherlands. After exciting eliminations, the USNA mixed crew won the final race beating the strong German team.

In 2024, the USNA rescinded the invitation it had given Ruth Ben-Ghiat, a scholar of authoritarianism and fascist movements, to deliver the annual Bancroft Lecture in response to pressure from right-wing politicians.Ben-Ghiat's planned lecture was strictly nonpartisan and historical in nature.

Training ships

Academy training ships, 1850–1957

USSPreble(1839)1850–1856. Placedin ordinary,guns, mast, sails, rigging were removed. USSSantee(1855)1862–1912 USSConstitution1863-1863 USSSavannah(1842)1862–1870 USSPlymouth(1844)1855–1856 and 1859–1860 USSPhlox1865–1873. Steamer USSDale(1839)1867–1884 USSConstellation(1854)1893–1894. Stationary. At Norfolk, Virginia USSBancroft(1892)– 1893–1896. The first ship to be specifically designed for training. The academy roster outgrew the ship and it was retired. USSMonongahela(1862)1894–1899 USSHartford(1858)1899–1912 USSChesapeake1900–1906. RenamedUSSSevern(1898)in 1905. USSReina Mercedes1912–1957

Rank structure

The student body is known as the Brigade of Midshipmen. Students attending the U.S. Naval Academy are appointed to the rank ofmidshipmanand serve on active duty in that rank. "Naval Academy midshipmen are classified as officers of the line but are officers only in a qualified sense. They rank just below chief warrant officers."

Legally, midshipmen are a special grade of officer that ranks above the most senior enlisted grades (E-9) and below the lowest grade ofchief warrant officer(W-2) in the Navy and Coast Guard (the Navy and Coast Guard discontinued the rank of warrant officer, WO-1, in 1975). Additionally, midshipmen rank below warrant officer (W-1) in the Marine Corpsand the Army,and below second lieutenant (O-1) in the Air Force (the Air Force ceased appointing warrant officers in 1959 and the last USAF WO died in 2008).

Midshipmen are classified not asfreshmen,sophomores,juniors,andseniors,but as fourth class, third class, second class, and first class, respectively.

A member of the entering class—the fourth class, the lowest rank of midshipmen—is also known as a "plebe" (pluralplebes). Because the first year at the academy is one of transformation from a civilian into a military officer, plebes must conform to a number of rules and regulations not placed on their seniors—the upper three classes of midshipmen—and have additional tasks and responsibilities that disappear upon promotion to midshipman third class.

Third class midshipmen have been assimilated into the brigade and are treated with more respect because they are upperclassmen. They are commonly called "youngsters." Because of their new stature and rank, the youngsters are allowed such privileges as watching television, listening to music, watching movies, and napping.

Second class midshipmen are charged with training plebes. They report directly to the first class, and issue orders as necessary to carry out their responsibilities. Second class midshipmen are allowed to drive their own cars (but may not park them on campus) and are allowed to enter or exit the Yard (campus) in civilian attire (weekends only).

First class midshipmen (nicknamed "firsties" ) have more freedoms and liberty in the brigade. While they must participate in mandatory sports and military activities and maintain academic standards, they are also charged with the leadership of the brigade. Firsties are allowed to park their cars on campus and have greater leave and liberty privileges than any other class.

The brigade is divided into two regiments of threebattalionseach. Six companies make up each battalion, for a total of 36 companies. The midshipman command structure is headed by a first class midshipman known as the brigade commander, chosen for outstanding leadership performance. The brigade commander is responsible for much of the brigade's day-to-day activities as well as the professional training of midshipmen. Overseeing all brigade activities is the commandant of midshipmen, an active-dutyNavy captainorMarine Corps colonel.Working for the commandant, experienced Navy and Marine Corps officers are assigned as company and battalion officers.

Insignia

Rank group	Senior officers			Junior officers
	Midshipman captain	Midshipman commander	Midshipman lieutenant commander	Midshipman lieutenant	Midshipman lieutenant (junior grade)	Midshipman ensign

Rank group
	Midshipman first class	Midshipman second class	Midshipman third class	Midshipman fourth class

Uniforms

See also:Midshipman § United States Navy and Marine Corps,Uniforms of the United States Navy,andUniforms of the United States Marine Corps § Wear by Navy personnel

Midshipmen at the academy wear service dress uniforms similar to those of U.S. Navy officers, with shoulder-board and/or sleeve insignia varying by school year or midshipman officer rank.All wear gold anchor insignia on both lapel collars of the service dress blue jacket. Shoulder boards, worn on summer white, service/full dress white, and dinner dress white uniforms as well as a "soft shoulder board" version on the white, button-up shirt of the service/full dress blue uniform have a gold anchor and a number of slanted stripes indicating year, except for midshipman first class whose have a single, horizontal stripe and midshipman officers (also first class), whose shoulder boards have a small gold star in place of the anchor and have 1 through 6 horizontal stripes indicating their position.

On the winter and summer working uniform shirt collar, afreshman(Midshipman Fourth Class or "plebe" ) wears no collar insignia, asophomore(Midshipman Third Class or "Youngster" ) wears a single fouled anchor on the right collar point, a Junior (Midshipman Second Class) fouled anchors on each collar point, and a Senior (Midshipman First Class or "Firstie" ) wears fouled anchors with perched eagles. First class midshipmen in officer billets replace those devices with their respective midshipman officer collar insignia. Midshipman officer collar insignia are a series of gold bars, from the rank of MidshipmanEnsign(one bar or stripe) to MidshipmanCaptain(six bars or stripes) in the Brigade of Midshipmen at the U.S. Naval Academy.

Depending on the season, midshipmen wear Summer Whites or Service Dress Blues as their dress uniform, and working blues as their daily class uniform. In 2008, the first class midshipmen wore the service khaki as the daily uniform, but this option was repealed following the graduation of the class of 2011. First class midshipmen may wear their service selection uniform on second semester "Warrior" Wednesdays (i.e., naval aviator and naval flight officer selectees wear flight suits; submarine and surface warfare selectees wear coveralls orNavy Working Uniformswith their new command ballcaps; Marine Corps selectees wearMARPATcamouflage utilities). A unique uniform consisting of a Navy blue double-breasted jacket with brass buttons and high collar, blue or white high-rise trousers (white worn during Graduation Week), and duty belt with silver NA buckle, is worn for formal parades during spring and autumn parade seasons.

During commissioning week (formerly known as "June week" ), the uniform is summer whites.

Campus

U.S. Naval Academy campus

Plebes(first year students) marching in front of Bancroft Hall

Interior of the Naval Academy chapel

The pool in the Lejeune Hall

The campus (or "Yard" ) has grown from a 40,000 square metres (9.9 acres) Army post namedFort Severnin 1845 to a 1.37 square kilometres (340 acres) campus in the 21st century. By comparison, theUnited States Air Force Academyis 73 square kilometres (18,000 acres) andUnited States Military Academyis 65 square kilometres (16,000 acres).

Halls and principal buildings

• Bancroft Hallis the largest building at the Naval Academy and the largest college dormitory in the world.It houses all midshipmen. Open to the public are Memorial Hall, a midshipman-maintained memorial to graduates who have died during military operations, and the Rotunda, the ceremonial entrance to Bancroft Hall. TheCommander-in-Chief's Trophyresides in the Rotunda while Navy is in possession of it.It was named for the academy's founder, Secretary of the NavyGeorge Bancroft,and designed byErnest Flagg.
• TheNaval Academy Chapel,at the center of the campus, across from Herndon Monument, has a high dome that is visible throughout Annapolis.Designed by Ernest Flagg. The chapel was featured on the U.S. Postal Service postage stamp honoring the academy's 150th anniversary in 1995.John Paul Joneslies in the crypt beneath the chapel.
• Commodore Uriah P. Levy Center and Jewish Chapel,primarily funded with private donations, was dedicated on 23 September 2005. The chapel was named for CommodoreUriah P. Levyand houses a Jewish chapel, the honor board, ethics,character learning center, officer development spaces, a social director, and academic boards. Built featuringJerusalem stone,the architecture of the exterior is consistent with nearby Bancroft Hall.
• Alumni Hallis the primary assembly hall for the Brigade of Midshipmen and has two dining facilities. It hosts various sporting events (including the men's and women's intercollegiate basketball games) and is used by alumni for reunions. The Bob Hope Performing Arts Center is located there.
• Halsey Field Housecontains an indoor track, squash and tennis courts, five basketball courts, a 65tatamidojoforAikido/Judo,a climbing wall, and assorted athletic and workout facilities and offices.Before construction of Alumni Hall, it was used by Navy basketball teams and was the site of midshipman assemblies. It was named forWilliam F. Halsey, Jr.
• Hubbard Hall,used by the crew team, is a three-story building on Dorsey Creek, 250 yards (230 m) from the Severn River.Also known as theBoat House,it was renovated in 1993 and now includes the Fisher Rowing Center. It was named for Rear AdmiralJohn Hubbard(Class of 1870).
• Lejeune Hall,built in 1982, contains an Olympic-class swimming pool and diving tower, a mat room for wrestling and hand-to-hand martial arts, and theAthletic Hall of Fame.Named forJohn A. Lejeune,it is the first USNA building to be named for a Marine Corps officer.
• Wesley Brown Field Househouses physical education, varsity sports, intramural athletics, club sports, and personal-fitness programs and equipment. The cross country and track and field teams, the sprint football team, thewomen's lacrosseteam, and sixteen club sports all use this building. It has a full-length, retractable football field. When the field is retracted, you can then use the 200-meter track (with hydraulically controlled banked curves) and three permanent basketball courts. It also has eight locker rooms and a medical facility. It was named forWesley A. Brown,Class of 1949, who was the academy's first African American graduate.

Monuments and memorials

See also:United States Navy Memorial § Other Navy memorials

• Gokoku-ji Bell.A copy of the original bell which was brought back to the United States in 1855 by CommodoreMatthew Perryfollowing hismissionto Japan. The bell is placed in front ofBancroft Halland rung in a semi-annual ceremony for each victory that Navy has registered over Army, to include one of the nation's oldest football rivalries, theArmy–Navy Game.The current bell is an exact replica of the original, which the United States Navy returned to the people of Okinawa in 1987.
• Enterprise Bell. Originally serving on theUSSEnterprise(CV-6),the ship’s bell was brought to the academy in 1950. It is sounded after most games when Navy wins over Army in any one of the three sports seasons.
• USS Delaware figurehead.This is a bronze replica of the original figurehead of ship-of-the-lineUSSDelaware.It was presented to the academy by the Class of 1891. This replica, one of the most famous monuments on campus, was commonly known asTecumseh.However, when it adorned the American man-of-war, it commemoratedTamanend,the revered Delaware chief who welcomed William Penn to America, not Tecumseh. In times past, the bronze replica was considered a good-luck "mascot" for the midshipmen, who threw pennies at the quiver and offered left-handed salutes whenever they needed good luck, such as a sports win over West Point and spiritual help for examinations. It is also referred to as the God of 2.0 because 2.0 is the minimum passing GPA at USNA, and the mids offer pennies to help achieve this. It was used as a morale booster during football weeks and on special occasions when the face was painted using themes like super heroes, action heroes, humorous figures, a leprechaun (before Saint Patrick's Day), and a naval officer during Commissioning Week.
• Battle ensigns.Famous flags of the U.S. Navy and captured flags from enemy ships are displayed throughout the academy. The most famous, perhaps, is the "Don't Give Up the Ship" flag flown by CommodoreOliver Hazard Perryat theBattle of Lake Erieon 10 September 1813; it bears the dying words of CaptainJames Lawrence,captain of theUSSChesapeake.It was displayed in Memorial Hall, which is in the portion ofBancroft Hallopen to the general public until 2004. It underwent conservation and is now on display in theMuseum in Preble Hall.The only British royal standard taken by capturewas displayed in Mahan Hall. It was taken at Toronto (thenYork) in the War of 1812.
• Herndon Monument.The Monument was commissioned by the officers of the U.S. Navy as a tribute to CommanderWilliam Lewis Herndon(1813–1857) after his loss in the Pacific Mail SteamerCentral Americaduring a hurricane off the North Carolina coast on 12 September 1857. Herndon had followed a longtimecustom of the seathat a ship's captain is the last person to depart his ship in peril. It was erected in its current location on 16 June 1860 and has never been moved, even though the academy was completely rebuilt between 1899 and 1908.
• Memorial Hall. A memorial to graduates in Bancroft Hall who died during military operations. It includes an honor roll, scrolls, and plaques. In the aftermath of the 1967USSLibertyincident,the Navy balked at listing 2Libertycrew members on their memorial wall. The crew members in question were Lieutenant Commander Philip Armstrong Jr. and Lieutenant Stephen Toth. It tookChairman of the Joint Chiefs of StaffAdmiralThomas H. Moorer’s personal intervention to reverse their decision. Moorer angrily commented on the Academy's attempt to omit the names: “I intervened and was able to reverse the apparent idea that dying in a cowardly, one-sided attack by a supposed ally is somehow not the same as being killed by an avowed enemy.”
• Pearl Harbor Memorial. AtAlumni Hall,a wall is reserved by thePearl Harbor Survivors Associationto commemorate those who were killed during the attack on Pearl Harbor.
• Tripoli Monument.This is the oldest military monument in the U.S. and honors the US servicemen of theFirst Barbary War:Master CommandantRichard Somers,Lieutenant James Caldwell, James Decatur (brother ofStephen Decatur), John Dorsey,Joseph Israel,and Henry Wadsworth. Originally known as the Naval Monument, it was carved ofCarrara marblein Italy in 1806 and brought to the U.S. asballaston board theUSSConstitution( "Old Ironsides" ). From its original location in theWashington Navy Yard,it was moved to the west terrace of the national Capitol and finally, in 1860, to the Naval Academy.
• USSSamuel B. Robertsmemorial. InAlumni Hall,a concourse is dedicated to Lieutenant Lloyd Garnett and his shipmates aboardUSSSamuel B. Roberts,who earned their ship the reputation as the "destroyer escort that fought like a battleship" in theBattle of Leyte Gulfduring World War II.

Mexican War Monument to Midshipmen Shubrick, Clemson, Hynson, and Pillsbury

• TheMexican War Midshipmen's Monument.Located at the intersection ofStriblingWalk (16,000 bricks) and Chapel Walk, it is in memory of one midshipman (Shubrick) who lost his life in thesiege of Veracruzin 1847, and three midshipmen (Clemson, Hynson, Pillsbury) who lost their lives when thebrigSomerssank in 1846.
• TheMacedonian Monument.At the end of Stribling Walk opposite Mahan Hall is the figurehead ofHMSMacedonian.Macedonianwas defeated inbattleby thefrigateUnited States25 October 1812.
• TheSaitö Monument.At the west entrance of Luce Hall is a Japanese granite pagoda erected in memory ofHiroshi Saitö,Japanese Ambassador to the United States from 1934-1939. Ambassador Saitö was admired in Washington for his efforts to maintain US-Japan diplomatic relations as tension built between the two nations over the Japanese invasion of Manchuria.The monument was presented by the Saitö family in gratitude for, "the courtesy extended by [the] institution at the time of the [Saitö's] departure," on the cruiserAstoria.The monument was erected in June 1941, less than 6 months before the opening of hostilities between the two countries.

Brigade sports complex

The complex includesMcMullen Hockey Arenawhere the men's ice-hockey team is located; rugby venues, an indoor hitting, chipping and putting facility for the golf team, and the Tose Family Tennis Center – including the Fluegel-Moore Tennis Stadium.

Cemetery and columbarium

Main article:United States Naval Academy Cemetery

Glenn Warner Soccer Facility

Main article:Glenn Warner Soccer Facility

Navy–Marine Corps Memorial Stadium

Main article:Navy–Marine Corps Memorial Stadium

Terwilliger Brothers Field

The academy baseball team plays at theTerwilliger Brothers Field at Max Bishop Stadium.

Supervision of the Academy

In 1850, the academy was placed under the jurisdiction of the Navy'sBureau of Ordnance and Hydrographybut was transferred to theBureau of Navigationwhen that organization was established in 1862. The academy was placed under the direct care of theNavy Departmentin 1867, but for many years the Bureau of Navigation provided administrative routine and financial management.

As of 2004,theSuperintendent of the Naval Academyreports directly to theChief of Naval Operations.TheBoard of Visitorsannually audits the academy. Its recommendations constitute a mandate to the administration. It is composed of officials appointed by Congress and the president.The 2020 recommendations include changing the historic names of buildings named after people who deserted the Union for the Confederacy during the American Civil War.

Faculty

Roughly 500 faculty members are evenly divided between civilian professors and military instructors. The civilian professors nearly all have a PhD and can be awardedtenure,usually upon promotion from assistant professor toassociate professor.Fewer of the military instructors have a PhD but nearly all have a master's degree. Most of them are assigned to the academy for only two or three years. Additionally, there areadjunct professors,hired to fill temporary shortages in various disciplines. The adjunct professors are not eligible for tenure.

Permanent military professors (PMP)

A small number of officers at the academy are designated as permanent military professors (PMP), initially at the academic rank of assistant professor. All PMPs have PhDs, and remain at the academy until statutory retirement. Most are commanders in the Navy; a few are captains. Like civilian professors, they seek academic promotion to the rank of associate professor and professor. However, they are not eligible for tenure.

Class of 1957 Distinguished Chair of Naval Heritage

TheClass of 1957 Distinguished Chair of Naval Heritageis an academic professorial chair in the history department.In order to preserve and promote a better understanding of professional naval heritage in midshipmen at the U.S. Naval Academy, the academy's Class of 1957 donated the funds to permanently endow this position. It is designed to be a visiting position for a distinguished senior academic historian, who is to hold the post for one or two years. The position was first occupied in 2006 and, in addition to teaching requirements, the occupant is expected to give the McMullen Seapower Lecture at the academy's biennialMcMullen Naval History Symposium.

Chair holders

• Williamson Murray,January 2006 – June 2007
• Andrew Gordon,August 2007 – June 2009
• Ronald H. Spector,August 2009 – June 2010
• John H. Schroeder,August 2010 – June 2011
• Craig Symonds,August 2011 – June 2012
• James C. Bradford.August 2012 – June 2013
• Gene Allen Smith, August 2013 – June 2014
• William F. Trimble, August 2014 – June 2015
• David Alan Rosenberg,August 2015 – June 2016
• Nicholas A. Lambert, August 2016 – June 2018
• Kathleen Broome Williams, August 2018 –

McCain-Fulbright Distinguished Visiting Professor Program

The program was created by Congress to bring mid-career international academics to USNA to teach classes on subjects pertaining to their regional background. Scholars will also practice outreach to D.C. area think tanks and military higher education institutions around the country.

Chair holders

• Sebastian Bruns,August 2021 - May 2022
• Sinderpahl Singh,August 2022 - December 2022.

Appointment process

By an Act of Congress passed in 1903, two midshipman appointments were allowed for eachsenator,representative,anddelegatein Congress, two for theDistrict of Columbia,and five each year at large. Currently each member of Congress and the vice president can have five appointees attending the Naval Academy at any time. When any appointee graduates or otherwise leaves the academy, a vacancy is created. Candidates are nominated by their senator, representative, or delegate in Congress, and those appointed at large are nominated by the vice president. The applicants do not have to know their Congressman to be nominated. Congressmen generally nominate ten people per vacancy. They can nominate people in a competitive manner, or they can have a principal nomination. In a competitive nomination, all ten applicants are reviewed by the academy, to see who is the most qualified. If the congressman appoints a principal nominee, then as long as that candidate is physically, medically, and academically found qualified by the academy, he or she will be admitted, even if there are more qualified applicants. The degree of difficulty in obtaining a nomination varies greatly according to the number of applicants in a particular state. The process of obtaining a nomination typically consists of completing an application, completing one or more essays, and obtaining one or more letters of recommendation and often requires an interview either in person or over the phone. These requirements are set by the respective senator or representative and are in addition to the USNA application.

The Secretary of the Navy may appoint 170 enlisted members of the Regular and Reserve Navy and Marine Corps to the Naval Academy each year. Additional sources of appointment are open to children of career military personnel (100 per year) and 65 appointments are available to children of military members who were killed in action, or were rendered 100% disabled due to injuries received in action, or are currently prisoners of war or missing in action. Typically five to ten candidates are nominated for each appointment, which are normally awarded competitively; candidates who do not receive the appointment they are competing for may still be admitted to the academy as a qualified alternate. If a candidate is considered qualified but not picked up, they may receive an indirect admission to either a Naval Academy Foundation prep school or theNaval Academy Preparatory SchoolinNewport;the following year, these candidates enlist in theNavy Reserve(or, in the case of prior enlisted members, remain in the Navy) and are eligible forSecretary of the Navynominations, which are granted as a matter of course. To receive an appointment to the Naval Academy, students at the Naval Academy Preparatory School must first pass with a 2.2 QPA (a combination of GPA and Fitness Assessments), although this is waiverable. A candidate must also receive a recommendation for appointment from the commanding officer. The appointment process has been criticized as giving preferential treatment towards athletes.

Children ofMedal of Honorrecipients are automatically appointed to the Naval Academy; they only need to meet admission requirements.

Admissions requirements

To be admitted, candidates must be between seventeen and twenty-three years of age upon entrance, unmarried with no children, and of good moral character. The current process includes a college application, personality testing, standardized testing, and personal references. Candidates for admission must also undergo a physical aptitude test (the CFA or Candidate Fitness Assessment [formerly the Physical Readiness Examination]) as well as a complete physical exam including a separate visual acuity test to be eligible for appointment. A medical waiver will automatically be sought on behalf of candidates with less than 20/20 vision, as well as a range of other injuries or illnesses. The physical aptitude test is most often administered by a high school physical education teacher or sports team coach.

A small number of international students, usually from smaller allied or friendly countries, are admitted into each class. (International students from larger allies, such as France and the United Kingdom, typically come as shorter-term exchange students from their national naval colleges or academies.) The Class of 2025 includes 16 international students from:Egypt(1),Fiji(1),Ghana(1),Indonesia(2),Jordan(1),Malaysia(1),Maldives(1),Peru(1),Philippines(2),Sri Lanka(1),Taiwan(1),Thailand(1), andTunisia(2).

Seven second class cadets each from West Point, the Air Force Academy, and theCoast Guard Academy,spend a fall semester at Annapolis. The same applies for midshipmen exchanged out to those academies at the same time. The exchange process is competitive.

Academics

The Naval Academy received accreditation as an approved "technological institution" in 1930. In 1933, President Franklin Roosevelt signed into law an act of Congress providing for the Bachelor of Science degree for the Naval, Military, and Coast Guard Academies. The Class of 1933 was the first to receive this degree and have it written in the diploma. In 1937, an act of Congress extended to the superintendent of the Naval Academy the authority to award the Bachelor of Science degree to all living graduates. The academy later replaced a fixed curriculum taken by all midshipmen with the present core curriculum plus 22 major fields of study.

Academic departments at the Naval Academy are organized into three divisions: Engineering and Weapons, known as Division I, Mathematics and Science, known as Division II, and Humanities and Social Sciences, known as Division III.

In its 2021 edition,U.S. News & World Reportranked the U.S. Naval Academy as the No. 1 top public school, No. 6 in national liberal arts colleges in the U.S., and No. 5 for Best Undergraduate Engineering program at schools where doctorates not offered.In 2016,Forbesranked the U.S. Naval Academy as No. 24 overall in its report "America's Top Colleges".

Moral education

Moral and ethical development is fundamental to all aspects of the Naval Academy. From Plebe Summer through graduation, the Officer Development Program, a four-year integrated program, focuses on integrity, honor, and mutual respect based on the moral values of respect for human dignity, respect for honesty and respect for the property of others.

One of the goals of the program is to develop midshipmen to possess a sense of their own moral beliefs and the ability to express them. Honor is emphasized through theHonor Conceptof the Brigade of Midshipmen, which states:

Midshipmen are persons of integrity: They stand for that which is right.

They tell the truth and ensure that the full truth is known. They do not lie.

They embrace fairness in all actions. They ensure that work submitted as their own is their own, and that assistance received from any source is authorized and properly documented. They do not cheat.

They respect the property of others and ensure that others are able to benefit from the use of their own property. They do not steal.

Similar ideals are expressed in thehonor codesof the other service academies. However, midshipmen are allowed to confront someone they see violating the code without formally reporting it. It is believed that this method is a better way of developing the honor of midshipmen as opposed to the non-toleration clauses of the other service academies and is a better way of building honor and trust.

Brigade Honor Committees composed of upper-class midshipmen are responsible for the education and training of the Honor Concept. Depending on the severity of the offense, midshipmen found in violation of the Honor Concept by their peers can be separated from the Naval Academy.

Naval Academy Foreign Affairs Conference (NAFAC)

Main article:Naval Academy Foreign Affairs Conference

Since 1961, the academy has hosted the annual Naval Academy Foreign Affairs Conference (NAFAC), the country's largest undergraduate, foreign-affairs conference. NAFAC provides a forum for addressing pressing international concerns and seeks to explore current issues from both a civilian and military perspective.

Each year a unique theme is chosen for NAFAC. Noteworthy individuals with expertise in relevant fields are then invited to address the conference delegates, who represent civilian and military colleges from across the United States and around the globe.

The entire conference is organized and run by midshipmen, who also serve as moderators, presenters, and delegates. The midshipman director is responsible for every aspect of the conference, including the conference theme, and is generally charged with leading a staff of over 250 midshipmen.

Naval Academy Science and Engineering Conference (NASEC)

The Naval Academy Science and Engineering Conference (NASEC), hosted annually since 2000, is an undergraduate STEM conference. Held in November each year, approximately 45 midshipmen join 150 attendees from other colleges and universities across the country meet and discuss significant science and engineering challenges. The delegates hear from leaders in scientific research and policy from academia, industry, and government, and participate in group discussions on the conference themes.

The conference serves as both a leadership opportunity for the midshipmen staff who organize and run the event, and as a venue to expose midshipmen to cutting-edge science and engineering challenges.

McMullen Naval History Symposium

Main article:McMullen Naval History Symposium

Since 1973, the Naval Academy has hosted a major international conference for naval historians. In 2006 it was named afterJohn J. McMullen,USNA Class of 1940.

Small Satellite Program

Main article:Small Satellite Program (United States Naval Academy)

The United States Naval Academy (USNA) Small Satellite Program (SSP)was founded in 1999 to actively pursue flight opportunities for miniature satellites designed, constructed, tested, and commanded or controlled by midshipmen.

TheUSNA MidSTAR Program's first satellite,MidSTAR Iwas launched 8 March 2007.The planned MidSTAR II was canceled.

Postgraduate studies

Because the majority of graduates commence directly into their military commissions, the Naval Academy offers no graduate degree programs. However, a number of programs allow midshipmen to obtain graduate degrees before fulfilling their service obligation. The Immediate Graduate Education Program (IGEP) allows newly commissioned Ensigns or Second Lieutenants to proceed directly to graduate school and complete a master's degree. The Voluntary Graduate Education Program (VGEP) allows the midshipman to begin their studies the second semester of their senior year at a local university, usuallyUniversity of Maryland,Johns Hopkins University,Georgetown University,orGeorge Washington University,and complete the degree by the following semester. Midshipmen accepted into prestigious scholarships, such as theRhodes Scholarshipare permitted to complete their studies before fulfilling their service obligation. Finally, the Bowman Scholarship allows Navy Nuclear Power candidates to complete their master's degrees at theNaval Postgraduate Schoolbefore continuing into the Navy.

Student activities

Student body composition as of May 2, 2022

Race and ethnicity	Total
White	61%	61
Hispanic	12%	12
Other	11%	11
Asian	8%	8
Black	7%	7
Foreign national	1%	1

Athletics

Main article:Navy Midshipmen

See also:Midshipmen baseball,football,lacrosse,men's basketball,andmen's soccer

The 1926 National Championship football team

Participation in athletics is, in general, mandatory at the Naval Academy and most midshipmen not on anintercollegiateteam must participate actively inintramuralor club sports. There are exceptions for non-athletic Brigade Support Activities such asYPSquadron (a professional surface warfare training activity providing midshipmen the opportunity to earn theCraftmaster Badge) or the Drum and Bugle Corps.

Varsity-letterwinnerswear a specially issued bluecardiganwith a large gold "N" patch affixed. Teams that beatArmyin a year are awarded a gold star to affix near the "N" for each such victory.

The U.S. Naval Academy's varsity sports teamshave no official name but usually are referred to in media as "the Midshipmen" (since allathletesare, in fact, midshipmen), or more informally as "the Mids". The term "middies" is generally considered derogatory.The sports teams' mascot is a goat named "Bill."

The Midshipmen participate in theNCAA'sDivision I FBSas a member of theAmerican Athletic Conferencein football and in the NCAA Division I-levelPatriot Leaguein many other sports. The academy fields 30 varsity sports teams and 13 club sports teams (along with 19 intramural sports teams).

Plebes receive basic martial arts instruction during Plebe Summer training

Plebes paddle pontoon boats during a team-building portion of Sea Trials

The most important sporting event at the academy is the annualArmy–Navy Game,in football. The 2015 season marks Navy's 14th consecutive victory over Army. The three major service academies (Navy, Air Force, and Army) compete for theCommander-in-Chief's Trophy,which is awarded to the academy that defeats the others in football that year (or retained by the previous winner in the event of a three-way tie). Navy won the trophy in 2012 after two years of residence at theAir Force Academy.Keenan Reynolds(quarterback 2012–2015) set numerous Navy and NCAA records, including the FBS career rushing touchdown record, arguably becoming Navy's best quarterback ever. Reynolds finished fifth in the prestigious Heisman Trophy voting. In the Army-Navy rivalry, Reynolds became the first quarterback to beat Army in four seasons.

Naval Academy sports teams have many accomplishments at the international and national levels. In 1926, Navy's football team won the U.S. national championship based on both theBoandand Houlgate mathematical poll systems.and the Navy men's lacrosse team won 21 USILL or USILA national championships and was the NCAA Division I runner-up in 1975 and 2004. The men's fencing team wonNCAADivision I championships in 1950, 1959, and 1962 and was runner-up in 1948, 1953, 1960, and 1963,andNCAADivision I championships were also earned by the 1945 men's outdoor track and field teamand the 1964 men's soccer team.

The academy lightweight crew won the 2004 and 2021 National Championship. The lightweights are accredited with two Jope Cup Championships as well, finishing the Eastern Sprints with the highest number of points in 2006 and 2007. The college's heavyweight crew won Olympic gold medals in men's eights in 1920 and 1952,and from 1907 to 1995 atIntercollegiate Rowing Associationregatta the team earned 30 championships.In intercollegiate shooting, the Naval Academy has won nineNational Rifle Associationrifle team trophies, seven air pistol team championships, and five standard pistol team titles.Navy's squash team was the national nine-man team champion in 1957, 1959, and 1967,and the bo xing team was National Collegiate Bo xing Association champion in 1987, 1996, 1997, 1998, and 2005.

There is an unofficial (but previous National Champion) croquet team.Legend has it that in the early 1980s, a Mid and a Johnnie (slang for a student enrolled atSt. John's College, Annapolis), were in a bar and the Mid challenged the Johnnie by stating that Midshipmen could beat St. John's at any sport. The St. John's student selected croquet. Since then, thousands attend the annual croquet match between St. John's and the 28th Companyof the Brigade of Midshipmen (originally the 34th Company before the brigade was reduced to 30 companies).As of 2017, the Midshipmen had a record of 7 wins and 28 losses to the St John's team.

Other extra-curricular activities

Abagpiperwith the Naval Academy Pipes and Drums

Midshipmen have the opportunity to participate in a broad range of other extracurricular activities includingmusical performance groups(Drum & Bugle Corps,Men'sGlee Club,Women's Glee Club,Gospel Choir,an annual musical, a midshipman orchestra, and abagpipeband, the Pipes & Drums), religious organizations, academichonor societiessuch asOmicron Delta Epsilon(an economics honor society),Campus Girl Scouts,theNational Eagle Scout Association,a radio station (WRNV),and Navy and Marine Corps professional activities (diving, flying, seamanship, and the Semper Fidelis Society for future Marines). The midshipmantheatrical company,The Masqueraders,put on one production annually in Mahan Hall. There is an intercollegiatedebateteam.Colleges from along the East Coast attend the annual U.S. Naval Academy Debate Tournament. Midshipmen also participate in theSandhurst Competition,a military skills event.

The brigade began publishing ahumor magazinecalledTheLogin 1913.This magazine was discontinued in 2001but returned to print in the fall of 2008. AmongThe Log'susual features were "Salty Sam," an anonymous member of the senior class who served as a gossip columnist, and the "Company Cuties," photos of male midshipmen's girlfriends. (This last was deemed offensive to women, and despite attempts to incorporate the boyfriends of female midshipmen in some issues, the "Company Cuties" were dropped fromThe Log's format by 1991.)The Logwas once featured inPlayboy Magazinefor its parody of the famous periodical,called "Playmid." "Playmid" was an issue ofThe Login 1989 and was ordered destroyed by Rear AdmiralVirgil L. Hill Jr.,the Academy Superintendent at the time, but a handful of copies did survive. EarlierLogattempts to parody were much more successful, with 18 April 1969, version as the most famous; some sections of this issue can be seen online at an alumni website.In September 1949, the Log began publishing a half-sizedSplinterbi-weekly, to alternate with its larger sized publication.

Song

See also:§ A selection of Naval Academy traditions

Notable among a number of songs commonly played and sung at various events such ascommencementandconvocation,and athletic games is: "Anchors Aweigh",the United States Naval Academyfight song.According to "College Fight Songs: An Annotated Anthology" published in 1998, "Anchors Aweigh" ranks as the fifth greatest fight song of all time. "Blue and Gold"is the name of Naval Academy'sAlma Mater.

Police

TheNaval District Washington-Naval Support Activity Annapolis Police Department, formerly known as the US Naval Academy Police Department until 2010, is a full DOD law enforcement agency. It is composed of bothDoDDepartment of Navy Civilian Police, andNavy Masters-at-Armswho are responsible for policing the US Naval Academy complex. They enforce Maryland, federal and military law and local instructions, offer assistance to those in need, and provide a visible deterrent for criminal activity.

Women and the Naval Academy

AstronautWendy B. Lawrence,Class of 1981

The Naval Academy first accepted women as midshipmen in 1976, after Congress authorized the admission of women to all of the service academies. Women account for about 22 percent of entering plebes.They pursue the same academic and professional training as do their male classmates, except that certain physical aptitude standards for women are lower than for men, mirroring the standards of the Navy itself. Women have most recently composed about 17 percent of each graduating class, however this number continues to rise. The first pregnant midshipman graduated in 2009. While regulations expressly forbade this, the woman was able to receive a waiver from the Department of the Navy.

In 2006,Michelle J. Howard,class of 1982, became the first female graduate of the Naval Academy to be selected for admiral; she was also the first admiral from her class.Margaret D. Klein,class of 1981, became the first female commandant of midshipmen in December 2006.

Following the2003 U.S. Air Force Academy sexual assault scandaland due to concern withsexual assault in the U.S. militarythe Department of Defense was required to establish a task force to investigate sexual harassment and assault at the United States military academies in the law funding the military for fiscal 2004. The report, issued 25 August 2005 showed that during 2004 50% of the women at Annapolis reported instances ofsexual harassmentwhile 99 incidents ofsexual assaultwere reported.There had been an earlier incident in 1990 which involved male midshipmen chaining a female midshipman to a urinal and then taking pictures of her after she threw asnowballat them.

Academy Superintendent Vice Admiral Rodney Rempt issued a statement: "With the benefit of the Defense Task Force's assessment and recommendations, we will continue to strive to establish a climate which encourages reporting of these incidents, so we can support the victim and deal with allegations fairly and appropriately. The very idea that any member of the Naval Academy family could be part of an environment that fosters sexual harassment, misconduct, or even assault is of great concern to me, and it is contrary to all we are trying to do and achieve. Preventing and deterring this unacceptable behavior is a leadership issue that I and all the Academy leaders take to heart. The public trusts that the Service Academies will adhere to the highest standards and that we will serve as beacons that exemplify character, dignity and respect. We will increase our efforts to meet that trust." Superintendent Rempt was criticized in 2006 for not allowing former Navy quarterbackLamar Owensto graduate, despite his acquittal on a rape charge. Some alumni have attributed this to an overeagerness on Rempt's part to placate critics urging a crackdown on sexual assault and harassment.

In 1979,James H. Webbpublished a provocative essay opposing the integration of women at the Naval Academy titled "Women Can't Fight." Webb was an instructor at the Naval Academy in 1979 when he wrote the article forWashingtonian magazinethat was critical of women in combat and of them attending the service academies. The article, in which he referred to the dorm at the Naval Academy that housed 4,000 men and 300 women as "a horny woman's dream," was written three years after the academy admitted women. Webb said he did not write the headline.

On 7 November 2006, Webb was elected to the U.S. Senate from Virginia. His election opponent, then senatorGeorge Allen,raised the 1979 article as a campaign issue, depicting Webb as being opposed to women in military service. Webb's response read in part, "To the extent that my writings subjected women at the Academy or the active armed forces to undue hardship, I remain profoundly sorry." He then went on to assert: "I am completely comfortable with the roles of women in today's military."In a political advertisement for Allen five female graduates of the United States Naval Academy had said the article helpedfoster an air of hostility and harassment towards females within the academy.

The Navy SecretaryRay Mabus,on 21 December 2012, issued a statement of shame over a recent sexual abuse study which showed the nation's service academies continue to have trouble maintaining safe teaching environments regarding sexual abuse. Reported sexual assaults the prior year declined from 22 to 13 at Annapolis. The former superintendent, Vice Admiral Mike Miller, enforced a new academy policy, as of January 2013, related to training, victim support, campus security, leadership presence on weekends, and a general review of alcohol policy based on other information in the recent report which shows the actual number of sexual assaults has not declined and that offenses are not reported.

In May 2021, Vice PresidentKamala Harrisbecame the first female commencement speaker at the Naval Academy.

Yvette M. Davidsbecame the first female Superintendent of the Naval Academy on 11 January 2024.

Traditions

• Anchors Aweighis a popular song written historically at the Naval Academy, subsequently coming to stand for the entire United States Navy. The lyrics are by Midshipman Alfred H. Miles, set to music by 2nd LieutenantZimmerman,USMC, bandmaster of theNaval Academy Bandstarting in 1887. After writing "Anchors Aweigh" they dedicated it to the Class of 1907. The song is sung during sporting events, pep rallies, and played by the Drum and Bugle Corps during noon meal formations. Members of the Navy and Marine Corps, unless marching, are supposed to come to attention while it is playing. The original verse (quoted below) is learned by midshipmen as plebes.
• "Blue and Gold"is the name of Naval Academy'sAlma Mater.The song is sung at the conclusion of every sporting event, at the end of pep rallies and at alumni gatherings. It is also sung in most companies by the plebes at the conclusion of the day during Plebe Summer and end of the week during the academic year; this event is also referred to as "Blue and Gold," which is a short gathering to review the day for better or worse with the upperclass midshipmen.
• Herndon MonumentClimb– a year-end informal ritual (analogous to the "cover toss" at graduation) marking the passage from plebe to third-classman. The new upperclassmen raise a classmate to the top of the monument to replace a dixie cup sailor cover with the combination cover traditional to midshipmen.For the event, Herndon is covered with lard. Only teamwork will result in the changing of caps. In 2008, the dixie cup removed and the cover placed belonged to Midshipman Kristen Dickmann, Class of 2011, who had died a few days previously. These were the first women's caps used for the Climb.

Notable alumni

Graduates include over 50 U.S. astronauts, including six who flew to the Moon,more than from any other undergraduate institution in the U.S. Over 990 noted scholars in a variety of academic fields are Academy graduates, including 46Rhodes Scholarsand 24Marshall Scholars.Alumni include one President of the United States,Jimmy Carter,who is also aNobel laureate,as is Albert A. Michelson (1907 –Nobel Prize in Physics). 73 alumni have earned theMedal of Honor.

• Notable graduates
• 
  Albert A. MichelsonClass of 1873
• 
  Jimmy Carter
  Class of 1947
• 
  Ross Perot
  Class of 1953
• 
  James Byrne
  Class of 1987
• 
  William D. Byrne Jr.
  Class of 1987
• 
  Marc H. Dalton
  Class of 1987
• 
  John Fuller
  Class of 1987
• 
  Kenneth Ham
  Class of 1987
• 
  Gregory N. Harris
  Class of 1987
• 
  Gregory Masiello
  Class of 1987
• 
  David Maurice Robinson
  Class of 1987
• 
  Timothy J. White
  Class of 1987
• 
  Sunita Lyn Williams
  Class of 1987
• 
  Doug Wojcik
  Class of 1987

See also

• Alumni House (United States Naval Academy)
• Annapolis(2006 film)
• Hispanics in the United States Naval Academy
• Mace of Parliament of Upper Canada
• Naval Academy Bridge
• Navy Blue and Gold(film)
• Old GoatAward
• USNA Out
• United States Merchant Marine Academy

Bibliography

• 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica
• Beach, Captain Edward L (1986).The United States Navy.Henry Holt and Company.ISBN0-03-044711-9.
• Conrad, James Lee (2003).Rebel Reefers: The Organization and Midshipmen of the Confederate States Naval Academy.Da Capo Press.ISBN0-306-81237-1.
• Gelfand, H. Michael (2006).Sea Change at Annapolis: The United States Naval Academy, 1949-2000.University of North Carolina Press.ISBN978-0-8078-7747-0.
• Poyer, David (September 2018)."Stealing from Neptune".Shipmate.Vol. 81, no. 6. pp. 13–16. Archived fromthe originalon 11 September 2018.

External links

• Official website
• Official athletics website