Évreux(French pronunciation:[evʁø]) is acommunein and the capital of thedepartmentofEure,in the FrenchregionofNormandy.
Évreux | |
|---|---|
 River Iton | |
 Coat of arms | |
Location of Évreux  | |
  Évreux  Évreux | |
| Coordinates:49°01′N1°09′E/ 49.02°N 1.15°E | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Normandy |
| Department | Eure |
| Arrondissement | Évreux |
| Canton | Évreux-1,2and3 |
| Intercommunality | CA Évreux Portes de Normandie |
| Government | |
| • Mayor(2020–2026) | Guy Lefrand[1] |
Area 1 | 26.45 km2(10.21 sq mi) |
| Population (2021)[2] | 47,289 |
| • Density | 1,800/km2(4,600/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00(CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00(CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 27229/27000 |
| Elevation | 58–146 m (190–479 ft) (avg. 92 m or 302 ft) |
| 1French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2(0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |
History
editAntiquity
edit
Inlate Antiquity,the town, attested in the fourth century CE, was namedMediolanum Aulercorum,"the central town of theAulerci",the Gallic tribe then inhabiting the area. Mediolanum was a small regional centre of the Roman province ofGallia Lugdunensis.Julius Caesarwintered eight legions in this area after his third campaigning season in the battle for Gaul (56-55 BC): Legiones VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, XIII and XIV.
Middle Ages
editThe first known members of the family of the counts ofÉvreuxwere descended from an illegitimate son ofRichard I,dukeofNormandy.These counts became extinct in the male line with the death ofCount Williamin 1118. The county passed by right of Agnes, William's sister and wife ofSimon I de Montfort(died 1087) to the house of the lords ofMontfort-l'Amaury.Amaury VI de Montfort-Évreuxceded the title in 1200 toKing Philip II.Philip IVpresented it in 1307 to his brotherLouis d'Évreux,for whose benefitPhilip the Longraised the county of Évreux into thepeerage of Francein 1317.[3]
Philip d'Évreux,son of Louis, became king ofNavarreby his marriage toJoan II of Navarre,daughter ofLouis the Headstrong,and their sonCharles the Badand their grandsonCharles the Noblewere alsokings of Navarre.The latter ceded his counties of Évreux,ChampagneandBrieto KingCharles VI of Francein 1404.[3]In 1427 the county of Évreux was bestowed byKing Charles VIIon SirJohn Stewart of Darnley(c. 1365–1429), the commander of his Scottish bodyguard, who in 1423 had received the seigniory ofAubigny,and in February 1427 or 1428 he was granted the right to quarter the royal arms of France for his victories over the English. On Stuart's death before Orléans, during an attack on an English convoy, the county reverted to the crown.
Modernity
editThe countship was again temporarily alienated (1569–1584) as an appanage for DukeFrançoisofAnjou,and in 1651 was finally given toFrédéric Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne, duc de Bouillon,in exchange for thePrincipality of Sedan.[3]The most famous holder of the title isLouis Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne,son ofMarie Anne Mancini.
Évreux was heavily damaged during theSecond World War,and most of its centre was rebuilt. The nearbyÉvreux-Fauville Air Basewas used by theUnited States Air Forceuntil 1967, and since then by theFrench Air Force.
Name
editThe French nameÉvreuxis derived from theEburovices,aGallic tribewho inhabited the area. Their name comes from theGaulisheburomeaning 'yew tree'.[4]
Demographics
editThe inhabitants of Évreux are known as Ebroicians (French:Ébroïciens).
Population
edit
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| Source: EHESS[5]and INSEE (1968–2017)[6] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Catholicism
edit
Évreux Cathedralhas been the seat of the bishops ofÉvreuxsince its traditional founder,Saint Taurin of Évreux,most probably working between 375 and 425; Bishop Maurusius was present at theCouncil of Orléansin 511. The earliest parts of the present building, which is mostlyGothic,date from the eleventh century. The west façade and its two towers are mostly from the lateRenaissance;the octagonal central tower dates from the late fifteenth century. Of especial note are theLady chapeland itsstained glass,therose windowsin thetranseptsand the carved wooden screens of the side chapels.[7]The church of the former abbey of St-Taurin is in partRomanesque.It has a choir of the 14th century and other portions of later date, and contains the thirteenth-century shrine of Saint Taurin.[3]The episcopal palace, a building of the fifteenth century, adjoins the south side of the cathedral.[3]The belfry facing thehôtel de villealso dates from the fifteenth century.
Judaism
editIn the Middle Ages, Évreux was one of the centres of Jewish learning,[8]and its scholars are quoted in the medieval notes to theTalmudcalled theTosafot.[9]The following rabbis are known to have lived at Évreux:Samuel ben Shneor,[10]praised by his studentIsaac of Corbeilas the "Prince of Évreux", one of the most celebrated tosafists;Moses of Évreux,brother of Samuel, author of theTosafot of Évreux;Isaac of Évreux; Judah ben Shneor, or Judah the Elder, author of liturgical poems; Meïr ben Shneor; Samuel ben Judah; Nathan ben Jacob, father of Jacob ben Nathan, who in 1357 copied the fiveMegillotwith theTargumfor Moses ben Samuel.[8]
Sights
edit
Évreux is situated in the pleasant valley of theIton,arms of which traverse the town; on the south, the ground slopes up toward the public gardens and the railway station. It is the seat of a bishop, and its cathedral is one of the largest and finest in France.
The first cathedral was built in 1076, but destroyed in 1119 when the town was burned at the orders ofHenry I of Franceto put down the Norman insurrection[citation needed].He rebuilt the cathedral as an act of atonement to the Pope. Between 1194 and 1198, the conflict betweenPhilippe AugusteandRichard the Lion-hearteddamaged the new cathedral. The architecture of the present edifice shows this history, with its blend ofRomanesqueandGothicstyles. As did many towns in theregionsofNordandNormandy,Évreux and its cathedral suffered greatly from Second World War.
AtLe Vieil-Évreux(lit.the old Évreux), the RomanGisacum,5.6 kilometres (3+1⁄2mi) southeast of the town, the remains of a Roman theatre, a palace, baths and an aqueduct have been discovered, as well as various relics, notably the bronze ofJupiter Stator,which are now deposited in the museum of Évreux.
Administration
edit- Thecommunauté d'agglomérationÉvreux Portes de Normandiehas 62 communes.
Cantons
editSince 2015, Évreux is part of threecantons:[11][12]
- Thecanton of Évreux-1includes a part of Évreux and the communes of:Arnières-sur-ItonandSaint-Sébastien-de-Morsent(pop: 24,125 in 2019);
- Thecanton of Évreux-2includes a part of Évreux and the communes of:Aviron,Le Boulay-Morin,La Chapelle-du-Bois-des-Faulx,Dardez,Émalleville,Gravigny,Irreville,Normanville,Reuilly,Saint-Germain-des-AnglesandSaint-Vigor(pop: 28,128);
- Thecanton of Évreux-3includes a part of Évreux and the communes of:Angerville-la-Campagne,Les Baux-Sainte-Croix,Boncourt,Cierrey,Fauville,Gauciel,Guichainville,Huest,Miserey,Le Plessis-Grohan,Saint-Luc,Sassey,La Trinité,Le Val-DavidandLe Vieil-Évreux(pop: 22,912);
Mayors
editÉvreux has historically maintained socialist politics, with Roland Plaisance of theFrench Communist Partyserving as mayor for over two decades (1977–2001). Plaisance was followed byJean-Louis Debré,in some part due to the latter's friendship withJacques Chirac.In 2014,Guy Lefrand(UMP,centre-right) a former member of theNational Assembly of France,was elected mayor, with a mandate lasting six years.
Transport
editThe train stationGare d'Évreux-Normandieis on the railway line fromGare Saint-LazaretoCherbourg,it is served by regular Intercity and regional rail services to both Paris andNormandy.There used to be two stations in Évreux, only one of which remains open to this day. The second station (Évreux-Nord) served the line from Évreux toRouen.
Geography
editThe city is on theItonriver.
Climate
edit| Climate data for Évreux-Huest (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1968–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 15.5 (59.9) |
19.2 (66.6) |
24.2 (75.6) |
27.6 (81.7) |
30.0 (86.0) |
36.2 (97.2) |
40.9 (105.6) |
38.4 (101.1) |
35.4 (95.7) |
29.3 (84.7) |
20.0 (68.0) |
16.0 (60.8) |
40.9 (105.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.0 (44.6) |
8.1 (46.6) |
11.7 (53.1) |
15.0 (59.0) |
18.3 (64.9) |
21.6 (70.9) |
24.2 (75.6) |
24.2 (75.6) |
20.7 (69.3) |
15.7 (60.3) |
10.6 (51.1) |
7.4 (45.3) |
15.4 (59.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.3 (39.7) |
4.8 (40.6) |
7.5 (45.5) |
10.0 (50.0) |
13.3 (55.9) |
16.5 (61.7) |
18.8 (65.8) |
18.8 (65.8) |
15.6 (60.1) |
11.9 (53.4) |
7.6 (45.7) |
4.7 (40.5) |
11.2 (52.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 1.6 (34.9) |
1.5 (34.7) |
3.4 (38.1) |
5.1 (41.2) |
8.4 (47.1) |
11.4 (52.5) |
13.3 (55.9) |
13.3 (55.9) |
10.6 (51.1) |
8.0 (46.4) |
4.5 (40.1) |
2.0 (35.6) |
6.9 (44.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −18.6 (−1.5) |
−15.0 (5.0) |
−10.7 (12.7) |
−4.2 (24.4) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
4.9 (40.8) |
2.7 (36.9) |
0.2 (32.4) |
−4.6 (23.7) |
−7.8 (18.0) |
−14.0 (6.8) |
−18.6 (−1.5) |
| Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 49.0 (1.93) |
43.6 (1.72) |
44.3 (1.74) |
43.8 (1.72) |
53.5 (2.11) |
50.7 (2.00) |
49.4 (1.94) |
45.0 (1.77) |
44.6 (1.76) |
58.1 (2.29) |
53.8 (2.12) |
64.8 (2.55) |
600.6 (23.65) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) | 10.9 | 9.9 | 9.5 | 8.7 | 9.0 | 8.1 | 7.9 | 7.5 | 7.6 | 10.4 | 10.9 | 12.3 | 112.6 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 63.5 | 79.9 | 128.1 | 173.2 | 193.9 | 207.7 | 213.6 | 205.7 | 170.4 | 120.2 | 72.0 | 61.7 | 1,689.8 |
| Source: Meteociel[13] | |||||||||||||
Personalities
edit- Moses of Évreuxwas a Frenchtosafist,and author of asiddur,[14]who flourished at Évreux in the first half of the thirteenth century
- Esteban Ocon,Formula 1 racing driver
- Abdoullakh Abouyedovich Anzorov,terrorist[15][16]
- Bintou Dieme,basketball player
- Joseph Gomis,basketball player
- Michael Victor Evreux,Entrepreneur, and US businessman with ties to construction and precious metal markets. Born June 1961 in the United States.
- Jean-Louis Hue(born 1949), writer, winner of the 1982 edition of thePrix Fénéon
- Denis Lhuillier,footballer
- Joseph Mendes,footballer
- Bernard Mendy,footballer
- Élodie Mendy,basketball player
- Léon Walras,economist
- Edmond Doutté,sociologist, orientalist and Islamologist
- Mathieu Bodmer,footballer
- Jean-Luc Hees,president of the radio groupRadio France
- Vincent Delerm,a singer of theNouvelle scènetrend
- Didier Courrèges,an equestrian of the prestigiouscadre noir,Olympic winner with the French team inAthens
- Olivier Patience,tennis player
- Ouleymata Sarr,footballer
- Dayot Upamencano,footballer
- Gérard Serée,artist
- Jean-Yves Raimbaud,co-creator ofSpace Goofswith Philippe Traversat, creator ofOggy and the Cockroaches
- J.W. Oliver. businessman
Twin towns – sister cities
editÉvreux is twinned with:[17]
Djougou,Benin
Kashira,Russia
Rugby,England, United Kingdom
Rüsselsheim,Germany
See also
editReferences
edit- ^"Répertoire national des élus: les maires"(in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 2 December 2020.Archivedfrom the original on 28 June 2020.Retrieved11 December2020.
- ^"Populations légales 2021"(in French).The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies.28 December 2023.
- ^abcdeOne or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain:Chisholm, Hugh,ed. (1911). "Évreux".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 37–38.
- ^Everett-Heath, John (2020)."Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Place Names".doi:10.1093/acref/9780191905636.001.0001.ISBN978-0-19-190563-6.
- ^Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui:Commune data sheet Évreux,EHESS(in French).
- ^Population en historique depuis 1968Archived19 July 2022 at theWayback Machine,INSEE
- ^Chisholm 1911.
- ^abRichard Gottheiland S. Kahn (1906),ÉvreuxArchived12 February 2010 at theWayback Machine,Jewish Encyclopedia
- ^see the tosafot onBezah14b, 20b, 24b; onKiddushin27b, 39a et passim; onSotah22a et passim; and in theKol Bo,Nos. 24, 114.
- ^Zunz,Z. G.p. 38, designates him erroneously "Samuel, son of R. Yom-Tov" )
- ^"Décret n° 2014-241 du 25 février 2014 portant délimitation des cantons dans le département de l'Eure | Legifrance".Archivedfrom the original on 10 November 2015.Retrieved18 May2017.
- ^Populations légales 2019: 27 EureArchived5 January 2022 at theWayback Machine,INSEE
- ^"Normales et records pour Evreux-Huest (27)".Meteociel.Retrieved20 November2024.
- ^SemaḳNo. 154
- ^Match, Paris (17 October 2020)."Prof d'histoire décapité: l'assaillant, Abdoullakh Anzorov, était un Russe tchétchène de 18 ans".parismatch.Archivedfrom the original on 17 October 2020.Retrieved17 October2020.
- ^"the 18-year-old killer, who was shot, was a refugee".Al Khaleej Today.17 October 2020.Archivedfrom the original on 17 October 2020.Retrieved17 October2020.
- ^"Jumelage".evreux.fr(in French). Évreux.Archivedfrom the original on 13 November 2022.Retrieved13 November2019.
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External links
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