Wikipedia

Župan

Not to be confused withŻupan.
For the surname, seeŽupan (surname).

Županis a noble and administrative title used in several states inCentralandSoutheastern Europebetween the 7th century and the 21st century. It was (and inCroatiastill is) the leader of the administrative unitžupa(or zhupa,županija). The term in turn was adopted by theHungariansasispánand spread further.

Origin of the title

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The exact origin of the title is not definitively known and there have been several hypotheses: Slavic (Franz Miklosich), Turkic-Avarian (A. Bruckner), Iranian (F. Altheim), Proto-Indo-European (V. Machek), Indo-European (D. Dragojević), Illyrian-Thracian (K. Oštir), Old-Balkan (M. Budimir), among others.[1]Francis Dvornikconsidered it having an Indo-European or Iranian origin.[2][3]There's no similarProto-Slavicword,[4]but the title was preserved primarily among theSlavic peoplesand their neighbours who were under their influence.[5]

The title origin is not necessarily related to the origin of the titleholder,[1]and many scholars often considered it to be a title and institution the Slavs borrowed from thePannonian Avars.[6]This is argued in a viewpoint of an "image of an early Slavic society that initially was almost completely non-hierarchical".[4]However, its presence among Pannonian Avars and in the Avar language is unconfirmed.[1][7]Theories of an Avar connection are dismissed by some scholars due to the lack of evidence for the title's use by Avars, in addition to the term's occurrence in Slavic territories far beyond the area where the two groups co-existed.[7][8]Toponyms which are etymologically related to the title župan includeŽupanovo koloinNovgorod,Russia, andŽupany koloin Ukraine.[8]Following research by Ambroży Bogucki, Bohumil Vykypĕl andGeorg Holzer,in 2007 Franjo Smiljanić excluded any Avar influence on the origin of the term. He concluded that remnants of Slavic tribal organization may have been preserved under Avar authority.[7]With them agreed Andrej Pleterski in 2015.[9]

Historical sources

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In 2009, A. Alemany considered that the title*ču(b)-pān,often in a northeastern Iranian milleu, had an Eastern and Central Asian derivation,čupan,and a Western and European derivation,župan.The Easternčupanfirst occurs, but allegedly as is usually connected withčupan,in aBactriancontract dated to 588AD,where are mentioned two "headman" (σωπανο,"sopano" );[10]among theWestern Turks(582–657), the leader of the fifth ShunishiDuolutribe was achuban chuo(čupan čor), while the leader of the fifth GeshuNushibitribe waschuban sijin(čupan irkin), withchuoandsijinbeing the standard title of the each tribe's leader,[11]inferior toqayan(khagan), but superior tobäg.[10]However, there is no mention ofčupaninOld Turkicrunic incsriptions;[12]a Chinese document (c. 8th century) nearKuchamentions several persons (allegedlyTocharians) with patronymic Bai and titlechuban;[13]in the same century, in the Chinese documents of provinceKhotanare mentioned wordchibanand alleged title of low rankchaupam;[13]the first (Old) Turkic document recording the titlečupanis aUyghurdecree fromTurpandated c. 9th–11th century.[13]According to the workDīwānu l-Luġat al-Turkby the 11th century scholarMahmud al-Kashgari,ačupanis an assistant to a village headman.[13]

The first certain mention of Westernžupanoccurs in a charter ofKremsmünsterabbey, by Bavarian dukeTassilo IIIin 777 AD, in which the monastery was granted by a group of Slavs, headed by the chieftains Taliup and Sparuna, whose abode lied beneath the boundaries reported under oath by theiopanPhysso (according to Otto Kronsteiner originally named Pribislav,[14]or a non-Slavic name[15];as a Slavic leader,[16]or probably wrongly[14]as an Avar dignitary[17]);[18]thezo(ō)apanofBuyla inscriptionon a buckled bowl of a heterogeneous and chronologically uncertain (7th or 8th century)Treasure of Nagyszentmiklós;[19]thesupaninLusatianand Latin language (7th century):[20]theζουπανος(zoupanos) on a silver bowl found atVeliki Preslav,capital ofFirst Bulgarian Empire(893–972), andzhupanin Greek stone inscriptions and Cyrillic Alpha bet (Codex Suprasliensis);[19]thezuppanisin Latin charter of St. George's church at Putalj by Croatian dukeTrpimirin 852 AD;[21]the Slavic, generally considered ofWhite Croats,title of king's deputy mentioned byIbn Rustain the 10th century, thesūt.ğorsūb.ğ,of which corrupted text some transcribe assūbanğ(or Turkicsū beḫ);[21][22]according toConstantine VIIin his 10th century workDe Administrando Imperio,Croats, Serbs and other Slavic nations of Dalmatia had theζουπάνους(zoupanous), "Princes, as they say, these nations had none, but onlyžupans,elders, as is the rule in the other Slavonic regions ";[21]also the Croatian state was divided in 11ζουπανίας(zoupanias) administrative regions,[21]with additional three ruled byβοάνος(boanos) orμπάνος(b/mpanos) (Ban);[23]and is individually mentionedζουπανου(zoupanou)BelojeofTravunia;[24]later among Serbs it also temporary became a title for supreme leaderζουπανος μεγας(zoupanos megas,Grand Župan);[25]in Czech sourcessupani(1187).[8]

Etymology

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By now the title's origin remains uncertain, with majority of scholars considering Iranian etymology:[26]

  • Franz Altheimderived the title fromIranianetymon *fsu-pāna- that evolved tošuβāninParthian,šupānandšubāninPersian;all these words meaning "shepherd".[27][28]Gerhard Doerfersuggested possible Iranian origin forMahmud al-Kashgari'sčupanlinking it with New Persiančōpan,a variant form ofšubān,with usual change ofš-toč-.[27]Omeljan Pritsakin Iranian *fsu-pānasaw "shepherd of (human) cattle" in Avar service, using the Slavic masses as cannon fodder.[27]Some scholars derived it from alleged Old Iranianašurpan/aszurpan,meaning "great lord, noblemen".[29][30]It may be traced to theSlavic and Iraniancultural interactions in Eastern and Southeastern Europe in the first centuries AD.[29][30]
  • Karl Brugmannderived theCommon Slavic*županъfromžupa"district, small administrative region",[31]<*geupā,comparing this word withSkt.gopā-(herdsman, guardian), derived fromgopaya(to guard, protect), ofgup-,or evengo-pā(cow-herd), Avestangufra-(deep, hidden), among others.[27]Oleg Trubachyovderived it from*gupana(fromgopaya,the guard of cattle).[32]Karl Heinrich Mengesconsideredžupanto be a slavicized form of Altaicčupan(which itself was a loanword from Iranian), with modified meaning from "clan, community" to "district".[33]
  • According to Alemany, the (Old) Turkicču(b)was likely borrowed fromKhotanese-cūand Chinesezhou(prefecture), which was a Chinese territorial administration applied to Central Asian regions inhabited by Iranians, but it has even older meaning of small island; a township unit; a region, up tozhoumu(regional governor) fromHantoSuidynasty.[34]Alemany stated that, as there were settlements of Central Asian Iranians at least in some of thosezhou,the titlečupanas*ču(b)-pān(protecting aču(b)orzhou), was an Iranian rendering (seemarz-bān,"protecting the marches" ), of the Chinesezhoumu.[35]The suffix-pān(fromAvestanandOld Persianpat,"protector";pā-,"to protect, to care" ) is well documented inManicheanParthiantexts fromTurpan,and lesser extent inSogdianandKhotanese.[35]He concluded that the title meant bothregioandrector,and if čupan is a loanword mediated by Avars (instead of derived from a common Slavic wordžupa), the association could explain the proposed shiftč->ž-inžupan.[36]
  • András Róna-Tasargued against Turkic origin ofžupan(due to initial/zh/fromchoban).[26]Eugene Helimskiproposed itsTungusic languageorigin, which was rejected byMarcel Erdalwhose supporting Iranian origin.[26]

Usage of the title and division

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The title had a widespread distribution, and did not always have a concrete institutional definition.[5]Slavic tribes were divided into fraternities, each including a certain number of families.[37]The territory inhabited by a tribe was ažupa,and its leader was thežupan.[37]

Thežupans,once askopan,of theFirst Bulgarian Empireare traditionally seen asSlavicchiefs,[38]or leaders of a local tribe and district.[39]In Belarusian, Czech, Polish, Slovak and Ukrainian allegedly fromžupanwas shortened topan,meaning "master, mister, sir".[40][32]

Bosnia

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See also:Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Middle Ages

Similarly to Serbia and Croatia, Bosnian rulers of the early Middle Ages were referred to asžupan.According to Fine, the governorship was hereditary, and thežupanreported to a ban or a king, whom they were obliged to aid in war.[41]

Croatia

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Main articles:Duchy of CroatiaandCounties of Croatia

As heads of thežupanija,the most important role of thežupanswere their public authority function.[42]They were theprimates populi,nobile aristocracy from where the king (or duke) recruited the official servants.[43]Thosežupansby origin most probably belonged to the tribal or noble family structure, in historiography known as theTwelve noble tribes of Croatia,which are mentioned in thePacta conventaandSupetar Cartulary.[43]In the Supetar Cartulary, and in Croatian redaction ofChronicle of the Priest of Duklja,they were called asnobile sapienciroesandstarac(elderman), indicating that to the agreement with kingColomanwent twelve "elders župan".[44]

According to the charter by Croatian dukeMuncimir(892 AD) it can be identified various official functions;županswho work at the ducal palace (Budimiro zuppani palatii,Prisna maccererarii,Pruade zuppano cauallario,Zelestro zuppano camerario,Zestededo zuppano pincernario,Bolledrago zuppano carnicario,Budimiro zuppano comitisse,Augina zuppano armigeri), who are part of territorial organization (Zelllerico zuppano Cleoniae,Sibidrago zuppano Clesae), or are only noble by position (Petro zuppano,Pribritreco filius Petri zuppano).[42]Thežupanswere usually listed in historical documents only as witnesses, without mark of duty.[42]

The transition of 12th to the 13th century is characterized by terminological change of the titležupanand the spreading beyond the tribal main territory.[45]The older social rank of thežupan(iupanus) in Latin documents was changed with the titlecomes.[45]The Latin termcomesin the 14th and 15th century Croatia was translated in two different ways, asšpanandknez.[45]The first signified the royal official in thežupanija,while the second the hereditary lord of thežupanijaexempted from the direct royal rule.[45]Thus the term lost its old tribal and got a new administrative meaning, while the old Croatian tribes (genus) under the title ofknezpreserved the inheritance rights over the lands ofžupanija.[45]

Hungary

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Main article:Ispán

There were several "ispán" 's in the royal court ofHungarian Kingdom:'nádorispán' (palatine), 'udvarispán' (court ispán), 'kápolna ispán' (chapel ispán), and 'ispán's of the financial hierarchy ('harmincadispán', 'pénzverőispán', 'sókamaraispán', 'urburaispán'). Similarly the leaders of the ethnic groups were called 'ispán' like 'besenyők ispánja' (Besermianispán) 'székelyispán' (Szeklerispán).

Serbia

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See also:Grand ŽupanandSerbia in the Middle Ages

According to Fine, the governorship was hereditary, and thežupanreported to the Serbian prince, whom they were obliged to aid in war.[41]The earlieržupantitle was abolished and replaced with the Greek-derivedkefalija(kephale,"head, master" ).[46]

Slovakia

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The titležupanis widely used as an informal name for presidents of self-governing regions (župa) in Slovakia.

Slovenia

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In Slovenia,županis the official title of the mayor of the212 municipalities.In theSlovene-speaking municipalities in Italy,the termžupanstvois used for the municipal administration (similar to the Spanishayuntamiento), while in Slovenia, this usage is obsolete. Before the 19th century,županwas used as a name for the village elder. With the introduction of modern municipal administration in theAustrian Empirein 1849, it became the official Slovene title for mayors.

The Slovene name forparishes,župnija,has the same etymology. The parish priest is calledžupnik.

The namežupanijais used to refer to thecounties of Hungary(the term has been historically used by thePrekmurje Slovenes,who were part of the Kingdom of Hungary from the 10th century until 1918).

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^abcŠtih 1995,p. 127.
  2. ^Dvornik 1956,pp. 58–59.
  3. ^Dvornik 1962,pp. 120–121.
  4. ^abMühle 2023,p. 103.
  5. ^abBiliarsky 2011,p. 368.
  6. ^Štih 2010,p. 163.
  7. ^abcSmiljanić 2007,p. 34.
  8. ^abcGluhak 1990,p. 227.
  9. ^Smiljanić 2015,p. 239.
  10. ^abAlemany 2009,p. 3.
  11. ^Golden 2012,footnote 37.
  12. ^Alemany 2009,pp. 3–4.
  13. ^abcdAlemany 2009,p. 4.
  14. ^abŠtih 2010,p. 162.
  15. ^Mühle 2023,p. 102.
  16. ^Štih 2010,p. 153, 162–163.
  17. ^Engel, Róna-Tas 1994,p. 290.
  18. ^Alemany 2009,pp. 4–5.
  19. ^abAlemany 2009,p. 5.
  20. ^Gluhak 1990,p. 713.
  21. ^abcdAlemany 2009,p. 6.
  22. ^Dvornik 1949,pp. 271.
  23. ^Živković 2012,p. 143.
  24. ^Živković 2012,p. 188.
  25. ^Gluhak 1993,p. 713.
  26. ^abcŞirin 2014,p. 171.
  27. ^abcdAlemany 2009,p. 7.
  28. ^Erdal 1988,p. 227.
  29. ^abMajorov 2012,pp. 95, 92–95.
  30. ^abBechcicki 2006,pp. 8–9.
  31. ^Brugmann 1900,p. 111.
  32. ^abTrubachyov 1965.
  33. ^Alemany 2009,p. 8.
  34. ^Alemany 2009,pp. 8–10.
  35. ^abAlemany 2009,p. 11.
  36. ^Alemany 2009,p. 12.
  37. ^abD.oRS 1972,p. 39.
  38. ^Petkov 2008,pp. 9–10, 37–38, 448, 508.
  39. ^Curta 2006,p.164.
  40. ^Kmietowicz 1976,pp. 185, footnote.
  41. ^abFine 1991,p. 225.
  42. ^abcSmiljanić 2007,p. 35.
  43. ^abSmiljanić 2007,p. 36.
  44. ^Smiljanić 2007,p. 39.
  45. ^abcdeKarbić 2004,p. 5.
  46. ^Anderson 1996.

Sources

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