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The100th Infantry Battalion(Japanese:Đệ 100 bộ binh đại đội,[4][5][6][7]Dai Hyaku Hohei Daitai) is the only infantry unit in theUnited States Army Reserve.In World War II, the then-primarilyNiseibattalion was composed largely of former members of theHawaii Army National Guardand trained at Camp McCoy, Wisconsin from June 1942 to January 1943.The 100th Infantry Battalion went to Camp Shelby, Mississippi in January 1943 for advanced training and left for overseas in August 1943.[8]The 100th saw heavy combat duringWorld War II,starting in September 1943 and continuing after being attached as a battalion of the Nisei442nd Regimental Combat Team(RCT) in June 1944.[9]The unit was unofficially nicknamed thePurple HeartBattalion,with the motto "Remember Pearl Harbor".[10]
100th Infantry Battalion | |
---|---|
Active | 1942–1946 1947–present |
Allegiance | United States of America |
Branch | United States Army |
Type | Infantry battalion |
Size | 5Companies |
Garrison/HQ | Fort Shafter |
Nickname(s) | "Purple Heart Battalion" "One-Puka-Puka" |
Motto(s) | WWII -Remember Pearl Harbor
Present -Go For Broke[1] |
Engagements | World War II Vietnam War Iraq War[2] |
Decorations | Presidential Unit Citation (Army) (5) Meritorious Unit Commendation (Army) (2) |
Commanders | |
Current commander | LTC Robert B. Kepa |
Command Sergeant Major | CSM John I. Keawe |
Insignia | |
Coat of armsof the 442nd Infantry Regiment | |
Shoulder sleeve insigniaandcombat service identification badgeof the 100th Battalion, 442nd Infantry Regiment[3] |
Quote: [Nearly a century later,] "the" Remember Pearl Harbor "100th Infantry Battalion, and the" Go For Broke "442d Regimental Combat Team is still the most decorated unit in U.S. military history. Members of this World War II unit earned over 18,000 individual decorations including over 4,000 Purple Hearts, and 21 Medals of Honor. The Combat Team earned five Presidential Citations in 20 days of Rhineland fighting, the only military unit ever to claim that achievement. General of the Army George C. Marshall praised the team saying," they were superb: the men of the 100/442d... showed rare courage and tremendous fighting spirit... everybody wanted them. "General Mark W. Clark (Fifth Army) said," these are some the best... fighters in the U.S. Army. If you have more, send them over. ""[11][12]
Based atFort Shafter,Honolulu,Hawaii, the 100th Battalion continues the legacy of the 442nd Infantry Regiment, officially designated as 100th Battalion/442nd Infantry Regiment. The 100th Battalion/442nd Infantry Regiment has maintained an alignment with the active25th Infantry Divisionsincea reorganization in 1972.This alignment has resulted in the 100th's mobilization for combat duty in theVietnam Warand theIraq War.The 100th Infantry Battalion is staffed with reservists from Hawaii,American Samoa,Guam,SaipanandWashington.The battalion is subordinate to the 322nd Civil Affairs Brigade, itself under the9th Mission Support Command.[13]
History
editBackground
editOn the morning of 7 December 1941, the Empire of Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, marking the beginning ofWorld War IIfor the United States. After the attack,Japanese Americansand those of Japanese descent faced prejudice at home. Chaos ensued in the hours that followed the Pearl Harbor attack, but the 298th and 299th Hawaii National Guard prepared for an invasion, cleared the rubble, donated their blood, and aided the wounded.[14]However, three days after the attack, the unit's rifles were stripped from them because of the ethnicity of members; eventually those rifles were returned.[14]Nisei that were a part of the ROTC program at the University of Hawaii were discharged from the Hawaii Territorial Guard. Those former members eventually formed theVarsity Victory Volunteers.[15]
At 11:30 a.m. martial law was declared, and GovernorJoseph Poindextertold PresidentFranklin D. Rooseveltthat his greatest fear was sabotage by the large Japanese population in Hawaii. The FBI rounded up known Japanese sympathizers, Buddhist priests, language school principals and teachers, civic and business leaders, fishermen, and instructors of Judo and related martial arts.[16]The War Department reassigned soldiers of Japanese ancestry on the mainland, had all Japanese Americans on the West Coast rounded up and placed ininternment campsaround the U S, discharged those of Japanese descent from the Hawaii Territorial Guard, and had all Japanese Americans reclassified as 4-C: enemy aliens.[17]
GeneralDelos Emmons,appointed military governor on 17 December, supported placing Japanese Americans in internment camps and having them reclassified as enemy aliens, but he wanted to give them a chance to prove their patriotism. After General Emmons agreed to let the Varsity Victory Volunteers form, a confidential memo was sent to the War Department in early April 1942 stating that 2,000 Japanese American soldiers served, and many more who wished to serve to demonstrate their loyalty to the United States. Their desire was to organize into a fighting force to be sent to Europe or Africa to fight the Germans and Italians, but the request was later denied by the War Department.[18]
Formation
editAs theBattle of Midwaywas well underway on 4 June 1942, 1,432 Nisei of the Hawaii National Guard boarded the U.S. Army transport USATMaui,formerly aMatsonliner, under the cover of night and were shipped to the mainland without saying goodbye to their family or loved ones. Under the title "Hawaiian Provisional Infantry Battalion" the week-long zigzag journey took them to a port inOaklandwhere they were designated the 100th Infantry Battalion (Separate) on 12 June 1942.[19]The unit number was an indication of the Army's recently formulated plan for a modern organization for Combat Arms. Under normal prewar Army procedures, all infantry battalions were organic to the regiment they were a part of and were known as, for instance, "1st Battalion, 5th Regiment." With the new system of organization, the infantry regiment was reorganized as a headquarters with no organic battalions, but with three separate battalions attached. The headquarters was organized into three combat commands that could be dispatched on separate combat actions with units that were attached. One infantry battalion would be assigned to a combat command, with attachments from the higher headquarters reserve. The 100th, however, was not initially attached to a regiment. It came to be known unofficially as the "One-Puka-Puka" (Puka means "hole" in Hawaiian).[20]
Camp McCoy and Camp Shelby
editIn Oakland, the 100th boarded a train to their final destination, Camp McCoy, Wisconsin. Immediately following their arrival to Camp McCoy many of the Nisei felt animosity and distrust from fellow soldiers and military and political leaders.[21]The 100th was quartered in tents, four soldiers per tent, which contained a bunk bed, blanket, towels, and backpack. It would be several months until the Nisei moved into military barracks. Eventually soldiers were permanently placed into military units, such as Companies A through F, and pushed through physical, marksmanship, and tactical training.[22]
Some of the white officers and NCO's appointed to the 100th were schooled in psychology and were ordered to test the recruits' physical capabilities, military capabilities, and loyalty.[21]The Nisei competed with other companies in marksmanship, baseball, softball, physical combat such as scuffles, bo xing, and wrestling.[23]
On one such occasion that happened to prove the loyalty and bravery of the new recruits, five Nisei soldiers received the Soldier's Medal for their rescue of several local civilians from drowning on a frozen Wisconsin lake.[24]On one occasion, about 25 of the Japanese-American soldiers were sent to a secret training mission on a small island, Cat Island, near the mouth of the Mississippi River. Some top military officers thought that the "Jap" soldiers smelled differently, and that the Nisei soldiers would give off a similar scent. So for three months these 25 Nisei were ordered to train attack dogs to "smell Japs." The training didn't work.[14]
Training at Camp McCoy lasted six months until on 6 January 1943 the 100th Battalion was transferred to Camp Shelby, Mississippi. The 100th was attached to the 85th Division under Major General Wade Haislip and would receive even tougher training than they did at Camp McCoy. Upon arrival at Camp Shelby the 100th received the same amount of skepticism as they did at McCoy. The 100th successfully passed the training exercises.[25]At Camp Shelby where 100th received its most intense and advanced training and then was sent to Camp Clairborne, Louisiana for field exercises and war games.[26]
On return from Camp Clairborne, the 100th met up with the newly formed 442nd Regimental Combat Team on 16 July. On 20 July 1943 the 100th received its battalion colors and motto, "Remember Pearl Harbor," as requested by the unit.[27]
Africa and Italy
editAfter training atCamp McCoy,Wisconsin, andCamp Shelby,Mississippi, the battalion deployed from Shelby on 11 August by train to Camp Kilmer, New Jersey and then to the Mediterranean on 21 August 1943.[28]
The 100th arrived in Oran, North Africa on 2 September 1943 but was refused byGeneralDwight D. Eisenhower,then the commander of the North African Theater of Operations.Lieutenant GeneralMark Wayne Clark,commanding theUnited States Fifth Army,accepted the offer, and the 100th became a part of the133rd Infantry Regiment,34th Infantry Division,in place of the regiment's 2nd Battalion that had been assigned to guard General Eisenhower's headquarters in Oran, North Africa, and took part in training with Caucasian soldiers. On 19 September, the 34th Division sailed from Africa to southeast of Naples, with the 100th with them.[29]
The unit were to fight in theItalian Campaignand entered combat on 29 September 1943, near Salerno in Southern Italy. The unit advanced 15 miles (24 km) in 24 hours for a week against strong enemy resistance which allowed them to take Benevento, an important rail center and road intersection.[30]The 100th crossed the Volturno River three times, taking on heavy German machine gun fire and rocket launchers before driving the German force even further north.[30]
Monte Cassino
editWhen you read that a town was taken, or a certain hill was taken, remember that in the process of that accomplishment lives of fine fellows were lost, and also, that during this accomplishment for the participants, life was a horrifying massacre. You lose your buddies-fellows with whom you laughed, ate, slept, sweated. They grow to be more than mere buddies. They become blood relations to you and they die before your eyes-not a pleasant, natural death, but an unimaginable kind of mutilation mixed with groans and prayers ending with a gurgling last breath. Only five minutes ago you might have been laughing with that buddy of yours.
At the top ofMonte Cassinostood a grand but old monastery, a key target for the 5th Army. To take the Gustav Line, the Allies would have to descend into the Rapido River valley, traverse two miles of open fields filled with landmines, mud, and knee-deep cold water, cross a swift-moving river, and barbed wire and up the steep, rocky slopes, to the 1500-foot peak of Monte Cassino. From there they would have to ascend still higher to a four-story fortress, with 10-foot-thick stone walls. This was the St. Benedictine monastery.[32]The battle commenced in January. Here they earned their nickname the "Purple Heart Battalion." At night, A and C companies passed their way through the river reaching the wall where the enemy was located and held their ground under intense fire into the next day. B Company was met with heavy machine gun fire as their cover by the smoke screen was blown away leaving only 14 of the original 187 men in B Company to reach the wall.[32]
During the first daylight hours our battalion observation post started with 26 individuals including the artillery liaison team communication people and the intelligence section. By nightfall only four of us were left. Major Clough, our Battalion Commander, and myself (Captain Kim) in one location and Pfc Ginger Minami and Private Irving Akahoshi in another location, 20 yards away. Everyone else was either dead or wounded. Major Clough was ordered by Colonel Marshall, 133rd Regiment Commander, to commit "B" Company across the open flats at daybreak. Jim protested that this was a suicide mission. Lieutenant Colonel Moses, the 1st Battalion Commander, to our right, had orders to also commit his reserve company. He protested and said he would personally lead his company because he could not issue such an order without sharing their danger. However, if he survived, he would prefer court martial charges against Colonel Marshall.
The three companies were immediately pulled back to San Micheli the next night. The 100th then was ordered to take Castle Hill, which they did on 8 February. The hill was held for four days dealing with not only machine gun fire but tanks as well. The hill was a key location for it was close to the monastery but the 34th Division's right and left flanks were unable to hold their positions because of heavy German resistance. The 100th was again ordered back.[30]
After three days of bombing, the second assault commenced. In one platoon of the 100th only five of forty soldiers survived.[34]The 100th again was pulled back into reserve and replaced by British and Indian soldiers after nearly taking Cassino. War correspondents calling the 100th's soldiers "little men of iron" and the "purple heart battalion."[30]This would be the last time Nisei of the original 100th would see combat at Monte Cassino as they were taken back to San Michele to rest and reorganize. From that point on, for the rest of the war, replacements from the new volunteer 442nd Regimental Combat Team began filling its ranks.[35]
There were over 50,000 allied casualties in the battle. Casualties took the 100th's numbers from 1300 5 months prior to nearly 500. Cassino didn't fall until 17 May. After Cassino, the 100th began to receive its first replacements from the 442nd. The battalion was later awarded the Distinguished Unit Citation (later redesignated the Presidential Unit Citation) for its actions on 26–27 June.
Anzio, Rome, and the 442nd
editIn March 1944, the 133rd Infantry's 2nd Battalion rejoined the regiment, but the 100th Battalion still remained perpetually associated with the 34th Infantry Division. Following Monte Cassino, the 100th was soon deployed at the Anzio beachhead on 26 March 1944. The allies held a beachhead that spanned 15 miles (24 km) inland going a few miles inland.[citation needed]The battlefield at Anzio was very similar to battlefields in World War I as there was a large stretch of land between both opposing forces declared as "No Man's Land"and both sides didn't go on a large-scale offensive. The sides only fought at night. During the day, soldiers slept. The fall of Monte Cassino finally led to the end of the stalemate on 17 May 1944. On 23 May the allies went on the offensive to drive the Germans north. However, the allies needed more information about the enemy, so the 100th was ordered to capture a German soldier. LieutenantYoung-Oak Kim,a Korean American born in Los Angeles, California, and Nisei PFC Irving Akahoshi from the 100th volunteered for the mission and captured two German soldiers.[36]On the push to Rome, Lanuvio, the final German stronghold, fell to the 100th Infantry Battalion.[citation needed]
"We had been sitting and living in foxholes at Anzio some 63 days. Then the big push out and the capture of Rome. They (100th Battalion) wiped out the last heavy German resistance we met some 12 miles south of Rome and then it was practically a walk into the city."[37]
The 100th was ordered to stay at the roadside on 4 June 10 kilometers from Rome. They watched other troops march by and never saw Rome.[30]Instead, the 100th was taken 40 miles (64 km) northwest of Rome toCivitavecchiawhere on 11 June 1944, the 100th was assigned to the newly arrived442nd Regimental Combat Teamas its 1st Battalion. Because of its combat record, the 100th was allowed to keep their original designation, giving the newly formed all-Nisei fighting unit the name 100th/442nd Regimental Combat Team, attached to the 34th Infantry Division.[38]
Demobilization and rebirth
editThe 442nd RCT was inactivated in Honolulu in 1946, but reactivated in 1947 in theU.S. Army Reserve.It was mobilized in 1968 to refill theStrategic Reserveduring theVietnam War,and carries on the honors and traditions of the unit. Today, the 100th Battalion, 442nd Infantry, is the only ground combat unit of the Army Reserve.[39]The battalion headquarters is atFort Shafter,Hawaii, with subordinate units based inHilo,American Samoa,[40]Saipan,Guam,andWashington.The only military presence inAmerican Samoaconsists of the battalion's B company.[41][42]
In August 2004, the battalion was mobilized for duty in Iraq.[43]Stationed atLogistics Support Area Anacondain the city of Balad, which is located about 50 miles northwest ofBaghdad.[44]Lt. Colonel Colbert Low assumed command of the battalion only a few weeks after the battalion arrived at Logistical Support Area Anaconda.[45]In early 2006, the 100th had returned home.[46]One soldier was killed by animprovised explosive deviceattack.[47]Four members of the battalion were killed in action, and several dozen injured, before the battalion returned home.[39][48]During the year-long deployment, one of Charlie Company's attached platoons, discovered over 50 weapons caches.[49]Unlike the soldiers of World War II who were predominantly Japanese Americans, these soldiers came from as far away as Miami, Florida, Tennessee, Alaska and included soldiers from Hawaii, Philippines, Samoa and Palau. For their actions in Iraq the unit received theMeritorious Unit Commendation.[50]
The unit was once againdeployed in 2009.[49]The unit was called up alongside the3rd brigade, 25th Infantry Division;[51]and was assigned as an element of the29th Infantry Brigade Combat Team.[52]Nominally deployed toKuwait,it conducted patrols into Iraq, leading to two fatalities;[53]those patrols consisted of more than a million miles of driving conductingconvoy duty.[54]During the unit's deployment, several dozen of the unit's American Samoan servicemembers becamenaturalized U.S. citizenswhile in Kuwait.[55]
In October 2021, C Company officially moved from American Samoa toJoint Base Lewis–McChordin Washington.[42]
-
Soldiers from the 100th Infantry Battalion gather in formation during an exercise in American Samoa in 1987.
-
Soldiers of E Company, 100th/442nd train at Marine Corps Base Hawaii in 2011
-
Soldiers of E Company, 100th/442nd train in Hawaii in 2011.
-
A team leader with E Company, 100th/442nd breaches the entrance of the "shoot house".
Recognition
editThe nation's highest award for combat valor, theMedal of Honor,was conferred upon twenty-one members of the 100th Infantry Battalion and the 442nd Regimental Combat Team of World War II.[56]
On 5 October 2010, Congress approved the granting of theCongressional Gold Medalto the 442nd Regimental Combat Team and the 100th Infantry Battalion, as well as the 6,000 Japanese Americans who served in theMilitary Intelligence Serviceduring the war.[57]TheNisei Soldiers of World War II Congressional Gold Medalwas collectively presented on 2 November 2011.[58]
In 2012, the surviving members of the 442nd RCT were made chevaliers of the FrenchLégion d'Honneurfor their actions contributing to theliberation of FranceduringWorld War IIand their heroic rescue of theLost Battalionoutside of Biffontaine.
Lineage following World War II
edit- Inactivated 15 August 1946 atHonolulu, Hawaii
- Allotted 27 March 1947 to the Organized Reserves
- Activated 31 July 1947 with headquarters atFort DeRussy,Hawaii
- Organized Reserves redesignated 25 March 1948 as the Organized Reserve Corps;
- Organized Reserve Corps redesignated 9 July 1952 as the Army Reserve
- Reorganized and redesignated 29 May 1959 as the 100th Battle Group, 442d Infantry
- Reorganized and redesignated 1 May 1964 as the 100th Battalion, 442d Infantry
- Ordered into active military service 13 May 1968 at Fort DeRussy, Hawaii; released from active military service 12 December 1969 and reverted to reserve status
- Location of headquarters changed 1 September 1994 to Fort Shafter, Hawaii
- Ordered into active military service 16 August 2004 atFort Shafter,Hawaii
- Redesignated 1 October 2005 as the 100th Battalion, 442d Infantry Regiment
- Released from active military service 13 March 2006 and reverted to reserve status
- Ordered into active military service 19 August 2008 at Fort Shafter, Hawaii; released from active military service 22 September 2009 and reverted to reserve status
Campaign participation credit
editDecorations
edit- Presidential Unit Citation (Army)for BELVEDERE
- Presidential Unit Citation (Army) for BIFFONTAINE AND FORET DOMANIALE DE CHAMP
- Presidential Unit Citation (Army) for BIFFONTAINE (earned by 3d Battalion)
- Presidential Unit Citation (Army) for FRANCE AND ITALY (earned by 2d Battalion)[60]
- Presidential Unit Citation (Army) for GOTHIC LINE
- Meritorious Unit Commendation (Army) for IRAQ 2005–2006
- Meritorious Unit Commendation (Army) for IRAQ 2008-2009[61]
See also
edit- Go For Broke!,a film that dramatizes the lives and wartime experiences of the442nd Regimental Combat Teamand the 100th Infantry Battalion's Hawaiian troops.
- Go For Broke Monument
- Only the Brave(2006), an independent film directed byLane Nishikawa,which is a fictional account of the rescue of theLost Battalion.
- Japanese American internment
- Japanese American Memorial to Patriotism During World War II
- Japanese American service in World War II
- Military history of Asian Americans
Notes
edit- ^"442nd Regimental Combat Team Legacy Website".the442.org.
- ^Terry Shima (23 January 2006).""Go For Broke" Battalion Returns Home From Second Overseas Combat Mission. Made Significant Contribution to Defeat Terrorism and to Democratize Iraq ".Japanese American Veterans Association. Archived fromthe originalon 23 September 2010.Retrieved14 February2011.
- ^"Colors and Insignia".100th Infantry Battalion Veterans.Retrieved4 March2018.
- ^Shimpo, Rafu (8 April 2021)."Ngày hệ binh sĩ の kỷ niệm thiết tay phát hành: Sự nghiệp to lớn をたたえ toàn mễ で thức điển も".Rafu Shimpo.Retrieved9 April2023.
- ^Đệ 100 bộ binh đại đội "| NVL - Nisei Veterans Legacy".Retrieved9 April2023.
- ^"ハワイ Nhật Bản văn hóa センターで biết る ngày hệ người の lịch sử (2 thế, đệ 442 liên đội )— “ハワイと Nhật Bản, người 々 の lịch sử” đệ 12 hồi ".ハフポスト.1 March 2014.Retrieved9 April2023.
- ^"ミネタ toàn mễ ngày hệ người viện bảo tàng lí sự trưởng một hàng による hà dã ngoại vụ đại thần biểu kính".Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan.Retrieved9 April2023.
- ^https://encyclopedia.densho.org/100th%20Infantry%20Battalion
- ^https://encyclopedia.densho.org/100th%20Infantry%20Battalion
- ^"100th Infantry Battalion | Densho Encyclopedia".Archived fromthe originalon 11 May 2013.
- ^Shenkle, Kathryn (May 2006)."Patriots under Fire: Japanese Americans in World War II".United States Department of Defense, Department of the Army, Center of Military History. Archived fromthe originalon 3 June 2008.Retrieved6 June2014.This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain.
- ^"442nd Regimental Combat Team Legacy Website".the442.org.Retrieved28 May2024.
- ^CurrentOps."100th Battalion, 442nd Infantry Regiment".currentops.Retrieved17 November2024.
- ^abc"Go For Broke National Education Center – Preserving the Legacy of the Japanese American Veterans of World War II".Archived fromthe originalon 3 February 2011.Retrieved9 April2023.
- ^Franklin., Odo(2004).No sword to bury: Japanese Americans in Hawai'i during World War II.Philadelphia: Temple University Press.ISBN1592132073.OCLC52431037.
- ^Tamashiro, Ben. Remembrances: 100th Infantry Battalion 50th Anniversary Celebration 1942–1992. Published and distributed by 100th Infantry Battalion Publication Committee. Pg. 49.
- ^"100th Infantry Battalion | Densho Encyclopedia".Retrieved9 April2023.
- ^Tamashiro, Ben. Remembrances: 100th Infantry Battalion 50th Anniversary Celebration 1942–1992. Published and distributed by 100th Infantry Battalion Publication Committee. Pages. 51, 53.
- ^Crost, Lyn. Honor by Fire: Japanese Americans at War in Europe and the Pacific. Novato: Presidio Press, 1994. Pg. 15.
- ^"A | More | Perfect | Union".amhistory.si.edu.Retrieved6 October2018.
- ^abSterner, C. Douglas. Go For Broke: The Nisei Warriors of World War II Who Conquered Germany, Japan, and American Bigotry. Clearfield: American Legacy Historical Press, 2008. Pg. 16.
- ^Tamashiro, Ben. Remembrances: 100th Infantry Battalion 50th Anniversary Celebration 1942–1992. Published and distributed by 100th Infantry Battalion Publication Committee. Pg. 71.
- ^Tamashiro, Ben. Remembrances: 100th Infantry Battalion 50th Anniversary Celebration 1942–1992. Published and distributed by 100th Infantry Battalion Publication Committee. Pg. 73.
- ^Sterner, C. Douglas. Go For Broke: The Nisei Warriors of World War II Who Conquered Germany, Japan, and American Bigotry. Clearfield: American Legacy Historical Press, 2008. Pg. 17.
- ^Tamashiro, Ben. Remembrances: 100th Infantry Battalion 50th Anniversary Celebration 1942–1992. Published and distributed by 100th Infantry Battalion Publication Committee. Pgs. 77 and 79.
- ^Sterner, C. Douglas. Go For Broke: The Nisei Warriors of World War II Who Conquered Germany, Japan, and American Bigotry. Clearfield: American Legacy Historical Press, 2008. Pgs. 20–21.
- ^Tamashiro, Ben. Remembrances: 100th Infantry Battalion 50th Anniversary Celebration 1942–1992. Published and distributed by 100th Infantry Battalion Publication Committee. Pg. 83.
- ^Tamashiro, Shari Y. (2009)."The Hawaii Nisei Story: Creating a Living Digital Memory"(PDF).Media in Transition 6 Conference.
- ^"100th Battalion, 442d Infantry".history.army.mil.Retrieved6 October2018.
- ^abcde"Go For Broke National Education Center - Preserving the Legacy of the Japanese American Veterans of World War II".Goforbroke.org. Archived fromthe originalon 13 August 2012.Retrieved17 August2012.
- ^Sterner, C. Douglas.Go For Broke.Clearfield: American Legacy Historical Press, 2008. p. 24.
- ^ab"Go For Broke National Education Center - Preserving the Legacy of the Japanese American Veterans of World War II".Goforbroke.org. Archived fromthe originalon 22 October 2012.Retrieved17 August2012.
- ^Crost, Lyn.Honor by Fire: Japanese Americans at War in Europe and the Pacific.Novata: Presidio Press, 1994. pp. 106 and 107
- ^Sterner, C. Douglas. Go For Broke: The Nisei Warriors of World War II Who Conquered Germany, Japan, and American Bigotry. Clearfield: American Legacy Historical Press, 2008. Pg. 29.
- ^"100th Infantry Battalion | Densho Encyclopedia".Archived fromthe originalon 11 May 2013.
- ^Sterner, C. Douglas. Go For Broke: The Nisei Warriors of World War II Who Conquered Germany, Japan, and American Bigotry. Clearfield: American Legacy Historical Press, 2008. Pgs. 34 and 35.
- ^Crost, Lyn. Honor by Fire: Japanese Americans at War in Europe and the Pacific. Novata: Presidio Press, 1994. Pg. 97.
- ^Crost, Lyn.Honor by Fire: Japanese Americans at War in Europe and the Pacific.Novata: Presidio Press, 1994. Pg. 147.
- ^abPullen, Colonel Randy (22 April 2008)."Army Reserve Marks First 100 Years".U.S. Army Reserve 100th Anniversary website.United States Army.Retrieved28 February2018.
- ^Overson, David (28 April 2019)."American Samoa's expansion of the Army Reserve establishes a Pacific stronghold".Army Chief of Public Affairs.
- ^"100th Battalion, 442nd Infantry".GlobalSecurity.org. 23 May 2005.Archivedfrom the original on 11 September 2008.Retrieved27 September2008.
- ^ab"C CO 100/442 Infantry Regiment Uncases its Colors at Joint Base Lewis-McChord".Defense Visual Information Distribution Service. 18 October 2021.Retrieved12 November2021.
- ^Michael Dale Doubler (2008).The National Guard and Reserve: A Reference Handbook.Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 133.ISBN978-0-275-99325-2.
Adams, Paul (20 August 2004)."Samoan Reservists answer the call to duty".Army News Service.Pago Pago, American Samoa.Retrieved28 February2018. - ^Kakesako, Gregg K. (29 May 2005)."'Go For Broke' on daily combat missions ".Honolulu Star-Bulletin.Retrieved28 February2018.
- ^Kakesako, Gregg (17 March 2005)."Isle battalion commander fired after altercation in Iraq".Honolulu Star-Bulletin.Retrieved28 February2018.
- ^Kakesako, Gregg K. (4 January 2006)."Attack in Iraq targets 100th Battalion camp".Honolulu Star-Bulletin.Retrieved28 February2018.
- ^"Army Staff Sgt. Frank Tiai".Military Times.Vienna, Virginia. Associated Press. 17 July 2005.Retrieved28 February2018.
- ^"Island Military Heroes".Office of Insualr Affairs.United States Department of the Interior. 12 June 2015.Retrieved1 March2018.
- ^ab"100th/442nd Reserve Unit".100th Infantry Battalion Veterans Education Center.100th Infantry Battalion Veterans.Retrieved28 February2018.
Cole, William (14 July 2005)."Isle troops track down suspects, arms cache".Honolulu Advertiser.Retrieved28 February2018. - ^"100th Battalion on alert for possible Kuwait deployment".Honolulu Advertiser.21 December 2007.Retrieved28 February2018.
Stewart, Richard W. (26 August 2015)."Lineage and Honors".Center of Military History.United States Army.Retrieved1 March2018. - ^Kakesako, Gregg K. (19 May 2008)."7,200 more Hawaii-based troops heading out".Honolulu Star-Bulletin.Retrieved28 February2018.
- ^Carpenito, Sergeant Crystal (January 2009)."29th Infantry Brigade Combat Team uncases their colors"(PDF).Lava Flow.Hawaii Army National Guard. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 27 December 2016.Retrieved28 February2018.
- ^"100th Battalion, 442nd Infantry Regiment Soldier Honored in Memorial Ceremony at Camp Virginia".Defense Visual Information Distribution Service.Defense Media Activity. 29 June 2009.Retrieved28 February2018.
Congressional Record.St. Martin's Press. 2004. p. 13120.
Lee, Major General Robert G.F. (2009)."Annual Report Fiscal Year 2009"(PDF).Department of Defense.State of Hawaii.Retrieved28 February2018. - ^Zeisset, Capt. Timothy (June 2009)."100-442nd IN: Soldiers drive one million miles"(PDF).Lava Flow.Hawaii Army National Guard. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 26 January 2017.Retrieved1 March2018.
- ^Livesay, James (1 July 2009)."USCIS Naturalizes 84 Members of U.S. Military in Kuwait Ceremony".Livesay & Myers.Archived fromthe originalon 2 March 2018.Retrieved1 March2018.
"USCIS Naturalizes 84 Members of U.S. Military in Kuwait Ceremony"(PDF).Global Law Centers.29 June 2009. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2 March 2018.Retrieved1 March2009. - ^"Congressional Medal of Honor recipients | Densho Encyclopedia".Archived fromthe originalon 11 May 2013.
- ^Steffen, Jordan (6 October 2010)."White House honors Japanese American WWII veterans".Los Angeles Times.Archived fromthe originalon 7 October 2010.Retrieved9 October2010.
- ^"Congressional Gold Medal Presented to Nisei Soldiers of World War II".United States Mint.2 November 2011.Retrieved30 May2020.
- ^"Lineages and Honors Information - 100th Battalion, 442d Infantry Regiment".U.S. Army Center of Military History. 26 August 2015.Retrieved19 February2021.
- ^"Presidential Unit Citations (ARMY) awarded to: 100th Battalion & the 442d Regimental Combat Team".U.S. Army Center of Military History. 14 February 2024.Retrieved14 February2024.
- ^"GENERAL ORDERS NO. 2018–22"(PDF).Army Publishing Directorate, U.S. Army. 5 September 2018.Retrieved19 February2021.
References
edit- Moulin, Pierre.U.S. Samurais in Bruyeres: People of France and Japanese Americans: Incredible Story.U.S. Army Museum of Hawaii.ISBN978-2-9599984-0-9.OCLC29414036.
External links
edit- 100th Infantry Battalion Veterans Education Center
- 100th Infantry Battalion Veterans Organization
- Club 100Puka Puka Parade 1964Nov-v17n11
- World War II photographs of the 100th Infantry Battalion
- The "Home of Heroes" website about the 100th Infantry Battalion
- Brothers in Valor Monument at Fort DeRussy, Oahu, Hawaii
- Densho Encyclopediaarticle on the 100th Infantry Battalion