1865(MDCCCLXV) was acommon year starting on Sundayof theGregorian calendarand acommon year starting on Fridayof theJulian calendar,the 1865th year of theCommon Era(CE) andAnno Domini(AD) designations, the 865th year of the2nd millennium,the 65th year of the19th century,and the 6th year of the1860sdecade. As of the start of 1865, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
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Events
editJanuary–March
edit
- January 4– TheNew York Stock Exchangeopens its first permanent headquarters at10-12 BroadnearWall Street,in New York City.
- January 13–American Civil War:Second Battle of Fort Fisher– Union forces launch a majoramphibious assaultagainst the last seaport held by theConfederates,Fort Fisher,North Carolina.
- January 15– American Civil War: Union forces capture Fort Fisher.
- January 31
- TheThirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution(conditional prohibition of slavery and involuntary servitude) passes narrowly, in the House of Representatives.
- American Civil War: Confederate GeneralRobert E. Leebecomes general-in-chief.
- February– American Civil War:Columbia, South Carolinaburns, as Confederate forces flee from advancing Union forces.
- February 3– American Civil War:Hampton Roads Conference:Union and Confederate leaders discuss peace terms.
- February 6– Themunicipal administration of Finlandis established.[1]
- February 8&March 8–Gregor Mendelreads his paper onExperiments on Plant Hybridizationat two meetings of the Natural History Society of Brünn inMoravia,subsequently taken to be the origin of the theory ofMendelian inheritance.[2]
- February 21–John Deerereceives a patent forploughs.
- February 22–Tennesseeadopts a new constitution that abolishes slavery.
- March–Hamm's Breweryopens in St. Paul, Minnesota.
- March 3– TheU.S. Congressauthorizes formation of theBureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands.
- March 4– In the United States:
- Abraham Lincolnissworn in for a second termas President.
- Washington College and Jefferson College are merged, to formWashington & Jefferson College.[3]
- March 13– American Civil War: TheConfederate States of Americaagrees to the use ofAfrican Americantroops.
- March 18– American Civil War: The Congress of the Confederate States of America adjourns for the last time.
- March 19–21– American Civil War:Battle of Bentonville:Union troops compel Confederate forces to retreat fromFour Oaks, North Carolina.
- March 25
- TheClaywater Meteoriteexplodes just before reaching ground level inVernon County, Wisconsin;fragments having a combined mass of 1.5 kg (3.3 lb) are recovered.
- American Civil War: InVirginia,Confederate forces captureFort Stedmanfrom the Union. Lee's army suffers heavy casualties: about 2,900, including 1,000 captured in the Union counterattack. Confederate positions are weakened. After the battle, Lee's defeat is only a matter of time.
April–June
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- April 1–American Civil War–Battle of Five Forks:InPetersburg, Virginia,Confederate General Robert E. Lee begins his final offensive.
- April 2– American Civil War: Confederate PresidentJefferson Davisand most of his Cabinet flee the Confederate capital ofRichmond, Virginia,which is taken by Union troops the next day.
- April 6– German chemicals producerBadische Anilin- und Sodafabrik (BASF)is founded inMannheim.
- April 9– American Civil War:Confederate States ArmyGeneralRobert E. Leesurrenders toUnion ArmyGeneralUlysses S. GrantatAppomattox Court House,effectively ending the war.
- April 14
- Assassination of Abraham Lincoln:President of the United StatesAbraham Lincolnis shot while attending an evening performance of thefarceOur American CousinatFord's Theatrein Washington, D.C., by actor andConfederatesympathizerJohn Wilkes Booth.
- United States Secretary of StateWilliam H. Sewardand his family are attacked in his home, byLewis Powell.
- April 15– President Lincoln dies early this morning from his gunshot wound, aged 56. Vice PresidentAndrew Johnsonbecomes the 17th President of the United States upon Lincoln's death and issworn inlater that morning.
- April 18– Confederate President Jefferson Davis and his entire cabinet arrive inCharlotte, North Carolina,with a contingent of 1,000 soldiers.
- April 21– German chemicals producerBASFmoves its headquarters and factories fromMannheim,to theHemshof DistrictofLudwigshafen.
- April 26
- American Civil War: Confederate GeneralJoseph E. Johnstonsurrenders to Union Major GeneralWilliam Tecumseh Sherman,at Durham Station,North Carolina.
- Union cavalry cornerJohn Wilkes Boothin aVirginiabarn, and cavalrymanBoston Corbettfatally shoots the assassin.
- April 27
- ThesteamboatSultana,carrying 2,300 passengers, explodes and sinks in theMississippi River,killing 1,800, mostlyUnionsurvivors of theAndersonville Prison.
April 27:SteamboatSultanasinks. - Governor of New YorkReuben Fentonsigns a bill formally creatingCornell University.
- ThesteamboatSultana,carrying 2,300 passengers, explodes and sinks in theMississippi River,killing 1,800, mostlyUnionsurvivors of theAndersonville Prison.
- May 1– TheTreaty of the Triple AllianceofArgentina,Brazil,andUruguayagainstParaguayis formally signed, following the outbreak of theParaguayan War.
- May 4– American Civil War: Lieutenant GeneralRichard Taylor,commanding all Confederate forces inAlabama,Mississippi,and easternLouisiana,surrenders his forces to Union GeneralEdward CanbyatCitronelle, Alabama,effectively ending all Confederate resistance east of the Mississippi River.
- May 5– In the United States:
- InNorth Bend, Ohio(a suburb ofCincinnati), the firsttrain robberyin the country takes place.
- Jefferson Davismeets with his Confederate Cabinet (14 officials) for the last time, in Washington, Georgia, and the Confederate Government is officially dissolved.
- May 10– American Civil War: Jefferson Davis is captured by the Union Army nearIrwinville, Georgia.
- May 12– Electric equipment and mobile brandNokiafounded inTampere,Finland.
- May 12–13– American Civil War –Battle of Palmito Ranch:In far southTexas,more than a month after Confederate GeneralLee's surrender, the last land battle of the civil war with casualties, ends with a Confederate victory.
- May 17
- TheInternational Telegraph Unionis founded.
- FrenchmissionaryFatherArmand Davidfirst observesPère David's deerinPeking,China.[4]
- May 23–Grand Review of the Armies:Union Army troops parade downPennsylvania Avenue(Washington, D.C.) to celebrate the end of the American Civil War.
- May 25–Mobile magazine explosion:300 are killed inMobile, Alabama,when an ordnance depot explodes.
- May 28– TheMimosasets sail with emigrants fromWalesforPatagonia.[5]
- May 29– American Civil War: President of the United StatesAndrew Johnsonissues a proclamation of general amnesty for most citizens of the former Confederacy.
- June–August – EnglishpolymathFrancis Galtonformulateseugenics.[6]
- June 2– American Civil War: Confederate forces west of the Mississippi River under GeneralEdmund Kirby Smithsurrender atGalveston, Texas,under terms negotiated onMay 26,becoming the last to do so.
- June 10–Richard Wagner'soperaTristan und Isoldedebuts at theMunich Court Theatre.
- June 11–Battle of the Riachuelo:The Brazilian Navy squadron defeats the Paraguayan Navy.
- June 19– American Civil War: Union Major GeneralGordon Grangerlands at Galveston, Texas, and informs the people ofTexasof theEmancipation Proclamation(an event celebrated in modern times each year asJuneteenth).
- June 23– American Civil War: AtFort TowsoninOklahoma Territory,Confederate GeneralStand Watie,a Cherokee Indian, surrenders the last significant Rebel army.
- June 25–James Hudson Taylorfounds theChina Inland MissionatBrighton,England.
- June 26–Jumbo,a young maleAfrican elephant,arrives atLondon Zooand becomes a popular attraction.
July–September
edit- July– The Christian Mission, later renamedThe Salvation Army,is founded inWhitechapel,London, byWilliamandCatherine Booth.
- July 4–Lewis Carrollpublishes his children's novelAlice's Adventures in Wonderlandin England[7][8](first trade editions in December).
- July 5
- TheU.S. Secret Serviceis founded.
- The firstspeed limitis introduced inBritain:2 mph (3.2 km/h) in town and 4 mph (6.4 km/h) in the country.
- July 7– FollowingAbraham Lincoln's assassination onApril 14,the four conspirators condemned to death during the trial arehanged,includingDavid Herold,George Atzerodt,Lewis PowellandMary Surratt.Her son,John Surratt,escapes execution by fleeing to Canada, and ultimately toEgypt.
- July 14–First ascent of the Matterhorn:The summit of theMatterhornin theAlpsis reached for the first time, by a party of 7 led by theEnglishmanEdward Whymper;4 die in a fall during the descent.
- July 21–Wild Bill Hickok – Davis Tutt shootout:In the market square ofSpringfield, Missouri,Wild Bill Hickokshoots "Little Dave"Davis Tuttdead over apokerdebt, in what is regarded as the first true westernfast drawshowdown.
- July 23– TheSSGreat Easterndeparts on a voyage to lay atransatlantic telegraph cable.[7]
- July 26– TheNew Zealand Parliamentfirst meets inWellingtonon a permanent basis, making itde factothe national capital.[9]
- July 27
- Welsh settlers arrive inArgentinaatChubut Valley.
- BusinessmanAsa PackerestablishesLehigh UniversityinBethlehem, Pennsylvania.
- July 30– The steamerBrother Jonathansinks off the California coast, killing 225.
- July 31– The firstnarrow gaugemainline railway in the world opens atGrandchester,Australia.
- August 16– TheDominican Republicregains independence from Spain.
- August 25– TheShergotty meteoriteMars meteorite falls inSherghati,Gaya, Bihar, India.
- September 19– Union Business College (nowPeirce College) is founded in Philadelphia.
- September 26–Champ Fergusonbecomes the first person (and one of only two) to be convicted of war crimes for actions taken during theAmerican Civil War,found guilty by a U.S. Army tribunal on 23 charges, arising from the murder of 53 people. He is hanged onOctober 20,two days after the conviction ofHenry Wirzfor war crimes.[10]
October–December
edit- October 11–Morant Bay rebellion:Paul Bogleleads hundreds of black men and women in a march inJamaica;the rebellion is brutally suppressed by the British governorEdward John Eyrewith 400 executed.[8]
- October 25–Floridadrafts its constitution inTallahassee.
- October 26
- TheStandard Oil Companyopens.
- The paddlewheel steamerSSRepublicsinks off theGeorgiacoast, with a cargo of $400,000 in coins.
- November 6–American Civil War:TheCSSShenandoah,last remnant of theConfederate States of Americaand its military, surrenders inLiverpoolafter fleeing westward from the Pacific.
- November 10– CaptainHenry Wirz,Confederate superintendent ofAndersonville Prison(Camp Sumter) ishanged,becoming the second of two combatants, and only serving regular soldier, to beexecutedforwar crimescommitted during theAmerican Civil War.
- November 11–Duar Warbetween Britain andBhutanends with the Treaty of Sinchula, in which Bhutan cedes control of its southern passes to Britain in return for an annual subsidy.[7]
- November 17–Chincha Islands War:Action of 17 November 1865– A Spanish gunboat is captured by the Chilean tugboatIndependenciaoffTomé,in theBay of Concepción,Chile.
- November 26– Chincha Islands War:Battle of Papudo– The Spanish shipCovadongais captured by theChileansand thePeruvians,north ofValparaíso,Chile.
- December 11– TheUnited States Congresscreates theUnited States House Committee on Appropriationsand the Committee on Banking and Commerce, reducing the tasks of theHouse Committee on Ways and Means.
- December 17–Leopold IIbecomes King of the Belgians, following the death (on December 10) of his father, KingLeopold I.
- December 18–Secretary of StateWilliam H. Sewarddeclares theThirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitutionratified by three-quarters of the states, including those in secession. As ofDecember 6,slavery is legally outlawed in the last two slave states of Kentucky and Delaware, and the remaining 45,000 slaves are freed.
- December 21– TheKappa Alpha Orderis founded atWashington College,Le xing ton, Virginia.
- December 24– Jonathan Shank and Barry Ownby form theKu Klux Klanin theAmerican South,to resistReconstructionand intimidatecarpetbaggersandscalawags,as well as to repress the freedpeople.
Date unknown
edit- Aforest firenearSilverton, Oregon,destroys about one million acres (4,000 km2) of timber.
- TheNational Temperance Society and Publishing Houseis founded byJames Blackin the U.S.
- Nottingham Forest Football Club,anassociation footballbased inWest Bridgford,Nottingham,England,is founded.
Births
editJanuary–March
edit
- January 5–Julio Garavito Armero,Colombian astronomer (d.1920)
- January 9–Leo Ditrichstein,Austrian-born stage actor, playwright (d.1928)
- January 19–Valentin Serov,Russian portrait painter (d.1911)
- January 20–Yvette Guilbert,French cabaret singer, actress (d.1944)
- January 27–Nikolai Pokrovsky,Russian politician, last foreign minister of the Russian Empire (d.1930)
- January 28
- Lala Lajpat Rai( "The Lion of Punjab" ), a leader of theIndian independence movement(d.1928)
- Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg,1stPresident of Finland(d.1952)[11]
- January 31–Henri Desgrange,French cycling enthusiast, founder of theTour de France(d.1940)
- February 4–Ernest Hanbury Hankin,English bacteriologist, naturalist (d.1939)
- February 9– Beatrice Stella Tanner, laterMrs. Patrick Campbell,English theatre actress, producer (d.1940)
- February 12–Kazimierz Tetmajer,Polish writer (d.1940)
- February 17–Ernst Troeltsch,German theologian (d.1923).
- February 19–Sven Hedin,Swedish scientist, explorer (d.1952)
- February 21–John Haden Badley,English author, educator (d.1967)
- February 28–Wilfred Grenfell,English medical missionary to Newfoundland and Labrador (d.1940)
- March 1–Elma Danielsson,Swedish socialist, journalist (d.1936)
- March 10–Tan Sitong,Chinese reformist leader (d.1898)
- March 15–Sui Sin Far,English-born writer (d.1914)
- March 19–William Morton Wheeler,American entomologist (d.1937)
- March 30–Heinrich Rubens,German physicist (d.1922)
April–June
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- April–Richard Rushall,British sea captain and businessman (d.1953)
- April 1–Richard Adolf Zsigmondy,Austrian-born chemist,Nobel Prizelaureate (d.1929)
- April 2–Gyorche Petrov,Macedonian and Bulgarian revolutionary (d.1921)
- April 6–Victory Bateman,American stage and screen actress (d.1926)
- April 9
- Violet Nicolson,English poet (d.1904)
- Erich Ludendorff,German general (d.1937)
- Charles Proteus Steinmetz,German-Americanengineer, electrician (d.1923)
- April 14–Alfred Hoare Powell,English Arts and Crafts architect, and designer and painter of pottery (d.1960)
- April 18–Leónidas Plaza,16th President of Ecuador (d.1932)
- April 26–Akseli Gallen-Kallela,Finnish artist (d.1931)[12]
- April 28
- Vital Brazil,Brazilian physician, immunologist (d.1950)
- Charles W. Woodworth,American entomologist (d.1940)
- May 2–Clyde Fitch,American dramatist (d.1909)
- May 3–Martha M. Simpson,Australian educationalist ((d.1948)
- May 23–Epitácio Pessoa,11th President of Brazil (d.1942)
- May 25
- John Mott,AmericanYMCAleader, recipient of theNobel Peace Prize(d.1955)
- Pieter Zeeman,Dutch physicist,Nobel Prizelaureate (d.1943)
- May 26–Robert W. Chambers,American artist (d.1933)
- June 2–George Lohmann,English cricketer (d.1901)
- June 3–George Vof the United Kingdom (d.1936)
- June 9
- Albéric Magnard,French composer (d.1914)
- Carl Nielsen,Danish composer (d.1931)
- June 13–W. B. Yeats,Irish writer,Nobel Prizelaureate (d.1939)
- June 19
- Alfred Hugenberg,German businessman, politician (d.1951)
- May Whitty,British stage and screen actress (d.1948)
- June 21–Otto Frank,German physiologist (d.1944)
- June 26–Bernard Berenson,American art historian (d.1959)
- June 29–Shigechiyo Izumi,Japanese supercentenarian (d.1986)
July–September
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- July 13–Gérard Encausse,French occultist (d.1916)
- July 15–Alfred Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe,Irish-born British publisher; founder of theDaily MailandDaily Mirror(d.1922)
- July 23
- Max Heindel,Danish-born Christian occultist, astrologer, and mystic (d.1919)
- Edward Terry Sanford,Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States(d.1930)
- July 26–Philipp Scheidemann,11thChancellor of Germany(d.1939)
- August 2
- Irving Babbitt,American literary critic (d.1933)
- John Radecki,Australian stained glass artist (d.1955)
- August 10–Alexander Glazunov,Russian composer (d.1936)
- August 15–Usui Mikao,Japanese founder ofreiki(d.1926)
- August 17–Julia Marlowe,English-born American stage actress (d.1950)
- August 20–Bernard Tancred,South African cricketer (d.1911)
- August 22–Templar Saxe,British actor and singer (d.1935)
- August 24– KingFerdinand I of Romania(d.1927)
- August 27–James Henry Breasted,American Egyptologist (d.1935)
- September 4–Maria Karłowska,PolishRoman Catholicreligious professed and blessed (d.1935)
- September 11–Rainis,Latvian poet, playwright (d.1929)
- September 13–William Birdwood, 1st Baron Birdwood,British field marshal (d.1951)
- September 26–Mary Russell, Duchess of Bedford,English aviator, ornithologist (d.1937)
October–December
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- October 1–Paul Dukas,French composer (d.1935)
- October 9–Arthur Hayes-Sadler,British admiral (d.1952)
- October 10–Rafael Merry del Val,Spanish Roman Catholic Cardinal and Secretary of the Congregation of the Holy Office (d.1930)
- October 12–Arthur Harden,English chemist,Nobel Prizelaureate (d.1940)
- October 15–Charles W. Clark,American baritone (d.1925)
- October 16–Rudolph Lambart, 10th Earl of Cavan,British field marshal (d.1946)
- October 17–James Rudolph Garfield,U.S. politician (d.1950)
- October 22
- Charles James Briggs,British general (d.1941)
- Raymond Hitchcock,American actor (d.1929)
- October 23–Hovhannes Abelian,Armenian actor (d.1936)
- October 26–Benjamin Guggenheim,American businessman (d.1912)
- October 27–Tinsley Lindley,English footballer (d.1940)
- November 2–Warren G. Harding,29thPresident of the United States(d.1923)
- November 11–Edwin Thanhouser,American actor, businessman, and film producer, founder of theThanhouser Company(d.1956)
- December 8
- Rüdiger von der Goltz,German general (d.1946)
- Jean Sibelius,Finnish composer (d.1957)
- December 12–Edwyn Alexander-Sinclair,British admiral (d.1945)
- December 16–Olavo Bilac,Brazilian poet (d.1918)
- December 19–Minnie Maddern Fiske,American stage actress (d.1932)
- December 20–Elsie de Wolfe,American socialite, interior decorator (d.1950)
- December 23
- Anna Farquhar Bergengren,American author and editor (unknown year of death)
- James M. Canty,American educator, school administrator, and businessperson (d.1964)[13]
- Albrecht, Duke of Württemberg,German field marshal (d.1939)
- December 25
- Evangeline Booth,4th General ofThe Salvation Army(d.1950)
- Fay Templeton,American musical comedy star (d.1939)
- December 28–Félix Vallotton,Swiss painter, printmaker (d.1925)
- December 30–Rudyard Kipling,Indian-born English writer,Nobel Prizelaureate (d.1936)
Date unknown
edit- Ernest Hogan,African-American dancer, musician, and comedian (d.1909)
- Habibullah Qurayshi,Bengali Islamic scholar and educationist (d.1943)[14]
Deaths
editJanuary–June
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- January 14–Marie-Anne Libert,Belgian botanist (b.1782)
- January 19–Pierre-Joseph Proudhon,French philosopher, anarchist (b.1809)
- January 28–Felice Romani,Italian poet, librettist (b.1788)
- February 6–Isabella Beeton,British cook, household management expert (b.1836)[15]
- March 1–Anna Pavlovna of Russia,queen consort of the Netherlands (b.1795)
- March 20–Yamanami Keisuke,Japanese samurai (b.1833)
- March 30–Alexander Dukhnovich,Russian priest, writer and social activist (b.1803
- April 1
- John Milton,Governor of Florida (b.1807)
- Giuditta Pasta,Italian soprano (b.1798)
- April 2–A. P. Hill,American Confederate general (b.1825)
- April 13–Achille Valenciennes,French zoologist (b.1794)
- April 15–Abraham Lincoln,16thPresident of the United States(b.1809)
- April 18–Léon Jean Marie Dufour,French medical doctor, naturalist (b.1780)
- April 24–Nicholas Alexandrovich, Tsarevich of Russia(b.1843)
- April 26–John Wilkes Booth,American actor, assassin of Abraham Lincoln (b.1838)
- April 28–Sir Samuel Cunard,Canadian businessman, founder of theCunard Line(b.1787)
- May 5–Ben Hall,Australian bushranger (b.1837)
- May 10–William Armstrong,American lawyer, civil servant, politician, and businessperson (b.1782)[16]
July–December
edit
- July–Dimitris Plapoutas,Greek military leader (b.1786)
- July 6–Princess Sophie of Sweden,Grand Duchess of Baden (b.1801)
- July 7– The Lincoln assassination conspirators (executed)
- Lewis Powell(b.1844)
- David Herold(b.1842)
- George Atzerodt(b.1835)
- Mary Surratt(b.1823)
- July 25–James Barry,British military surgeon (b.1795)
- August 4–Percival Drayton,United States Navy officer (b.1812)
- August 12–William Jackson Hooker,English botanist (b.1785)
- August 13–Ignaz Semmelweis,Hungarian physician (b.1818)
- August 16–Sir Frederick Stovin,British army general (b.1783)
- August 27–Thomas Chandler Haliburton,Canadian author (b.1796)
- August 29–Robert Remak,German embryologist, physiologist and neurologist (b.1815)
- September 2–William Rowan Hamilton,Irish mathematician (b.1805)
- September 10–Maria Silfvan,Finnish actor (b.1802)
- September 25–Andrés de Santa Cruz,Peruvian military officer, seventhPresident of PeruandPresident of Bolivia(b.1792)
- October 16–Andrés Bello,Venezuelan poet, lawmaker, teacher, philosopher and sociologist (b.1781)
- October 18–Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston,Prime Minister of the United Kingdom(b.1784)
- October 24–Paul Bogle,Jamaicanactivist, Baptist deacon and leader of theMorant Bay rebellion.(executed) (b.1820)
- November 10–Henry Wirz,Swiss-born American Confederate military officer, prisoner-of-war camp commander (executed) (b.1823)
- November 12–Elizabeth Gaskell,British novelist, biographer (b.1810)
- November 28
- José Manuel Pareja,Spanish admiral (suicide) (b.1813)
- William Machin Stairs,Canadian businessman, statesman (b.1789)
- November 29–Isaac A. Van Amburgh,American animal trainer (b.1811)
- December 6–Sebastián Iradier,Spanish composer (b.1809)
- December 10– KingLeopold I of Belgium(b.1790)
- December 14–Johan Georg Forchhammer,Danish geologist (b.1794)
- December 17–Luigi Ciacchi,Italian cardinal (b.1788)
References
edit- ^"Kunnallinen itsehallinto 150 vuotta"[150 years of local self-government].Nopolanews(in Finnish). February 6, 2015. Archived fromthe originalon February 24, 2015.RetrievedFebruary 6,2024.
- ^Moore, Randy (May 2001)."The" Rediscovery "of Mendel's Work"(PDF).Bioscene.27.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on February 2, 2017.RetrievedDecember 6,2016.
- ^Coleman, Helen Turnbull Waite (1956).Banners in the Wilderness: The Early Years of Washington and Jefferson College.University of Pittsburgh Press. p.214.OCLC2191890.RetrievedApril 28,2011.
- ^"Elaphurus davidianus".Ultimate Ungulate.2004.Archivedfrom the original on June 5, 2011.RetrievedMay 5,2011.
- ^Wilkinson, Susan (September 1998)."Welsh immigrants in Patagonia: Mimosa, the old ship that sailed into history".Buenos Aires Herald.Archived fromthe originalon March 5, 2007.RetrievedNovember 26,2010.
- ^Galton, Francis (1865)."Hereditary talent and character"(PDF).Macmillan's Magazine.12:157–166, 318–327.RetrievedDecember 6,2016.
- ^abcEverett, Jason M., ed. (2006). "1865".The People's Chronology.Thomson Gale.
- ^abPalmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992).The Chronology of British History.London: Century Ltd. p. 286.ISBN0-7126-5616-2.
- ^Levine, Stephen (June 20, 2012)."Capital city – Wellington, capital city".Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand.Archivedfrom the original on February 5, 2019.RetrievedMay 23,2019.
- ^Cartmell, Donald (2001).The Civil War Book of Lists.Career Press. p. 104.
- ^James Louis Garvin; Franklin Henry Hooper; Warren E. Cox (1929).The Encyclopædia Britannica: A New Survey of Universal Knowledge.Encyclopædia britannica Company, Limited. p. 291.
- ^O'Sullivan, James (April 26, 2015)."An artist's mark on the story of Finland (150th anniversary of Gallen-Kallela's birth)".thisisFINLAND.RetrievedApril 26,2022.
- ^"Death Record Detail: James Munroe Canty".West Virginia Archives and History, West Virginia Department of Arts, Culture and History. 2019.Archivedfrom the original on August 2, 2020.RetrievedAugust 2,2020.
- ^Ahmadullah, Mufti (2016).Mashayekh-e-Chatgam.Vol. 1 (3 ed.). Dhaka: Ahmad Publishers. pp. 109–136.ISBN978-984-92106-4-1.
- ^"Mrs Beeton".BBC.RetrievedApril 22,2021.
- ^Munske, Roberta R.; Kerns, Wilmer L., eds. (2004).Hampshire County, West Virginia, 1754–2004.Romney, West Virginia:The Hampshire County 250th Anniversary Committee. p. 46.ISBN978-0-9715738-2-6.OCLC55983178.