The1912 United States presidential election in Georgiatook place onNovember5,1912,as part of the1912 United States presidential election.Georgia voters chose 14 representatives, or electors, to theElectoral College,who voted forpresidentandvice president. With the exception of a handful of historicallyUnionistNorth Georgiacounties – chieflyFanninbut also to a lesser extentPickens,GilmerandTowns– Georgia since the 1880s had been a one-party state dominated by the Democratic Party. Disfranchisement of almost all African-Americans and most poor whites had made the Republican Party virtually nonexistent outside of local governments in those few hill counties,[1]and the national Democratic Party served as the guardian ofwhite supremacyagainst a Republican Party historically associated with memories ofReconstruction.The only competitive elections wereDemocratic primaries,which state laws restricted to whites on the grounds of the Democratic Party being legally a private club.[2]
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County Results
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In1908the Republican Party had made some gains in the South due to opposition by developing manufacturers toWilliam Jennings Bryan’s populism,[3]and by nomineeWilliam Howard Taft’s willingness to accept black disfranchisement.[4]This resulted in the GOP carrying twelve secessionist upcountry counties that had never gone Republican before.[5]The split in the GOP after the 1908 election prevented any maintenance of these gains – which had seen Bryan’s 1908 performance as the poorest by a Democrat in Georgia until pro-civil rightsLyndon B. Johnsonlost the state in1964– but Roosevelt did hold on to some of the new Republican vote from 1908, consequently finishing far ahead of regular Republican and incumbent President Taft.
Georgiawas won by theNew Jersey GovernorWoodrow Wilson(D–New Jersey), running withgovernor of IndianaThomas R. Marshall,with 76.63 percent of the popular vote against the26th president of the United StatesTheodore Roosevelt(P–New York), running withgovernor of CaliforniaHiram Johnson,with 18.10% of the popular vote.[6]
Results
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Woodrow Wilson | 93,087 | 76.63% | |
Progressive | Theodore Roosevelt | 21,985 | 18.10% | |
Republican | William Howard Taft(incumbent) | 5,191 | 4.27% | |
Socialist | Eugene V. Debs | 1,058 | 0.87% | |
Prohibition | Eugene W. Chafin | 149 | 0.12% | |
Total votes | 121,470 | 100% |
Results by county
editCounty | Thomas Woodrow Wilson[7] Democratic |
William Howard Taft[7] Republican |
Theodore Roosevelt[7] Progressive "Bull Moose" |
Various candidates[7] Other parties |
Margin[a] | Total votes cast | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
# | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | ||
Appling | 381 | 59.72% | 94 | 14.73% | 150 | 23.51% | 13 | 2.04% | 231 | 36.21% | 638 |
Baker | 180 | 93.75% | 0 | 0.00% | 12 | 6.25% | 0 | 0.00% | 168 | 87.50% | 192 |
Baldwin | 621 | 89.74% | 24 | 3.47% | 47 | 6.79% | 0 | 0.00% | 574 | 82.95% | 692 |
Banks | 274 | 54.15% | 17 | 3.36% | 215 | 42.49% | 0 | 0.00% | 59 | 11.66% | 506 |
Bartow | 1,017 | 60.86% | 93 | 5.57% | 561 | 33.57% | 0 | 0.00% | 456 | 27.29% | 1,671 |
Ben Hill | 535 | 64.30% | 34 | 4.09% | 263 | 31.61% | 0 | 0.00% | 272 | 32.69% | 832 |
Berrien | 709 | 86.67% | 35 | 4.28% | 70 | 8.56% | 4 | 0.49% | 639 | 78.12% | 818 |
Bibb | 2,526 | 91.19% | 122 | 4.40% | 90 | 3.25% | 32 | 1.16% | 2,404[b] | 86.79% | 2,770 |
Brooks | 695 | 89.79% | 37 | 4.78% | 42 | 5.43% | 0 | 0.00% | 653 | 84.37% | 774 |
Bryan | 236 | 86.13% | 23 | 8.39% | 15 | 5.47% | 0 | 0.00% | 213[b] | 77.74% | 274 |
Bulloch | 932 | 93.48% | 17 | 1.71% | 44 | 4.41% | 4 | 0.40% | 888 | 89.07% | 997 |
Burke | 440 | 90.72% | 22 | 4.54% | 22 | 4.54% | 1 | 0.21% | 418[b] | 86.19% | 485 |
Butts | 490 | 85.96% | 29 | 5.09% | 49 | 8.60% | 2 | 0.35% | 441 | 77.37% | 570 |
Calhoun | 328 | 96.76% | 5 | 1.47% | 6 | 1.77% | 0 | 0.00% | 322 | 94.99% | 339 |
Camden | 219 | 98.21% | 2 | 0.90% | 2 | 0.90% | 0 | 0.00% | 217 | 97.31% | 223 |
Campbell | 443 | 80.11% | 6 | 1.08% | 104 | 18.81% | 0 | 0.00% | 339 | 61.30% | 553 |
Carroll | 1,192 | 69.30% | 81 | 4.71% | 431 | 25.06% | 16 | 0.93% | 761 | 44.24% | 1,720 |
Catoosa | 286 | 60.34% | 63 | 13.29% | 125 | 26.37% | 0 | 0.00% | 161 | 33.97% | 474 |
Charlton | 150 | 67.26% | 23 | 10.31% | 48 | 21.52% | 2 | 0.90% | 102 | 45.74% | 223 |
Chatham | 3,274 | 84.36% | 238 | 6.13% | 332 | 8.55% | 37 | 0.95% | 2,942 | 75.81% | 3,881 |
Chattahoochee | 137 | 91.95% | 1 | 0.67% | 11 | 7.38% | 0 | 0.00% | 126 | 84.56% | 149 |
Chattooga | 578 | 66.59% | 69 | 7.95% | 220 | 25.35% | 1 | 0.12% | 358 | 41.24% | 868 |
Cherokee | 603 | 44.93% | 21 | 1.56% | 710 | 52.91% | 8 | 0.60% | -107 | -7.97% | 1,342 |
Clarke | 950 | 86.44% | 66 | 6.01% | 81 | 7.37% | 2 | 0.18% | 869 | 79.07% | 1,099 |
Clay | 369 | 93.65% | 8 | 2.03% | 17 | 4.31% | 0 | 0.00% | 352 | 89.34% | 394 |
Clayton | 443 | 79.11% | 3 | 0.54% | 113 | 20.18% | 1 | 0.18% | 330 | 58.93% | 560 |
Clinch | 283 | 83.24% | 48 | 14.12% | 9 | 2.65% | 0 | 0.00% | 235[b] | 69.12% | 340 |
Cobb | 1,519 | 75.76% | 41 | 2.04% | 442 | 22.04% | 3 | 0.15% | 1,077 | 53.72% | 2,005 |
Coffee | 895 | 87.32% | 28 | 2.73% | 85 | 8.29% | 17 | 1.66% | 810 | 79.02% | 1,025 |
Colquitt | 699 | 56.88% | 8 | 0.65% | 506 | 41.17% | 16 | 1.30% | 193 | 15.70% | 1,229 |
Columbia | 234 | 87.97% | 2 | 0.75% | 30 | 11.28% | 0 | 0.00% | 204 | 76.69% | 266 |
Coweta | 1,044 | 92.80% | 35 | 3.11% | 46 | 4.09% | 0 | 0.00% | 998 | 88.71% | 1,125 |
Crawford | 249 | 97.65% | 1 | 0.39% | 3 | 1.18% | 2 | 0.78% | 246 | 96.47% | 255 |
Crisp | 644 | 91.87% | 12 | 1.71% | 45 | 6.42% | 0 | 0.00% | 599 | 85.45% | 701 |
Dade | 243 | 75.00% | 18 | 5.56% | 44 | 13.58% | 19 | 5.86% | 199 | 61.42% | 324 |
Dawson | 170 | 47.49% | 23 | 6.42% | 161 | 44.97% | 4 | 1.12% | 9 | 2.51% | 358 |
Decatur | 1,150 | 71.12% | 52 | 3.22% | 378 | 23.38% | 37 | 2.29% | 772 | 47.74% | 1,617 |
DeKalb | 837 | 84.46% | 44 | 4.44% | 65 | 6.56% | 45 | 4.54% | 772 | 77.90% | 991 |
Dodge | 637 | 86.08% | 12 | 1.62% | 28 | 3.78% | 63 | 8.51% | 609 | 82.30% | 740 |
Dooly | 608 | 94.12% | 5 | 0.77% | 33 | 5.11% | 0 | 0.00% | 575 | 89.01% | 646 |
Dougherty | 731 | 94.81% | 21 | 2.72% | 19 | 2.46% | 0 | 0.00% | 710[b] | 92.09% | 771 |
Douglas | 266 | 45.01% | 18 | 3.05% | 307 | 51.95% | 0 | 0.00% | -41 | -6.94% | 591 |
Early | 501 | 87.74% | 7 | 1.23% | 27 | 4.73% | 36 | 6.30% | 474 | 83.01% | 571 |
Echols | 144 | 97.30% | 0 | 0.00% | 4 | 2.70% | 0 | 0.00% | 140 | 94.59% | 148 |
Effingham | 343 | 95.81% | 5 | 1.40% | 10 | 2.79% | 0 | 0.00% | 333 | 93.02% | 358 |
Elbert | 882 | 77.85% | 13 | 1.15% | 238 | 21.01% | 0 | 0.00% | 644 | 56.84% | 1,133 |
Emanuel | 715 | 81.81% | 22 | 2.52% | 129 | 14.76% | 8 | 0.92% | 586 | 67.05% | 874 |
Fannin | 451 | 48.81% | 168 | 18.18% | 305 | 33.01% | 0 | 0.00% | 146 | 15.80% | 924 |
Fayette | 369 | 77.20% | 12 | 2.51% | 95 | 19.87% | 2 | 0.42% | 274 | 57.32% | 478 |
Floyd | 1,837 | 80.75% | 63 | 2.77% | 374 | 16.44% | 1 | 0.04% | 1,463 | 64.31% | 2,275 |
Forsyth | 235 | 56.90% | 15 | 3.63% | 163 | 39.47% | 0 | 0.00% | 72 | 17.43% | 413 |
Franklin | 694 | 66.03% | 26 | 2.47% | 331 | 31.49% | 0 | 0.00% | 363 | 34.54% | 1,051 |
Fulton | 7,317 | 75.78% | 509 | 5.27% | 1,696 | 17.57% | 133 | 1.38% | 5,621 | 58.22% | 9,655 |
Gilmer | 488 | 74.28% | 52 | 7.91% | 116 | 17.66% | 1 | 0.15% | 372 | 56.62% | 657 |
Glascock | 101 | 57.39% | 3 | 1.70% | 72 | 40.91% | 0 | 0.00% | 29 | 16.48% | 176 |
Glynn | 470 | 88.51% | 16 | 3.01% | 30 | 5.65% | 15 | 2.82% | 440 | 82.86% | 531 |
Gordon | 597 | 45.96% | 52 | 4.00% | 650 | 50.04% | 0 | 0.00% | -53 | -4.08% | 1,299 |
Grady | 453 | 79.06% | 21 | 3.66% | 98 | 17.10% | 1 | 0.17% | 355 | 61.95% | 573 |
Greene | 525 | 76.64% | 10 | 1.46% | 150 | 21.90% | 0 | 0.00% | 375 | 54.74% | 685 |
Gwinnett | 997 | 60.68% | 55 | 3.35% | 590 | 35.91% | 1 | 0.06% | 407 | 24.77% | 1,643 |
Habersham | 497 | 58.54% | 42 | 4.95% | 310 | 36.51% | 0 | 0.00% | 187 | 22.03% | 849 |
Hall | 1,145 | 74.01% | 116 | 7.50% | 275 | 17.78% | 11 | 0.71% | 870 | 56.24% | 1,547 |
Hancock | 549 | 91.50% | 12 | 2.00% | 39 | 6.50% | 0 | 0.00% | 510 | 85.00% | 600 |
Haralson | 384 | 34.13% | 19 | 1.69% | 701 | 62.31% | 21 | 1.87% | -317 | -28.18% | 1,125 |
Harris | 585 | 94.66% | 4 | 0.65% | 28 | 4.53% | 1 | 0.16% | 557 | 90.13% | 618 |
Hart | 484 | 61.27% | 15 | 1.90% | 291 | 36.84% | 0 | 0.00% | 193 | 24.43% | 790 |
Heard | 326 | 81.09% | 11 | 2.74% | 65 | 16.17% | 0 | 0.00% | 261 | 64.93% | 402 |
Henry | 536 | 79.06% | 15 | 2.21% | 127 | 18.73% | 0 | 0.00% | 409 | 60.32% | 678 |
Houston | 760 | 95.00% | 24 | 3.00% | 16 | 2.00% | 0 | 0.00% | 736[b] | 92.00% | 800 |
Irwin | 428 | 89.17% | 6 | 1.25% | 45 | 9.38% | 1 | 0.21% | 383 | 79.79% | 480 |
Jackson | 1,108 | 65.02% | 45 | 2.64% | 551 | 32.34% | 0 | 0.00% | 557 | 32.69% | 1,704 |
Jasper | 644 | 96.99% | 12 | 1.81% | 8 | 1.20% | 0 | 0.00% | 632[b] | 95.18% | 664 |
Jeff Davis | 268 | 79.06% | 19 | 5.60% | 52 | 15.34% | 0 | 0.00% | 216 | 63.72% | 339 |
Jefferson | 416 | 71.85% | 8 | 1.38% | 153 | 26.42% | 2 | 0.35% | 263 | 45.42% | 579 |
Jenkins | 279 | 90.88% | 13 | 4.23% | 15 | 4.89% | 0 | 0.00% | 264 | 85.99% | 307 |
Johnson | 285 | 71.25% | 23 | 5.75% | 92 | 23.00% | 0 | 0.00% | 193 | 48.25% | 400 |
Jones | 426 | 93.42% | 27 | 5.92% | 3 | 0.66% | 0 | 0.00% | 399[b] | 87.50% | 456 |
Laurens | 1,118 | 89.44% | 26 | 2.08% | 106 | 8.48% | 0 | 0.00% | 1,012 | 80.96% | 1,250 |
Lee | 210 | 93.33% | 9 | 4.00% | 6 | 2.67% | 0 | 0.00% | 201[b] | 89.33% | 225 |
Liberty | 251 | 70.31% | 29 | 8.12% | 77 | 21.57% | 0 | 0.00% | 174 | 48.74% | 357 |
Lincoln | 253 | 90.68% | 0 | 0.00% | 26 | 9.32% | 0 | 0.00% | 227 | 81.36% | 279 |
Lowndes | 847 | 91.87% | 24 | 2.60% | 35 | 3.80% | 16 | 1.74% | 812 | 88.07% | 922 |
Lumpkin | 279 | 65.34% | 29 | 6.79% | 119 | 27.87% | 0 | 0.00% | 160 | 37.47% | 427 |
Macon | 411 | 79.81% | 19 | 3.69% | 85 | 16.50% | 0 | 0.00% | 326 | 63.30% | 515 |
Madison | 564 | 78.01% | 13 | 1.80% | 146 | 20.19% | 0 | 0.00% | 418 | 57.81% | 723 |
Marion | 233 | 77.41% | 17 | 5.65% | 51 | 16.94% | 0 | 0.00% | 182 | 60.47% | 301 |
McDuffie | 271 | 70.03% | 9 | 2.33% | 106 | 27.39% | 1 | 0.26% | 165 | 42.64% | 387 |
McIntosh | 118 | 92.19% | 2 | 1.56% | 8 | 6.25% | 0 | 0.00% | 110 | 85.94% | 128 |
Meriwether | 882 | 88.20% | 26 | 2.60% | 91 | 9.10% | 1 | 0.10% | 791 | 79.10% | 1,000 |
Miller | 200 | 78.13% | 2 | 0.78% | 6 | 2.34% | 48 | 18.75% | 194 | 75.78% | 256 |
Milton | 320 | 72.07% | 17 | 3.83% | 107 | 24.10% | 0 | 0.00% | 213 | 47.97% | 444 |
Mitchell | 917 | 82.91% | 30 | 2.71% | 140 | 12.66% | 19 | 1.72% | 777 | 70.25% | 1,106 |
Monroe | 786 | 88.51% | 9 | 1.01% | 93 | 10.47% | 0 | 0.00% | 693 | 78.04% | 888 |
Montgomery | 854 | 85.49% | 52 | 5.21% | 93 | 9.31% | 0 | 0.00% | 761 | 76.18% | 999 |
Morgan | 575 | 87.65% | 24 | 3.66% | 57 | 8.69% | 0 | 0.00% | 518 | 78.96% | 656 |
Murray | 366 | 47.47% | 68 | 8.82% | 307 | 39.82% | 30 | 3.89% | 59 | 7.65% | 771 |
Muscogee | 1,817 | 85.35% | 51 | 2.40% | 102 | 4.79% | 159 | 7.47% | 1,715 | 80.55% | 2,129 |
Newton | 840 | 89.27% | 57 | 6.06% | 43 | 4.57% | 1 | 0.11% | 783[b] | 83.21% | 941 |
Oconee | 208 | 53.47% | 1 | 0.26% | 180 | 46.27% | 0 | 0.00% | 28 | 7.20% | 389 |
Oglethorpe | 503 | 81.79% | 33 | 5.37% | 79 | 12.85% | 0 | 0.00% | 424 | 68.94% | 615 |
Paulding | 426 | 37.30% | 32 | 2.80% | 684 | 59.89% | 0 | 0.00% | -258 | -22.59% | 1,142 |
Pickens | 324 | 34.80% | 190 | 20.41% | 417 | 44.79% | 0 | 0.00% | -93 | -9.99% | 931 |
Pierce | 408 | 69.39% | 83 | 14.12% | 97 | 16.50% | 0 | 0.00% | 311 | 52.89% | 588 |
Pike | 751 | 81.63% | 34 | 3.70% | 134 | 14.57% | 1 | 0.11% | 617 | 67.07% | 920 |
Polk | 706 | 54.90% | 36 | 2.80% | 539 | 41.91% | 5 | 0.39% | 167 | 12.99% | 1,286 |
Pulaski | 1,080 | 95.07% | 17 | 1.50% | 39 | 3.43% | 0 | 0.00% | 1,041 | 91.64% | 1,136 |
Putnam | 460 | 96.64% | 6 | 1.26% | 10 | 2.10% | 0 | 0.00% | 450 | 94.54% | 476 |
Quitman | 112 | 87.50% | 7 | 5.47% | 9 | 7.03% | 0 | 0.00% | 103 | 80.47% | 128 |
Rabun | 327 | 71.24% | 12 | 2.61% | 119 | 25.93% | 1 | 0.22% | 208 | 45.32% | 459 |
Randolph | 559 | 84.70% | 57 | 8.64% | 44 | 6.67% | 0 | 0.00% | 502[b] | 76.06% | 660 |
Richmond | 1,871 | 77.44% | 177 | 7.33% | 234 | 9.69% | 134 | 5.55% | 1,637 | 67.76% | 2,416 |
Rockdale | 434 | 85.77% | 11 | 2.17% | 61 | 12.06% | 0 | 0.00% | 373 | 73.72% | 506 |
Schley | 212 | 89.83% | 3 | 1.27% | 20 | 8.47% | 1 | 0.42% | 192 | 81.36% | 236 |
Screven | 460 | 74.07% | 21 | 3.38% | 138 | 22.22% | 2 | 0.32% | 322 | 51.85% | 621 |
Spalding | 736 | 91.20% | 26 | 3.22% | 45 | 5.58% | 0 | 0.00% | 691 | 85.63% | 807 |
Stephens | 409 | 84.33% | 15 | 3.09% | 61 | 12.58% | 0 | 0.00% | 348 | 71.75% | 485 |
Stewart | 452 | 94.96% | 17 | 3.57% | 7 | 1.47% | 0 | 0.00% | 435[b] | 91.39% | 476 |
Sumter | 1,004 | 95.62% | 24 | 2.29% | 19 | 1.81% | 3 | 0.29% | 980[b] | 93.33% | 1,050 |
Talbot | 446 | 82.44% | 8 | 1.48% | 87 | 16.08% | 0 | 0.00% | 359 | 66.36% | 541 |
Taliaferro | 242 | 83.74% | 7 | 2.42% | 40 | 13.84% | 0 | 0.00% | 202 | 69.90% | 289 |
Tattnall | 592 | 69.89% | 18 | 2.13% | 234 | 27.63% | 3 | 0.35% | 358 | 42.27% | 847 |
Taylor | 342 | 74.84% | 17 | 3.72% | 98 | 21.44% | 0 | 0.00% | 244 | 53.39% | 457 |
Telfair | 695 | 94.69% | 20 | 2.72% | 19 | 2.59% | 0 | 0.00% | 675[b] | 91.96% | 734 |
Terrell | 608 | 92.68% | 29 | 4.42% | 19 | 2.90% | 0 | 0.00% | 579[b] | 88.26% | 656 |
Thomas | 1,012 | 81.48% | 47 | 3.78% | 176 | 14.17% | 7 | 0.56% | 836 | 67.31% | 1,242 |
Tift | 427 | 65.49% | 0 | 0.00% | 189 | 28.99% | 36 | 5.52% | 238 | 36.50% | 652 |
Toombs | 327 | 77.30% | 20 | 4.73% | 75 | 17.73% | 1 | 0.24% | 252 | 59.57% | 423 |
Towns | 230 | 43.48% | 89 | 16.82% | 206 | 38.94% | 4 | 0.76% | 24 | 4.54% | 529 |
Troup | 1,441 | 93.94% | 16 | 1.04% | 75 | 4.89% | 2 | 0.13% | 1,366 | 89.05% | 1,534 |
Turner | 385 | 74.18% | 25 | 4.82% | 75 | 14.45% | 34 | 6.55% | 310 | 59.73% | 519 |
Twiggs | 307 | 95.05% | 3 | 0.93% | 13 | 4.02% | 0 | 0.00% | 294 | 91.02% | 323 |
Union | 319 | 48.11% | 88 | 13.27% | 256 | 38.61% | 0 | 0.00% | 63 | 9.50% | 663 |
Upson | 445 | 75.42% | 7 | 1.19% | 138 | 23.39% | 0 | 0.00% | 307 | 52.03% | 590 |
Walker | 771 | 54.64% | 215 | 15.24% | 404 | 28.63% | 21 | 1.49% | 367 | 26.01% | 1,411 |
Walton | 885 | 73.81% | 40 | 3.34% | 274 | 22.85% | 0 | 0.00% | 611 | 50.96% | 1,199 |
Ware | 972 | 88.77% | 54 | 4.93% | 39 | 3.56% | 30 | 2.74% | 918[b] | 83.84% | 1,095 |
Warren | 262 | 76.83% | 11 | 3.23% | 67 | 19.65% | 1 | 0.29% | 195 | 57.18% | 341 |
Washington | 920 | 82.51% | 28 | 2.51% | 167 | 14.98% | 0 | 0.00% | 753 | 67.53% | 1,115 |
Wayne | 380 | 89.83% | 14 | 3.31% | 25 | 5.91% | 4 | 0.95% | 355 | 83.92% | 423 |
Webster | 139 | 97.89% | 2 | 1.41% | 1 | 0.70% | 0 | 0.00% | 137[b] | 96.48% | 142 |
White | 152 | 55.68% | 11 | 4.03% | 110 | 40.29% | 0 | 0.00% | 42 | 15.38% | 273 |
Whitfield | 761 | 55.55% | 106 | 7.74% | 437 | 31.90% | 66 | 4.82% | 324 | 23.65% | 1,370 |
Wilcox | 525 | 92.11% | 15 | 2.63% | 29 | 5.09% | 1 | 0.18% | 496 | 87.02% | 570 |
Wilkes | 657 | 89.39% | 3 | 0.41% | 68 | 9.25% | 7 | 0.95% | 589 | 80.14% | 735 |
Wilkinson | 335 | 92.54% | 10 | 2.76% | 17 | 4.70% | 0 | 0.00% | 318 | 87.85% | 362 |
Worth | 500 | 84.18% | 12 | 2.02% | 77 | 12.96% | 5 | 0.84% | 423 | 71.21% | 594 |
Totals | 93,087 | 76.63% | 5,191 | 4.27% | 21,985 | 18.10% | 1,207 | 0.99% | 71,102 | 58.53% | 121,470 |
See also
editNotes
edit- ^Because Roosevelt finished ahead of Taft in Georgia as a whole, all margins given are Wilson minus Roosevelt unless stated in the total for the county in question.
- ^abcdefghijklmnopqIn this county where Taft did run second ahead of Roosevelt, margin given is Wilson vote minus Taft vote and percentage margin Wilson percentage minus Taft percentage.
References
edit- ^Phillips, Kevin P.;The Emerging Republican Majority,pp. 208, 210ISBN9780691163246
- ^Springer, Melanie Jean;How the States Shaped the Nation: American Electoral Institutions and Voter Turnout, 1920-2000,p. 155ISBN022611435X
- ^Tindall, George B.; ‘Southern Strategy: A Historical Perspective’;North Carolina Historical Review;vol. 48, no. 2 (April 1971), pp. 126-141
- ^de Santis, Vincent P.; ‘Republican Efforts to “Crack” the Democratic South’;The Review of Politics,vol. 14, no. 2 (April 1952), pp. 244-264
- ^Menendez, Albert J.;The Geography of Presidential Elections in the United States, 1868-2004,p. 39ISBN0786422173
- ^ab"1912 Presidential Election Results Georgia".
- ^abcd"Popular Vote at The Presidential Election of 1912 (.xlsx file for €15".Géoelections.