1918 in science

	…1908; 1909; 1910; 1911; 1912; 1913; 1914; ; 1915; 1916; 1917; 1918; 1919; 1920; 1921; ; 1922; 1923; 1924; 1925; 1926; 1927; 1928…;
	Art; Archaeology; Architecture; Literature; Music; Philosophy; Science; +...

The following events inscienceandtechnologyoccurred in the year1918.

Astronomy

June 8 –NovaAquila, the brightest observed since1604,is discovered.
Kiyotsugu Hirayamaidentifies several groups ofmain belt asteroids,now known asHirayama families.
Harlow Shapleydemonstrates thatglobular clustersare arranged in a spheroid or halo whose center is not theEarth,but the center of thegalaxy.
Heber Curtisdiscovers arelativistic jetof matter emerging fromElliptical galaxy M87.

Biology

February 21 – The last knownCarolina parakeet(the onlyparrotspecies native to theeastern United States) dies inCincinnati Zoo.
Around 1000pilot whales strandin theChatham Islands.
R. A. Fisherputs forward ageneticmodel that shows that continuous variation could be the result ofMendelian inheritancein his paper "The Correlation Between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance".
J. Henri Fabre'sThe Sacred Beetle, and otherspublished in English.^[1]
Jacques Loeb'sForced Movements, Tropisms, and Animal Conductpublished in the United States.^[2]

Cryptography

February 23 –Arthur Scherbiusapplies topatenttheEnigma machine.^[3]
Edward Hugh Hebernpatents theHebern rotor machine.

History of science

Technisches Museum Wienopens inVienna.

Mathematics

Felix Hausdorffintroduces the concept of the fractionalHausdorff dimension.^[4]
Gaston Juliadescribes the iteration of arational function.^[5]

Physics

July 26 –Emmy Noetherintroduces what becomes known asNoether's theorem,from whichconservation lawsare deduced for symmetries ofangular momentum,linearmomentumandenergy,atGöttingen,Germany.
Josef LenseandHans Thirringfind the gravitomagnetic precession ofgyroscopesin the equations ofgeneral relativity.
Hans ReissnerandGunnar Nordströmsolve theEinsteinandMaxwell field equationsfor charged spherically symmetric non-rotating systems.
Friedrich Kottlergets a Schwarzschild solution without Einstein vacuum field equations.

Physiology and medicine

January –1918 flu pandemic:"Spanish 'flu" (influenza) first observed inHaskell County, Kansas.^[6]
March 26 – Dr.Marie Stopespublishes her influential bookMarried Lovein the U.K., following it withWise Parenthood,a treatise on birth control.
June–August – "Spanish 'flu"becomespandemic.^[7]
September 7 –J. B. Christophersonpublishes his discovery thatantimony potassium tartrateis an effective cure forbilharzia.^[8]
Hartog Jacob Hamburgerdescribes thechloride shift.^[9]

Technology

April 10 –Alexander M. Nicholsonfiles a United States patent for theradio crystal oscillator.^[10]
July – American cinematographerFrank D. Williamsis granted a patent for the "Williams process"of travellingmatte.^[11]
Edwin Howard Armstrongdevelops thesuperheterodyne receiver.^[12]
George ConstantinescupublishesTheory of sonics:a treatise on transmission of power by vibrations,^[13]originating the study of this branch ofcontinuum mechanics.
Theodore von KarmanandAsbóth Oszkárbuild the first co-axialhelicopter.
Charles Striteinvents thepop-up toaster.^[14]

Awards

Nobel Prize
- Physics–Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck
- Chemistry–Fritz Haber^[15]
- Medicine– not awarded

Births

January 23 –Gertrude B. Elion(died1999), Americanpharmacologist,Nobel laureate.
January 27 –Antonín Mrkos(died1996), Czechastronomer.
March 13 –Marjorie Blamey(died2019), English botanical illustrator.
March 16 –Frederick Reines(died1998), Americanphysicist,Nobel laureate.^[16]
April 4 –Joseph Ashbrook(died1980), American astronomer.
April 25 –Gérard de Vaucouleurs(died1995), French astronomer.
May 11 –Richard Feynman(died1988), American physicist, Nobel laureate.
May 20 –Alexandra Illmer Forsythe(died1980), American computer scientist
June 6 –Edwin G. Krebs(died2009), Americanbiochemist,Nobel laureate.
July 15
- Bertram Brockhouse(died2003), Canadian physicist.
- Brenda Milner,English-born neuropsychologist.
July 16 –Samuel Victor Perry(died2009), English biochemist, pioneer in the field of muscle biochemistry.
August 3 –Cheng Kaijia(died2018), Chinesenuclear physicist.
August 13 –Frederick Sanger(died2013), Englishmolecular biologist,double Nobel laureate.
August 26 –Katherine Johnson(died2020), African American mathematician and space physicist.
August 29 –John Herivel(died2011), Britishcryptanalystand science historian.
September 8 –Derek Barton(died 1998), English-bornorganic chemist,Nobel laureate.
September 27 –Martin Ryle(died1984), Englishradio astronomer.
October 4 –Adrian Kantrowitz(died2008), Americancardiac surgeon.
November 10 –Ernst Otto Fischer(died2007), Germanchemist,Nobel laureate.
November 19 –Hendrik C. van de Hulst(died2000), Dutch astronomer.
December 25 –Tamara Mikhaylovna Smirnova(died2001), Russian astronomer.
Eleanor C. Pressly(died2003), American mathematician and aeronautical engineer.

Deaths

January 6 –Georg Cantor(born1845), Germanmathematician.
January 26 –Ewald Hering(born1834), Germanphysiologist.
January 31 –Ivan Puluj(born1845), Austrian-born Ukrainianphysicist.
April 20 –Karl Ferdinand Braun(born1850), German physicist, Nobel laureate.
May 1 –G. K. Gilbert(born1843), Americangeologist.
May 31 –Alexander Mitscherlich(born1836), Germanchemist.
June 13 –Samuel Jean de Pozzi(born1846), Frenchgynaecologist.
June 27 –George Mary Searle(born1839), Americanastronomer.
June 29 –Alfred Senier(born1853), Irishchemist.
September 7 –Peter Ludwig Mejdell Sylow(born1832), Norwegianmathematician.
August 22 –Korbinian Brodmann(born1868), Germanneurologist.
October 28 –Ulisse Dini(born1845), Italian mathematician.
November 3 –Aleksandr Lyapunov(born1857), Russian mathematician and physicist.
November 29 –Thomas Allinson(born1858), Englishphysicianand dietetic reformer.
December 26 –William Hampton Patton(born1853), American entomologist.
December 27 –Birt Acres(born1854), American-born English pioneer ofcinematography.

References

^Fabre, Jean-Henri (1918).The Sacred Beetle, and others.Translated by Teixeira de Mattos, Alexander. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company.doi:10.5962/bhl.title.8946.
^Loeb, Jacques (1918).Forced movements, tropisms, and animal conduct.Philadelphia and London: J.B. Lippincott company.doi:10.5962/bhl.title.18452.
^Singh, Simon(1999).The Code Book: the Science of Secrecy from Ancient Egypt to Quantum Cryptography.London: Fourth Estate. p. 127.ISBN 978-1-85702-879-9.
^Crilly, Tony (2007).50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know.London: Quercus. p. 97.ISBN 978-1-84724-008-8.
^"Mémoire sur l'itération des fonctions rationnelles".Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées.8:47–245.
^Barry, John M.(2005) [2004].The Great Influenza: The Story of the Deadliest Pandemic in History.New York: Penguin Books.
^"La Grippe Espagnole de 1918".Institut Pasteur.Archived fromthe originalon 4 June 2011.Retrieved3 May2011.
^Christopherson, J. B. (1918)."The Successful Use of Antimony in Bilharziosis".The Lancet.192(4958): 325.doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)02807-0.
^Hamburger, H. J. (1918). "Anionenwanderungen in serum und blut unter dem einfluss von CO₂,Saure und Akali ".Biochemische Zeitschrift.86:309–324.
^Nicholson, Alexander M.Generating and transmitting electric currentsU.S. patent 2,212,845,granted August 27, 1940.
^U.S. patent 1,273,435.
^"Radio/Broadcasting Timeline".CBN History.WCBN. Archived fromthe originalon 2022-03-01.Retrieved2019-10-23.
^London: The Admiralty.
^U.S. patent 1,394,450,granted October 18, 1921.
^"These Nobel Prize Winners Weren't Always Noble".National Geographic News.6 October 2015. Archived fromthe originalon August 8, 2020.Retrieved19 January2021.
^Wilford, John Noble (28 August 1998)."Frederick Reines Dies at 80; Nobelist Discovered Neutrino".The New York Times.Retrieved24 October2021.

[1] Fabre, Jean-Henri (1918).The Sacred Beetle, and others.Translated by Teixeira de Mattos, Alexander. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company.doi:10.5962/bhl.title.8946.

[2] Loeb, Jacques (1918).Forced movements, tropisms, and animal conduct.Philadelphia and London: J.B. Lippincott company.doi:10.5962/bhl.title.18452.

[3] Singh, Simon(1999).The Code Book: the Science of Secrecy from Ancient Egypt to Quantum Cryptography.London: Fourth Estate. p. 127.ISBN 978-1-85702-879-9.

[4] Crilly, Tony (2007).50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know.London: Quercus. p. 97.ISBN 978-1-84724-008-8.

[5] "Mémoire sur l'itération des fonctions rationnelles".Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées.8:47–245.

[Barry-6] Barry, John M.(2005) [2004].The Great Influenza: The Story of the Deadliest Pandemic in History.New York: Penguin Books.

[7] "La Grippe Espagnole de 1918".Institut Pasteur.Archived fromthe originalon 4 June 2011.Retrieved3 May2011.

[8] Christopherson, J. B. (1918)."The Successful Use of Antimony in Bilharziosis".The Lancet.192(4958): 325.doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)02807-0.

[9] Hamburger, H. J. (1918). "Anionenwanderungen in serum und blut unter dem einfluss von CO₂,Saure und Akali ".Biochemische Zeitschrift.86:309–324.

[10] Nicholson, Alexander M.Generating and transmitting electric currentsU.S. patent 2,212,845,granted August 27, 1940.

[11] U.S. patent 1,273,435.

[WCBN-12] "Radio/Broadcasting Timeline".CBN History.WCBN. Archived fromthe originalon 2022-03-01.Retrieved2019-10-23.

[13] London: The Admiralty.

[14] U.S. patent 1,394,450,granted October 18, 1921.

[15] "These Nobel Prize Winners Weren't Always Noble".National Geographic News.6 October 2015. Archived fromthe originalon August 8, 2020.Retrieved19 January2021.

[16] Wilford, John Noble (28 August 1998)."Frederick Reines Dies at 80; Nobelist Discovered Neutrino".The New York Times.Retrieved24 October2021.

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