This is an overview of1925 in film,including significant events, a list of films released and notable births and deaths.
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Top-grossing films (U.S.)
editThe top ten 1925 released films by box office gross in North America are as follows:
Rank | Title | Distributor | Domestic rentals |
---|---|---|---|
1 | The Big Parade | MGM | $4,990,000[1] |
2 | Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ | $4,359,000[1] | |
3 | The Freshman | Pathé Exchange | $2,600,000[2] |
4 | The Gold Rush | United Artists | $2,150,000[3] |
5 | The Phantom of the Opera | Universal | $1,550,000[4] |
6 | Don Q, Son of Zorro Stella Dallas |
United Artists | $1,500,000[5][2] |
7 | The Lost World | First National | $1,300,000[2] |
8 | East Lynne Little Annie Rooney |
Fox Film United Artists |
$1,100,000[2][6] |
9 | The Merry Widow | MGM | $1,081,000[1] |
10 | The Eagle | United Artists | $820,000[7] |
Events
edit- June 26:Charlie Chaplin'sThe Gold Rushpremieres. It is voted the best film of the year by critics inThe Film Dailyannual poll[8]
- September 25:Ufa-Palast am ZooinBerlinrebuilt as Germany's largest cinema reopens.
- November 5: MGM's war drama filmThe Big Paradeis released. It is a massive commercial success, becoming the highest-grossing picture of the 1920s in the United States.
- December 30: MGM's biblical epicBen-Hur: A Tale of the Christpremieres in New York City. It is the most expensive silent film ever made, costing $4 million (around $68 million when adjusted for inflation)[9]
- Hong Shenpublishes the film scriptMrs. Shentuin the Shanghai magazineEastern Miscellany.It is never filmed, but is considered a milestone in film history for being the first published film script in China.[10]Hong also directs his first film,Young Master Feng,atMing xing (Star) Film Companyin this year.
Notable films released in 1925
editFor the complete list of US film releases for the year, seeUnited States films of 1925
A
edit- Ang Pagtitipid,directed byJosé Nepomuceno– (Philippines)
- Are Parents People?,directed byMalcolm St. Clair,starringAdolphe Menjou
B
edit- The Battleship Potemkin(Bronyenosyets Potyomkin),directed bySergei Eisenstein– (U.S.S.R.)
- The Bells (Le Juif Polonais),directed by and starringHarry Southwell[11]
- Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ,directed byFred Niblo,starringRamón Novarro,May McAvoyandFrancis X. Bushman
- The Big Parade,directed byKing Vidor,starringJohn GilbertandRenée Adorée
- The Blackguard(Die Prinzessin und der Geiger),directed byGraham Cutts– (GB/Germany)
- Braveheart,directed byAlan Hale Sr.,starringRod La Rocque
C
edit- Chess Fever(Shakhmatnaya goryachka),directed byVsevolod Pudovkin– (U.S.S.R.)
- Chronicles of the Gray House,directed by Arthur von Gerlach, starringLil Dagover(Germany)
- The Circle,directed byFrank Borzage,starringEleanor Boardman
- Cobra,directed byJoseph Henabery,starringRudolph ValentinoandNita Naldi
- Corazón Aymara(Aymara Heart)(lost), directed by Pedro Sambarino – (Bolivia)
- Curses!,directed by William Goodrich (Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle) andGrover Jones
D
edit- The Dark Angel,directed byGeorge Fitzmaurice,starringRonald ColmanandVilma Bánky
- Dr. Pyckle and Mr. Pryde,directed byScott PembrokeandJoe Rock,starringStan Laurel[12]
- Don Q, Son of Zorro,directed byDonald Crisp,starringDouglas FairbanksandMary Astor
E
edit- The Eagle,directed byClarence Brown,starringRudolph ValentinoandVilma Bánky
F
edit- The Farmer from Texas(Der Farmer aus Texas),directed byJoe May,starringLillian Hall-DavisandWilly Fritsch– (Germany)
- Feu Mathias Pascal(The Late Mathias Pascal),directed byMarcel L'Herbier,starringIvan Mosjoukine– (France)
- Fifty-Fifty(lost), directed byHenri Diamant-Berger,starringHope Hampton,Lionel BarrymoreandLouise Glaum
- The Freshman,directed byFred C. NewmeyerandSam Taylor,starringHarold Lloyd
G
edit- Go West,starring and directed byBuster Keaton
- The Gold Rush,aCharlie Chaplinfilm
- The Goose Woman,directed byClarence Brown,starringLouise Dresser,Jack PickfordandConstance Bennett
- Grass: A Nation's Battle for Life,directed byMerian C. CooperandErnest B. Schoedsack
- The Green Archer,a 10-chapter (three chapters exist) serial directed bySpencer Gordon Bennet,starringAllene RayandWalter Miller,based on the 1923novelbyEdgar Wallace[12]
H
edit- The Haunted Honeymoon,directed byFred GuiolandTed Wilde,starringGlenn Tryon
- The Heart Breaker,directed byBenjamin Stoloff
- His People,directed byEdward Sloman,starringRudolph Schildkraut
- His Supreme Moment(lost), directed byGeorge Fitzmaurice,starringBlanche SweetandRonald Colman
- El Húsar de la Muerte(The Hussar of Death),starring and directed byPedro Sienna– (Chile)
I
edit- Isn't Life Terrible?,directed byLeo McCarey,starringCharley ChaseandOliver Hardy
J
edit- Joyless Street(Die freudlose Gasse),directed byG. W. Pabst,starringGreta Garbo,Werner KraussandAsta Nielsen– (Germany)
K
edit- The King on Main Street,directed byMonta Bell,starringAdolphe MenjouandBessie Love
- A Kiss For Cinderella,directed byHerbert Brenon,starringEsther Ralston
L
edit- The Lady,directed byFrank Borzage,starringNorma Talmadge
- Lady of the Night,directed byMonta Bell,starringNorma Shearer
- Lazybones,directed byFrank Borzage,starringMadge Bellamy,Buck JonesandZaSu Pitts
- Lady Windermere's Fan,directed byErnst Lubitsch,starringRonald ColmanandMay McAvoy
- Lights of Old Broadway,directed byMonta Bell,starringMarion DaviesandConrad Nagel
- Little Annie Rooney,directed byWilliam Beaudine,starringMary PickfordandWilliam Haines
- Living Buddhas(Lebende Buddhas)(lost), directed byPaul Wegener,starring Paul Wegener andAsta Nielsen
- The Lost World,directed byHarry O. Hoyt,starringBessie Love,Lewis StoneandWallace Beery,based on the 1912novelbyArthur Conan Doyle
- Lovers in Quarantine,directed byFrank Tuttle,starringBebe DanielsandHarrison Ford
- The Lucky Horseshoe,directed byJohn G. Blystone,starringTom Mix
M
edit- Maciste in Hell (Maciste all'inferno),directed byGuido Brignone[13]– (Italy)
- Madame Behave(lost), directed byScott Sidney,starringJulian EltingeandAnn Pennington
- Madame Sans-Gêne(lost), directed byLéonce Perret,starringGloria Swanson
- The Marriage of the Bear(Medvezhya Svadba),directed byVladimir GardinandKonstantin Eggert,based on the 1869 novellaLokisbyProsper Mérimée[11]– (U.S.S.R.)
- Master of the House(Du skal ære din hustru),directed byCarl Theodor Dreyer– (Denmark)
- Men and Women(lost), directed byWilliam C. deMille,starringRichard Dix
- The Merry Widow,directed byErich von Stroheim,starringMae MurrayandJohn Gilbert
- Miracles of Love,directed by Vicente Salumbides, starringDimples Cooper– (Philippines)[14]
- Les Misérables,directed byHenri Fescourt– (France)
- The Monster,directed byRoland West,starringLon ChaneyandJohnny Arthur,based on the 1924 play byCrane Wilbur
- The Mystic,directed byTod Browning,starringAileen PringleandConway Tearle[15]
O
edit- Old Clothes,directed byEdward F. Cline,starringJackie CooganandJoan Crawford
- Orochi,directed byBuntarō Futagawa,starringTsumasaburō Bandō– (Japan)
P
edit- Pampered Youth(lost), directed byDavid Smith
- The Phantom of the Moulin-Rouge(Le fantôme du Moulin-Rouge),written and directed byRené Clair[16]– (France)
- The Phantom of the Opera,directed byRupert Julian,starringLon Chaney,Norman KerryandMary Philbin,based on the 1910novelbyGaston Leroux
- The Plastic Age– directed byWesley Ruggles,starringClara BowandGilbert Roland
- The Pleasure Garden,directed byAlfred Hitchcock,starringVirginia ValliandCarmelita Geraghty– (GB)
- Prem Sanyas(Die Leuchte Asiens | The Light of Asia),directed byFranz OstenandHimanshu Rai– (Germany/India)
- Pretty Ladies,directed byMonta Bell,starringZaSu Pitts
- Proud Flesh,directed byKing Vidor,starringEleanor BoardmanandHarrison Ford
R
edit- The Rag Man,directed byEdward F. Cline,starringJackie Coogan
- The Rat,directed byGraham Cutts,starringIvor Novello,Mae MarshandIsabel Jeans– (GB)
- The Red Head(Poil de Carotte),directed byJulien Duvivier– (France)
- Red Heels(Das Spielzeug von Paris),directed byMichael Curtiz,starringLili Damita– (Austria)
- The Road to Yesterday,directed byCecil B. DeMille,starringJoseph SchildkrautandWilliam Boyd
S
edit- Sally, Irene and Marydirected byEdmund Goulding,starringConstance Bennett,Joan Crawford,Sally O'NeilandWilliam Haines
- Sally of the Sawdust,directed byD. W. Griffith,starringCarol DempsterandW. C. Fields
- Seven Chances,aBuster Keatonfilm
- Seven Keys to Baldpate(lost), directed byFred C. Newmeyer,starringDouglas MacLean,based on the 1913novelbyEarl Derr Biggers[17]
- She,directed byLeander de CordovaandG. B. Samuelson,starringBetty Blythe– (GB/Germany)
- Smouldering Fires,directed byClarence Brown,starringPauline FrederickandLaura La Plante
- Spook Ranch,directed byEdward Laemmle,starringHoot Gibson[18]
- Stella Dallas,directed byHenry King,starringRonald Colman,Belle BennettandDouglas Fairbanks Jr.
- The Street of Forgotten Men(lost), directed byHerbert Brenon
- Strike(Stachka),directed bySergei Eisenstein– (U.S.S.R.)
- The Swan,directed byDimitri Buchowetzki,starringFrances Howard,Adolphe MenjouandRicardo Cortez
T
edit- The Tailor from Torzhok(Zakroyshchik iz Torzhka),directed byYakov Protazanov– (U.S.S.R.)
- The Third Round,directed bySidney Morgan,starringJack Buchanan– (GB)
- Three Weeks in Paris(lost), directed byRoy Del Ruth,starringMatt Moore
- Too Many Kisses,directed byPaul Sloane,starringRichard DixandWilliam Powell
- Tumbleweeds,directed byKing Baggot,starringWilliam S. Hart
U
edit- The Unholy Three,directed byTod Browning,starringLon Chaney,Mae Busch,Matt MooreandVictor McLaglen,based on the 1917 novel byTod Robbins[19]
V
edit- Vampires of Warsaw(Wampiry Warszawy)(lost), written and directed byWiktor Biegański[19]– (Poland)
- Variety(Varieté),directed byEwald André Dupont,starringEmil Jannings– (Germany)
- Visages d'enfants(Faces of Children),directed byJacques Feyder– (France)
W
edit- The Whirlpool of Fate(La Fille de l'eau),directed byJean Renoir– (France)
- The White Lily Laments(Shirayuri wa nageku), directed byKenji Mizoguchi– (Japan)
- The Wizard of Oz,directed byLarry Semon
- Wolf Blood: A Tale of the Forest,directed byGeorge ChesebroandBruce M. Mitchell[20]
- Womanhandled,directed byGregory La Cava,starringRichard DixandEsther Ralston
- A Woman of the World,directed byMal St. Clair,starringPola Negri
Z
edit- Zander the Great,directed byGeorge W. Hill,starringMarion DaviesandHarrison Ford
Comedy film series
edit- Charlie Chaplin(1914–1940)
- Harold Lloyd(1913–1938)
- Lupino Lane(1915–1939)
- Buster Keaton(1917–1944)
- Laurel and Hardy(1921–1943)
- Our Gang(1922–1944)
- Harry Langdon(1924–1936)
Animated short film series
edit- Felix the Cat(1919–1936)
- Koko the Clown(1919–1963)
- Aesop's Film Fables(1921–1934)
- Alice Comedies
- Alice Cans the Cannibals
- Alice the Toreador
- Alice Gets Stung
- Alice Solves the Puzzle
- Alice's Egg Plant
- Alice Loses Out
- Alice is Stage Struck
- Alice Wins the Derby
- Alice Picks the Champ
- Alice's Tin Pony
- Alice Chops the Suey
- Alice the Jail Bird
- Alice Plays Cupid
- Alice Rattled by Rats
- Alice in the Jungle
- Koko's Song Car Tunes(1924–1927)
- Krazy Kat(1925–1940)
- Un-Natural History(1925–1927)
Births
edit- January 1 -Matthew Beard,American actor (died 1981)
- January 6 –Enrique Carreras,Peruvian-born director and producer (died 1995)
- January 9 –Lee Van Cleef,American actor (died 1989)
- January 13 –Gwen Verdon,American actress and dancer (died 2000)
- January 15 -Ignacio López Tarso,Mexican actor (died 2023)
- January 21 –Charles Aidman,American actor (died 1993)
- January 24 –Helen Stenborg,American actress (died 2011)
- January 26
- Joan Leslie,American actress (died 2015)
- Paul Newman,American actor (died 2008)
- February 2 –Elaine Stritch,American actress (died 2014)
- February 3
- Shelley Berman,American comedian, actor, and writer (died 2017)
- John Fiedler,American actor and voice actor (died 2005)
- February 8 –Jack Lemmon,American actor (died 2001)
- February 11 –Kim Stanley,American actress (died 2001)
- February 17
- Ron Goodwin,English film composer (died 2003)
- Hal Holbrook,American actor (died 2021)
- February 18 –George Kennedy,American actor (died 2016)
- February 20 –Robert Altman,American director (died 2006)
- February 21 –Sam Peckinpah,American director (died 1984)
- February 25 –Aino Seep,Estonian singer and actress (died 1982)
- February 26 –Selma Archerd,American actress (died 2023)
- March 11 –Peter R. Hunt,British director, editor and producer (died 2002)
- March 13 –Corrado Gaipa,Italian actor and voice actor (died 1989)
- March 17 -Gabriele Ferzetti,Italian actor (died 2015)
- April 14 –Rod Steiger,American actor (died 2002)
- April 18 –Bob Hastings,American actor (died 2014)
- April 19 –Hugh O'Brian,American actor (died 2016)
- April 28 –Bruce Kirby,American character actor (died 2021)
- May 2 –John Neville,English-Canadian actor (died 2011)
- May 25 –Jeanne Crain,American actress (died 2003)
- May 26 –Alec McCowen,English actor (died 2017)
- May 28 –Martha Vickers,American model, actress (died1971)
- June 3 –Tony Curtis,American actor (died 2010)
- June 4 -Joe Hale,American animator, layout artist, and producer
- June 5 -Henny Orri,Dutch actress (died 2022)
- June 7 –John Biddle,American yachting cinematographer (died 2008)
- June 8 –Charles Tyner,American actor (died 2017)
- June 10 -Diana Maggi,Italian-born Argentine actress (died 2022)
- June 13 –Kristine Miller,American actress (died2015)
- June 16 –Otto Muehl,Austrian experimental director (died 2013)
- June 20 –Audie Murphy,American soldier, actor, songwriter, rancher (died1971)
- June 21 –Maureen Stapleton,American actress (died 2006)
- June 25
- June Lockhart,American actress
- Virginia Patton,American actress (died 2022)
- June 29
- John Fujioka,American actor of Japanese descent (died 2018)
- Cara Williams,American actress (died 2021)
- July 1 –Farley Granger,American actor (died 2011)
- July 6 –Ruth Cracknell,Australian actress (died 2002)
- July 10 –Mildred Kornman,American actress (died 2022)
- July 11 –David Graham,British actor (died 2024)
- July 13 –Huang Zongying,Chinese actress and scriptwriter (died 2020)
- July 14 –Pip Freedman,South African radio comedian and actor (died 2003)
- July 15 –D. A. Pennebaker,American documentary filmmaker (died 2019)
- July 23 –Gloria DeHaven,American actress (died 2016)
- July 24 –Miiko Taka,American actress (died 2023)
- July 25 –Jerry Paris,American actor and director (died1986)
- August 6 –Barbara Bates,American singer, actress (died1969)
- August 11 –Arlene Dahl,American actress (died 2021)
- August 13
- Carlos Balá,Argentine actor (died 2022)
- Asao Sano,Japanese actor (died 2022)
- August 15 –Mike Connors,American actor (died 2017)
- August 22 –Honor Blackman,English actress (died 2020)
- August 23 –Robert Mulligan,American director (died 2008)
- August 27 -Susan Willis,American actress (died 2009)
- August 29 -Dick Cusack,American actor and filmmaker (died 2003)
- August 30 -Frank Ray Perilli,American actor and screenwriter (died 2018)
- September 2 -Ronnie Stevens,English character actor and voice artist (died 2006)
- September 3 -Anne Jackson,American actress (died 2016)
- September 8 –Peter Sellers,English comedian and actor (died 1980)
- September 12
- James Garbutt,British actor (died 2020)
- Dickie Moore,American actor (died 2015)
- September 21 –Noor Jehan,Indian actress (died 2000)
- September 22 -Virginia Capers,American actress (died 2004)
- September 29 -Steve Forrest,American actor (died2013)
- October 3 –Gore Vidal,American writer and actor (died 2012)
- October 4 -Edmund Lyndeck,American actor (died 2015)
- October 5 –Gail Davis,American actress (died 1997)
- October 11 –Nancy Guild,American actress (died 1999)
- October 16
- Angela Lansbury,English-American actress (died 2022)
- Lenka Peterson,American actress (died 2021)
- October 29
- Geraldine Brooks,American actress (died 1977)
- Robert Hardy,English actor (died 2017)
- October 31 –Lee Grant,American actress, documentarian, and director
- November 4 –Doris Roberts,American actress (died 2016)
- November 6 -Michel Bouquet,French actor (died 2022)
- November 10 –Richard Burton,Welsh actor (died 1984)
- November 11 -Jonathan Winters,American comedian, actor, author, television host and artist (died 2013)
- November 17 –Rock Hudson,American actor (died 1985)
- November 22 -Carla Balenda,American actress (died 2024)
- November 25 –June Whitfield,English comic actress (died 2018)
- December 2 –Julie Harris,American Broadway and film actress (died 2013)
- December 3 –Kaljo Kiisk,Estonian actor and director (died 2007)
- December 7 –Sydney Samuelson,English cinematographer (died 2022)
- December 8 –Sammy Davis Jr.,American singer, dancer, musician and actor (died 1990)
- December 12 –Anne V. Coates,English film editor (died 2018)
- December 13 –Dick Van Dyke,American actor
- December 18 –Peggy Cummins,Welsh-born Irish actress (died 2017)
- December 23 –Harry Guardino,American actor (died 1995)
- December 28 –Hildegard Knef,German actress, singer and writer (died 2002)
Deaths
edit- January 24 -Wilton Taylor,American actor (born 1869)
- February 4 -William Haggar,British cinema pioneer (born 1851)[21]
- February 6 -James Kenyon,English businessman and cinema pioneer (born 1850)
- February 7 –Edward Jobson,American actor (born 1860)
- February 25 –Louis Feuillade,French director (born 1873)
- March 13 –Lucille Ricksen,American actress (born 1910)
- April 8 –Thecla Åhlander,Swedish actress (born 1855)
- April 13 –Frederik Buch,Danish actor (born 1875)
- April 16 –David Powell,Scottish actor (born 1883)
- July 29 –Mark Fenton,American actor (born 1866)
- September 28 –Paul Vermoyal,French actor (born 1888)
- October 21 –Orme Caldara,American stage and film actor (born 1875)
- October 31 –Max Linder,French actor (born 1883)
- November 1 –Lester CuneoAmerican actor (born 1888)
- November 3 –Lucile McVey,American actress (born 1890)
- December 8 –Marguerite Marsh,American actress (born 1888)
- December 9 –Harry Rattenberry,American actor (born 1857)
- December 21 –Lottie Lyell,Australian director/producer (born 1890)
- December 22 –Mary Thurman,American actress (born 1895)
- December 24 -James O. Barrows,American stage and screen actor (born 1855)
- December 31 –J. Gordon EdwardsAmerican director (born 1867)
Film debuts
edit- Barbara Barondess–A Kiss for Cinderella
- Walter Brennan–Webs of Steel
- Iron Eyes Cody–The Road to Yesterday
- Gary Cooper–Dick Turpin
- Harry Cording–The Shock Punch
- Joan Crawford–Lady of the Night
- Dolores del Río–Joanna
- Wild Bill Elliott–The Plastic Age
- Stepin Fetchit–The Mysterious Stranger
- Paul Fix–The Perfect Clown
- Joyzelle Joyner–Ben-Hur
- René Lefèvre–Knock
- Myrna Loy–Pretty Ladies
- Mona Maris–The Apache
- Maximilienne–Le Double Amour
- Tim McCoy–The Thundering Herd
- Anita Page–A Kiss for Cinderella
- Bodil Rosing–Pretty Ladies
- Dorothy Sebastian–Sackcloth and Scarlet
- Nicholas Soussanin–The Swan
- Grady Sutton–The Mad Whirl
- Michael Visaroff–The Swan
- Fay Wray–The Coast Patrol
References
edit- ^abcThe Eddie Mannix Ledger,Los Angeles: Margaret Herrick Library, Center for Motion Picture Study.
- ^abcdFinler, Joel Waldo (2003).The Hollywood Story.Wallflower Press. pp.356–357.ISBN978-1-903364-66-6.
- ^Maland, Charles J. (1989).Chaplin and American Culture: The Evolution of a Star Image.ISBN0-691-09440-3.
The United Artists balance sheet of domestic film rentals through the end of 1931 show thatThe Gold Rushhad accumulated $2.15 million in rentals, whileThe Circushad garnered $1.82 million.
- ^"All-Time Film Rental Champs".Variety.October 15, 1990. p. M154.
- ^Krämer, Peter (2019).The General.Bloomsbury.ISBN978-1-8387-1889-3.
In addition, the strongly comedy-inflected, spectacular adventure films starring Fairbanks, who was known for his onscreen acrobatics (as well as his infectious smile), ranked highly in the annual charts –The Thief of Bagdadat no. 3 in 1924,Don Q, Son of Zorroat no. 4 in 1925 andThe Black Pirateat no. 4 in 1926 – with domestic rentals of between $1.5 million and $1.7 million.
- ^Eyman, Scott (1990).Mary Pickford, America's Sweetheart.ISBN1-55611-147-9.
Little Annie Rooneygrossed over $1.1 million domestically. In its premiere run in New York, it grossed a total of just over $70,000 at the 2,900 seat Strand Theater, compared to $78,000 for Douglas'sDon Son of 'Zorro,which also ran two weeks that same year. (The record run for 1925 at the Strand was Chaplin's The Gold Rush, which grossed $214,700 in just four weeks.)
- ^Movie Box Office Grosses: 1925 through 1931
- ^The Ten Best Pictures of 1925.RetrievedApril 28,2018.
{{cite book}}
:|work=
ignored (help) - ^Hall, Sheldon; Neale, Stephen (2010).Epics, spectacles, and blockbusters: a Hollywood history.Wayne State University Press.p.163.ISBN978-0-8143-3008-1.
- ^Ye, Tan; Zhu, Yun (2012).Historical Dictionary of Chinese Cinema.Rowman & Littlefield. p. 76.ISBN978-0-8108-6779-6.
- ^abWorkman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. Pg. 283. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.
- ^abWorkman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. Pg. 284. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.
- ^Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. Pg. 288. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.
- ^"Miracles of Love (1925)".imdb.
- ^Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. Pg. 289. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.
- ^Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. Pg. 279. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.
- ^Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. Pg. 292. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.
- ^Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. Pg. 293. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.
- ^abWorkman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. Pg. 294. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.
- ^Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. Pg. 295. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.
- ^Yorke, Peter(2007).William Haggar (1851-1925): fairground film-maker.Bedlinog: Accent Press. p. 114.ISBN978-1-905170-87-6.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-09-12.Retrieved2021-09-12.
Sources
edit- Block, Alex Ben; Wilson, Lucy Autrey, eds. (2010).George Lucas's Blockbusting: A Decade-by-Decade Survey of Timeless Movies Including Untold Secrets of Their Financial and Cultural Success.HarperCollins.ISBN978-0-06-177889-6.