1984 in science

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The year1984 in scienceand technology involved some significant events.

Astronomy and space exploration

February 7 –Astronauts Bruce McCandless IIandRobert L. Stewartmake the first untetheredspace walk.
TheNational Radio Astronomy Observatoryin theUnited Statesconverts the 36-footradio telescopeonKitt Peak(originally built in1967) to theARO 12m Radio Telescope.

Biology

First known case ofBovine spongiform encephalopathy,inEngland.^[1]
Theenzyme telomeraseis discovered byCarol W. GreiderandElizabeth Blackburnin the ciliateTetrahymena.^[2]
Danish physiologistSteen Willadsenfirst successfully uses cells from early embryos to clone a mammal (sheep) by nuclear transfer at the BritishAgricultural Research Council's Institute of Animal Physiology, Cambridge.^[3]^[4]

Chemistry and physics

Peter Kramer^[5]andDan Shechtman^[6]publish their discoveries of what will soon afterwards be namedquasicrystals.^[7]
Hiroshi Kobayashi and colleagues announce synthesis oftetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate( "BARF" ).^[8]

Computer science

January 24 –Apple Computerplaces theMacintosh personal computeron sale in the United States. It will be the first successful PC to use agraphical user interface.
The first edition of language documentationCommon Lisp the Language(known as CLtL1) is published in the United States.

History of science

Robert Gwyn MacfarlanepublishesAlexander Fleming: The Man and the Myth.

Paleontology

The fossil skeleton of thehominid"Turkana Boy"is discovered inKenya.

Physiology and medicine

February 3 – Dr.John Busterand the research team atHarbor-UCLA Medical Centerannounce history's firstembryo transferfrom one woman to another resulting in a live birth.
April 22 – Dr.Robert GalloandMargaret HecklerofUnited States Public Health Serviceannounce the discovery ofHTLV-IIIas the virus that causesAIDS.
May 10 –Barbara H. BowmanandOliver Smithiesshow that variations inhaptoglobinsare due togenetic polymorphisms.^[9]

Technology

May 5 –Itaipu Damin South America begins to generatehydroelectricity.
July 21 – InJackson,Michigan, a factoryrobotcrushes a worker against a safety bar in apparently the first robot-related death in the United States.

Awards

Births

May 14 –Mark Zuckerberg,American computer programmerandentrepreneur,co-founder ofsocial mediaplatformFacebook
December 2 –Maryna Viazovska,Ukrainian-born mathematician^[10]

Deaths

January 8 –Eerik Kumari(b.1912), Estonian ornithologist and academic
February 21 –Anna Baetjer(b.1899),American toxicologist.
April 8 –Pyotr Kapitsa(b.1894),Russianphysicist,Nobel Prizelaureate.
April 15 –Grete Hermann(b.1901),Germanmathematician and philosopher
May 13 –Stanislaw Ulam(b.1909),Polish American mathematician.
May 24 – SirStanley Hooker(b.1907),English aeronautical engineer.
August 6 –Abraham Lilienfeld(b.1920), Americanepidemiologist.
August 11 –George Streisinger(b.1927),Hungarian Americanmolecular biologist, the first person toclonea vertebrate.
October 20 –Paul Dirac(b.1902), English-bornphysicist.
November 20 –Charles C. Conley(b.1933), American mathematician working ondynamical systems.
December 20 –Stanley Milgram(b. 1933), Americansocial psychologist.

References

^Brown, David (2001-06-19)."The 'recipe for disaster' that killed 80 and left a £5bn bill".The Daily Telegraph.London.Retrieved2014-12-02.
^Greider, Carol W.; Blackburn, Elizabeth H. (December 1985)."Identification of a Specific Telomere Terminal Transferase Activity in Tetrahymena Extracts".Cell.43(2:1):405–13.doi:10.1016/0092-8674(85)90170-9.PMID 3907856.
^Willadsen, S. M. (1986). "Nuclear transplantation in sheep embryos".Nature.320(6057):63–65.Bibcode:1986Natur.320...63W.doi:10.1038/320063a0.PMID 3951549.S2CID 4257911.
^Willadsen, S. M. (1989). "Cloning of sheep and cow embryos".Genome.31(2):956–62.doi:10.1139/g89-167.PMID 2698854.
^Kramer, P.; Neri, R. (1984). "On periodic and non-periodic space fillings of E^mobtained by projection ".Acta Crystallographica.A40(5): 580.Bibcode:1984AcCrA..40..580K.doi:10.1107/S0108767384001203.
^Shechtman, D.; Blech, I.; Gratias, D.; Cahn, J. (1984)."Metallic Phase with Long-Range Orientational Order and No Translational Symmetry".Physical Review Letters.53(20):1951–4.Bibcode:1984PhRvL..53.1951S.doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.53.1951.
^Levine, Dov;Steinhardt, Paul Joseph(1984)."Quasicrystals: A New Class of Ordered Structures".Physical Review Letters.53(26):2477–80.Bibcode:1984PhRvL..53.2477L.doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.53.2477.
^Nishida, H.; Takada, N.; Yoshimura, M.; Sonods, T.; Kobayshi, H. (1984). "Tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate: Highly Lipophilic Stable Anionic Agent for Solvent-Extraction of Cations".Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan.57(9):2600–2604.doi:10.1246/bcsj.57.2600.
^Maeda, Nobuyo; Yang, Funmei; Barnett, Don R.; Bowman, Barbara H.; Smithies, Oliver (1984). "Duplication within the haptoglobin Hp 2 gene".Nature.309(5964):131–135.Bibcode:1984Natur.309..131M.doi:10.1038/309131a0.PMID 6325933.S2CID 4368535.
^"Ukrainian Viazovska wins Fields Medal 2022".ukrinform.net.July 2022.Archivedfrom the original on 2022-07-07.Retrieved2022-07-09.

[1] Brown, David (2001-06-19)."The 'recipe for disaster' that killed 80 and left a £5bn bill".The Daily Telegraph.London.Retrieved2014-12-02.

[2] Greider, Carol W.; Blackburn, Elizabeth H. (December 1985)."Identification of a Specific Telomere Terminal Transferase Activity in Tetrahymena Extracts".Cell.43(2:1):405–13.doi:10.1016/0092-8674(85)90170-9.PMID 3907856.

[3] Willadsen, S. M. (1986). "Nuclear transplantation in sheep embryos".Nature.320(6057):63–65.Bibcode:1986Natur.320...63W.doi:10.1038/320063a0.PMID 3951549.S2CID 4257911.

[4] Willadsen, S. M. (1989). "Cloning of sheep and cow embryos".Genome.31(2):956–62.doi:10.1139/g89-167.PMID 2698854.

[5] Kramer, P.; Neri, R. (1984). "On periodic and non-periodic space fillings of E^mobtained by projection ".Acta Crystallographica.A40(5): 580.Bibcode:1984AcCrA..40..580K.doi:10.1107/S0108767384001203.

[6] Shechtman, D.; Blech, I.; Gratias, D.; Cahn, J. (1984)."Metallic Phase with Long-Range Orientational Order and No Translational Symmetry".Physical Review Letters.53(20):1951–4.Bibcode:1984PhRvL..53.1951S.doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.53.1951.

[7] Levine, Dov;Steinhardt, Paul Joseph(1984)."Quasicrystals: A New Class of Ordered Structures".Physical Review Letters.53(26):2477–80.Bibcode:1984PhRvL..53.2477L.doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.53.2477.

[8] Nishida, H.; Takada, N.; Yoshimura, M.; Sonods, T.; Kobayshi, H. (1984). "Tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate: Highly Lipophilic Stable Anionic Agent for Solvent-Extraction of Cations".Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan.57(9):2600–2604.doi:10.1246/bcsj.57.2600.

[9] Maeda, Nobuyo; Yang, Funmei; Barnett, Don R.; Bowman, Barbara H.; Smithies, Oliver (1984). "Duplication within the haptoglobin Hp 2 gene".Nature.309(5964):131–135.Bibcode:1984Natur.309..131M.doi:10.1038/309131a0.PMID 6325933.S2CID 4368535.

[10] "Ukrainian Viazovska wins Fields Medal 2022".ukrinform.net.July 2022.Archivedfrom the original on 2022-07-07.Retrieved2022-07-09.

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