Wikipedia

3G

(Redirected from3G network)
For other uses, see3G (disambiguation).

3Gis the third generation ofcellular networktechnology, representing a significant advancement over2G,particularly in terms of data transfer speeds andmobile internetcapabilities. While 2G networks, including technologies such asGPRSandEDGE,supported limited data services, 3G introduced significantly higher-speed mobile internet, improved voice quality, and enhancedmultimediacapabilities.[1]Although 3G enabled faster data speeds compared to 2G, it provided moderate internet speeds suitable for general browsing and multimedia content, but not for high-definition or data-intensive applications. Based on theInternational Mobile Telecommunications-2000(IMT-2000) specifications established by theInternational Telecommunication Union(ITU), 3G supports a range of services, includingvoice telephony,mobile internetaccess,video calls,video streaming,andmobile TV.[1]

AUSB modemfor 3G plugged into a laptop.

3G telecommunication networks support services that provide an information transfer rate of at least 144kbit/s.[2][3]Later 3G releases, often referred to as 3.5G (HSPA) and 3.75G (HSPA+), introduced important improvements, enabling 3G networks to offermobile broadbandaccess with speeds ranging from severalMbit/sup to 42 Mbit/s.[4]These updates improved the reliability and speed of internet browsing, video streaming, and online gaming, enhancing the overall user experience forsmartphonesandmobile modems(e.g., forlaptops) in comparison to earlier 3G technologies.

A new generation of cellular standards has emerged roughly every decade since the introduction of1Gsystems in 1979. Each generation is defined by the introduction of newfrequency bands,higher data rates, and transmission technologies that are not backward-compatible due to the need for significant changes in network architecture and infrastructure. The first commercial 3G networks were launched in mid-2001.[5][6][7][8]It was later succeeded by4Gtechnology, which provided even higher data transfer rates and introduced advancements in network performance.

Overview

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Several telecommunications companies marketed wireless mobile Internet services as3G,indicating that the advertised service was provided over a 3G wireless network. However, 3G services have largely been supplanted in marketing by 4G and 5G services in most areas of the world. Services advertised as 3G are required to meetIMT-2000technical standards, including standards for reliability and speed (data transfer rates). To meet the IMT-2000 standards, Third-generation mobile networks, or 3G, must maintain minimum consistent Internet speeds of 144 Kbps.[3]However, many services advertised as 3G provide higher speed than the minimum technical requirements for a 3G service.[9]Subsequent 3G releases, denoted3.5Gand3.75G,provided mobile broadband access of severalMbit/sfor smartphones and mobile modems in laptop computers.[10]

3G branded standards:

  • TheUMTS(Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) system, standardized by 3GPP in 2001, was used in Europe, Japan,China(with a different radio interface) and other regions predominated byGSM(Global Systems for Mobile Communications)2Gsystem infrastructure. The cell phones are typicallyUMTSandGSMhybrids. Several radio interfaces are offered, sharing the same infrastructure:
    • The original and most widespread radio interface is calledW-CDMA(Wideband Code Division Multiple Access).
    • TheTD-SCDMAradio interface was commercialized in 2009 and only offered in China.
    • The latest UMTS release,HSPA+,can provide peak data rates up to 56 Mbit/s in the downlink in theory (28 Mbit/s in existing services) and 22 Mbit/s in the uplink.
  • TheCDMA2000system, first offered in 2002, standardized by3GPP2,used especially in North America and South Korea, sharing infrastructure with theIS-952G standard. The cell phones are typically CDMA2000 and IS-95 hybrids. The latest releaseEVDORev. B offers peak rates of 14.7 Mbit/s downstream.

The 3G systems and radio interfaces are based onspread spectrumradio transmission technology. While theGSM EDGEstandard ( "2.9G" ),DECTcordless phones andMobile WiMAXstandards formally also fulfill the IMT-2000 requirements and are approved as 3G standards by ITU, these are typically not branded as 3G and are based on completely different technologies.

The common standards complying with the IMT2000/3G standard are:

  • EDGE,a revision by the3GPPorganization to the older2GGSMbased transmission methods, which utilizes the same switching nodes, base station sites, and frequencies as GPRS, but includes a new base station and cellphone RF circuits. It is based on the three times as efficient8PSKmodulation scheme as a supplement to the originalGMSKmodulation scheme. EDGE is still used extensively due to its ease of upgrade from existing 2G GSM infrastructure and cell phones.
    • EDGEcombined with theGPRS2.5G technology is calledEGPRS,and allows peak data rates in the order of 200 kbit/s, just like the originalUMTSWCDMA versions and thus formally fulfill the IMT2000 requirements on 3G systems. However, in practice, EDGE is seldom marketed as a 3G system, but a2.9Gsystem. EDGE shows slightly bettersystem spectral efficiencythan the original UMTS andCDMA2000systems, but it is difficult to reach much higher peak data rates due to the limited GSM spectral bandwidth of 200 kHz, and it is thus a dead end.
    • EDGEwas also a mode in theIS-136TDMA system, no longer used.
    • Evolved EDGE,the latest revision, has peaks of 1 Mbit/s downstream and 400 kbit/s upstream but is not commercially used.
  • The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System, created and revised by the3GPP.The family is a full revision from GSM in terms of encoding methods and hardware, although some GSM sites can beretrofittedto broadcast in the UMTS/W-CDMAformat.
    • W-CDMA is the most common deployment, commonly operated on the 2,100 MHz band. A few others use the 850, 900, and 1,900 MHz bands.
      • HSPAis an amalgamation of several upgrades to the original W-CDMA standard and offers speeds of 14.4 Mbit/s down and 5.76 Mbit/s up. HSPA is backward-compatible and uses the same frequencies as W-CDMA.
      • HSPA+,a further revision and upgrade of HSPA, can provide theoretical peak data rates up to 168 Mbit/s in the downlink and 22 Mbit/s in the uplink, using a combination of air interface improvements as well as multi-carrier HSPA andMIMO.Technically though, MIMO and DC-HSPA can be used without the "+" enhancements of HSPA+.
  • TheCDMA2000system, or IS-2000, including CDMA2000 1x and CDMA2000 High Rate Packet Data (or EVDO), standardized by3GPP2(differingfrom the 3GPP), evolving from the original IS-95 CDMA system, is used especially in North America, China, India, Pakistan, Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asia, Europe, and Africa.
    • CDMA2000 1x Rev. E has an increased voice capacity (by three times the original amount) compared to Rev. 0EVDORev. B offers downstream peak rates of 14.7 Mbit/s while Rev. C enhanced existing and new terminal user experience.

While DECT cordless phones andMobile WiMAXstandards formally also fulfill the IMT-2000 requirements, they are not usually considered due to their rarity and unsuitability for usage with mobile phones.[11]

Break-up of 3G systems

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The 3G (UMTS and CDMA2000) research and development projects started in 1992. In 1999, ITU approved five radio interfaces for IMT-2000 as a part of the ITU-R M.1457 Recommendation;WiMAXwas added in 2007.[12]

There are evolutionary standards (EDGE and CDMA) that are backward-compatible extensions to pre-existing2Gnetworks as well as revolutionary standards that require all-new network hardware and frequency allocations. The cell phones use UMTS in combination with 2G GSM standards and bandwidths, butdo not support EDGE.The latter group is theUMTSfamily, which consists of standards developed for IMT-2000, as well as the independently developed standardsDECTand WiMAX, which were included because they fit the IMT-2000 definition.

WhileEDGEfulfills the 3G specifications, most GSM/UMTS phones report EDGE ( "2.75G" ) and UMTS ( "3G" ) functionality.[13]

History

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Cellular network standards and generation timeline.

3G technology was the result of research and development work carried out by theInternational Telecommunication Union(ITU) in the early 1980s. 3G specifications and standards were developed in fifteen years. The technical specifications were made available to the public under the name IMT-2000. The communication spectrum between 400 MHz to 3 GHz was allocated for 3G. Both the government and communication companies approved the 3G standard. The first pre-commercial 3G network was launched byNTT DoCoMoin Japan in 1998,[14]branded asFOMA.It was first available in May 2001 as a pre-release (test) ofW-CDMAtechnology. The first commercial launch of 3G was also by NTT DoCoMo in Japan on 1 October 2001, although it was initially somewhat limited in scope;[15][16]broader availability of the system was delayed by apparent concerns over its reliability.[17]

The first European pre-commercial network was anUMTSnetwork on theIsle of ManbyManx Telecom,the operator then owned byBritish Telecom,and the first commercial network (also UMTS based W-CDMA) in Europe was opened for business byTelenorin December 2001 with no commercial handsets and thus no paying customers.

The first network to go commercially live was bySK Telecomin South Korea on the CDMA-based1xEV-DOtechnology in January 2002. By May 2002, the second South Korean 3G network was byKTon EV-DO and thus the South Koreans were the first to see competition among 3G operators.

The first commercial United States 3G network was by Monet Mobile Networks, onCDMA20001x EV-DO technology, but the network provider later shut down operations. The second 3G network operator in the US was Verizon Wireless in July 2002, also on CDMA2000 1x EV-DO. AT&T Mobility was also a true 3GUMTSnetwork, having completed its upgrade of the 3G network toHSUPA.

The first commercial United Kingdom 3G network was started byHutchison Telecomwhich was originally behindOrange S.A.[18]In 2003, it announced first commercial third generation or 3G mobile phone network in the UK.

The first pre-commercial demonstration network in the southern hemisphere was built inAdelaide,South Australia, by m.Net Corporation in February 2002 using UMTS on 2100 MHz. This was a demonstration network for the 2002 IT World Congress. The first commercial 3G network was launched by Hutchison Telecommunications branded asThreeor "3" in June 2003.[19]

InIndia,on 11 December 2008, the first 3G mobile and internet services were launched by a state-owned company, Mahanagar Telecom Nigam Limited (MTNL), within the metropolitan cities of Delhi and Mumbai. After MTNL, another state-owned company, Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), began deploying the 3G networks country-wide.

Emtellaunched the first 3G network in Africa.[20]

Adoption

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Japanwas one of the first countries to adopt 3G, the reason being the process of 3G spectrum allocation, which in Japan was awarded without much upfront cost. The frequency spectrum was allocated in the US and Europe based on auctioning, thereby requiring a huge initial investment for any company wishing to provide 3G services. European companies collectively paid over 100 billion dollars in their spectrum auctions.[21]

Nepal Telecomadopted 3G Service for the first time in southernAsia.However, its 3G was relatively slow to be adopted inNepal.In some instances, 3G networks do not use the same radio frequencies as2G,so mobile operators must build entirely new networks and license entirely new frequencies, especially to achieve high data transmission rates. Other countries' delays were due to the expenses of upgrading transmission hardware, especially forUMTS,whose deployment required the replacement of most broadcast towers. Due to these issues and difficulties with deployment, many carriers could not or delayed the acquisition of these updated capabilities.

In December 2007, 190 3G networks were operating in 40 countries and 154HSDPAnetworks were operating in 71 countries, according to the Global Mobile Suppliers Association (GSA). In Asia, Europe, Canada, and the US, telecommunication companies useW-CDMAtechnology with the support of around 100 terminal designs to operate 3G mobile networks.

The roll-out of 3G networks was delayed by the enormous costs of additional spectrum licensing fees in some countries. The license fees in some European countries were particularly high, bolstered by government auctions of a limited number of licenses andsealed bid auctions,and initial excitement over 3G's potential. This led to atelecoms crashthat ran concurrently with similar crashes in thefibre-opticanddotfields.

The 3G standard is perhaps well known because of a massive expansion of the mobile communications market post-2G and advances of the consumer mobile phone. An especially notable development during this time is thesmartphone(for example, theiPhone,and theAndroidfamily), combining the abilities of a PDA with a mobile phone, leading to widespread demand for mobile internet connectivity. 3G has also introduced the term "mobile broadband"because its speed and capability made it a viable alternative for internet browsing, and USB Modems connecting to 3G networks, and now4Gbecame increasingly common.

Market penetration

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By June 2007, the 200 millionth 3G subscriber had been connected of which 10 million were inNepaland 8.2 million inIndia.This 200 millionth is only 6.7% of the 3 billion mobile phone subscriptions worldwide. (When counting CDMA2000 1x RTT customers—max bitrate 72% of the 200 kbit/s which defines 3G—the total size of the nearly-3G subscriber base was 475 million as of June 2007, which was 15.8% of all subscribers worldwide.) In the countries where 3G was launched first – Japan and South Korea – 3G penetration is over 70%.[22]In Europe the leading country[when?]for 3G penetration is Italy with a third of its subscribers migrated to 3G. Other leading countries[when?]for 3G use includeNepal,UK,Austria,AustraliaandSingaporeat the 32% migration level.

According to ITU estimates,[23]as of Q4 2012 there were 2096 million active mobile-broadband[vague]subscribers worldwide out of a total of 6835 million subscribers—this is just over 30%. About half the mobile-broadband subscriptions are for subscribers in developed nations, 934 million out of 1600 million total, well over 50%. Note however that there is a distinction between a phone with mobile-broadband connectivity and asmart phonewith a large display and so on—although according[24]to the ITU and informatandm the US has 321 million mobile subscriptions, including 256 million that are 3G or 4G, which is both 80% of the subscriber base and 80% of the US population, according[23]to ComScore just a year earlier in Q4 2011 only about 42% of people surveyed in the US reported they owned a smart phone. In Japan, 3G penetration was similar at about 81%, but smart phone ownership was lower at about 17%.[23]InChina,there were 486.5 million 3G subscribers in June 2014,[25]in a population of 1,385,566,537 (2013 UN estimate).

Decline and decommissions

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Since the increasing adoption of4Gnetworks across the globe, 3G use has been in decline. Several operators around the world have already or are in the process of shutting down their 3G networks (seetable below). In several places, 3G is being shut down while its older predecessor 2G is being kept in operation;VodafoneEurope is doing this, citing 2G's usefulness as a low-power fallback.[26]EEin the UK, plans to switch off their 3G networks in early 2024.[27]In the US,Verizonshutdown their 3G services on 31 December 2022,[28]T-Mobile shut downSprint's networks on 31 March 2022 and shutdown their main networks on 1 July 2022,[29]andAT&Thas done so on 22 February 2022.[30]

Currently 3G around the world is declining in availability and support. Technology that depends on 3G for usage are becoming inoperable in many places. For example, theEuropean Unionplans to ensure that member countries maintain 2G networks as a fallback[citation needed],so 3G devices that are backwards compatible with 2G frequencies can continue to be used. However, in countries that plan to decommission 2G networks or have already done so as well, such as the United States and Singapore, devices supporting only 3G and backwards compatible with 2G are becoming inoperable.[31]As of February 2022, less than 1% of cell phone customers in the United States used 3G; AT&T offered free replacement devices to some customers in the run-up to its shutdown.[32]

Patents

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It has been estimated that there are almost 8,000 patents declared essential (FRAND) related to the 483 technical specifications which form the3GPPand3GPP2standards.[33][34]Twelve companies accounted in 2004 for 90% of the patents (Qualcomm,Ericsson,Nokia,Motorola,Philips,NTT DoCoMo,Siemens,Mitsubishi,Fujitsu,Hitachi,InterDigital,andMatsushita).

Even then, some patentsessentialto 3G might not have been declared by their patent holders. It is believed thatNortelandLucenthave undisclosed patents essential to these standards.[34]

Furthermore, the existing 3G Patent Platform Partnership Patent pool has little impact onFRANDprotection because it excludes the four largest patent owners for 3G.[35][36]

Features

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Data rates

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ITU has not provided a clear[37][vague]definition of the data rate that users can expect from 3G equipment or providers. Thus users sold 3G service may not be able to point to a standard and say that the rates it specifies are not being met. While stating in commentary that "it is expected that IMT-2000 will provide higher transmission rates: a minimum data rate of 2 Mbit/s for stationary or walking users, and 348 kbit/s in a moving vehicle,"[38]the ITU does not actually clearly specify minimum required rates, nor required average rates, nor what modes[clarification needed]of the interfaces qualify as 3G, so various[vague]data rates are sold as '3G' in the market.

In a market implementation, 3G downlink data speeds defined by telecom service providers vary depending on the underlying technology deployed; up to 384 kbit/s for UMTS (WCDMA), up to 7.2 Mbit/sec for HSPA, and a theoretical maximum of 21.1 Mbit/s for HSPA+ and 42.2 Mbit/s for DC-HSPA+ (technically 3.5G, but usually clubbed under the tradename of 3G).[citation needed]

Security

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See also:Mobile security § Attacks based on the GSM networks

3G networks offer greater security than their 2G predecessors. By allowing the UE (User Equipment) to authenticate the network it is attaching to, the user can be sure the network is the intended one and not an impersonator. 3G networks use theKASUMIblock cipherinstead of the olderA5/1stream cipher.However, a number of serious weaknesses in the KASUMI cipher have been identified.[39]

In addition to the 3G network infrastructure security, end-to-end security is offered when application frameworks such as IMS are accessed, although this is not strictly a 3G property.

Applications of 3G

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The bandwidth and location capabilities introduced by 3G networks enabled a wide range of applications that were previously impractical or unavailable on 2G networks. Among the most significant advancements was the ability to perform data-intensive tasks, such as browsing the internet seamlessly while on the move, as well as engaging in other activities that benefited from faster data speeds and enhanced reliability.

Beyond personal communication, 3G networks supported applications in various fields, includingmedical devices,fire alarms,and ankle monitors. This versatility marked a significant milestone in cellular communications, as 3G became the first network to enable such a broad range of use cases.[40]By expanding its functionality beyond traditionalmobile phoneusage, 3G set the stage for the integration ofcellular networksinto a wide array of technologies and services, paving the way for further advancements with subsequent generations of mobile networks.

Evolution

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Both3GPPand3GPP2are working on the extensions to 3G standards that are based on anall-IP network infrastructureand using advanced wireless technologies such asMIMO.These specifications already display features characteristic forIMT-Advanced(4G), the successor of 3G. However, falling short of the bandwidth requirements for 4G (which is 1 Gbit/s for stationary and 100 Mbit/s for mobile operation), these standards are classified as 3.9G or Pre-4G. 3GPP plans to meet the 4G goals withLTE Advanced,whereas Qualcomm has haltedUMBdevelopment in favour of the LTE family.[41]

On 14 December 2009,TeliaSoneraannounced in an official press release that "We are very proud to be the first operator in the world to offer our customers 4G services."[42]With the launch of their LTE network, initially they are offeringpre-4G(orbeyond 3G) services in Stockholm, Sweden and Oslo, Norway.

Phase-out

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Country Status Network Shutdown date Standard References Notes
Argentina Personal TBD UMTS [43] Local shutdowns commenced in Q1 2023.
Australia No Service Optus 2024-10-28 UMTS [44][45]
Telstra 2024-10-28 UMTS [46][47][45] 2100MHz band shutdown on 25 Mar 2019.
TPG/Vodafone 2023-12-15 UMTS [48][49]
Austria Magenta Telekom 2024 (est.) UMTS [50]
Belgium Orange 2025-12-31 (est.) UMTS [51][52] Local shutdowns commenced in Jan 2024.
Telenet 2024-09-30 (est.) UMTS [53] Local shutdowns commenced in Sep 2024.
Proximus 2024-12-31 (est.) UMTS [54]
Canada Bell 2025-12-31 (est.) UMTS [55]
Rogers 2025-07-31 UMTS [55][56][57][58][59][60] 1900 MHz shutdown in Jun 2021.
850 MHz remains active until 31 July 2025.
Telus 2025-12-31 (est.) UMTS [55]
China China Mobile TBD TD-SCDMA [61][62][63][64] Local shutdowns commenced on 16 Mar 2016.
China Telecom 2025 (est.) CDMA2000 [65][66][67] CDMA2000 1X, 1xEV-DO Rev. A
Local shutdowns commenced on 16 Jun 2020.
China Unicom TBD UMTS [68] Local shutdowns commenced in Q4 2022.
Croatia HT 2025 (est.) UMTS [69] Local shutdown commenced in Dec 2023.
Czech Republic No Service O2 2021-11-30 UMTS [70]
T-Mobile 2021-11-30 UMTS [70]
Vodafone 2021-03-31 UMTS [71]
Denmark 3 2025-12-01 (est.) UMTS [72] Local shutdown commenced in 2019.
TDC TBD UMTS [73] Local shutdown commenced in 2022.
TT-Netværket
(Telenor,Telia) 		2023-03-20 UMTS [74][75] Service on the 2100 MHz band ended in 2021.
Shutdown on the 900 MHz band commenced in summer 2022.
Estonia Tele2 2025-12-31 (est.) UMTS [76]
Telia Eesti 2023-12-13 UMTS [77][78][79][80]
Finland DNA 2024-01-25 UMTS [81][82][83][84] Local shutdowns commenced in May 2023.
Elisa 2023-11-30 UMTS [85] Local shutdowns commenced in Apr 2023.
Finnish Shared Network[fi] 2024-12 (est.) UMTS [81][86] Joint company by Telia and DNA to manage networks in Northern and Eastern Finland.
Telia 2024-06 (est.) UMTS [87][88] Local shutdowns commenced on 09 Sep 2023.
France Bouygues 2029 (est.) UMTS [89]
Orange 2028-12-31 (est.) UMTS [51]
SFR 2028 (est.) UMTS [90]
Germany No Service Deutsche Telekom 2021-07-01 UMTS [91]
O2 2021-12-31 UMTS [92][93][94]
Vodafone 2021-06-30 UMTS [95]
Greece No Service Cosmote 2021-12-31 UMTS [96]
NOVA 2023-03-27 UMTS [97][98][99][100]
Vodafone 2023-05-31 UMTS [101]
Greenland Tusass TBD UMTS [102]
Hungary No Service Magyar Telekom 2022-06-30 UMTS [103][104][105]
Yettel Hungary 2023-11-13 UMTS [103][105][106]
Vodafone Hungary 2023-03-31 UMTS [107][105]
Iceland 2025 (est.) [108] Per government statement
India Airtel 2020-03-31 UMTS [109][110]
Vodafone Idea 2022-10-06 UMTS [111] Complete network refarming to4G/LTE.
Indonesia Smartfren 2017-11-13 CDMA2000 [112] CDMA2000 1X, 1xEV-DO Rel. 0, 1xEV-DO Rev. A, EV-DO Rev. B
Telkomsel TBD UMTS [113][114] Local shutdowns commenced in Mar 2022.
Indosat 2022-12-31 UMTS [115]
XL Axiata TBD UMTS [116][117] Local shutdowns commenced in June 2021.
Ireland Vodafone TBD UMTS [118] Local shutdowns commenced in Feb 2023.
Israel 2025-12-31 (est.) [119] Per government statement
Italy TIM 2022-10-21 UMTS [120][121][122][123]
Vodafone 2021-02-28 UMTS [124]
Japan KDDI 2022-03-31 CDMA2000 [125][126][127] CDMA2000 1X, 1xEV-DO Rel. 0, 1xEV-DO Rev. A, EV-DO Rev. B
NTT docomo 2026-03-31 (est.) UMTS [128]
Softbank 2024-04-15 UMTS [129][130][131]
Kazakhstan Tele2 TBD UMTS [132] Local shutdown commenced on 28 Mar 2024.
Lithuania Telia 2022-12-15 UMTS [133][134][135]
Tele2 2025-12 (est.) UMTS [136]
Luxembourg Orange 2025-12-31 (est.) UMTS [51]
Tango/Telindus 2024-01-31 UMTS [137]
Macau China Telecom 2025 (est.) CDMA2000 [138][139] CDMA2000 1X, 1xEV-DO Rev. A
Malaysia No Service Celcom 2021-12-31 UMTS [140][141]
Maxis 2021-12-31 UMTS [142]
U Mobile 2021-12-31 UMTS [142]
Digi 2021-12-31 UMTS [142][141]
Moldova Interdnestrcom 2023-08-01 CDMA2000 [143]
Montenegro Crnogorski Telekom 2024-01-22 UMTS [144][145]
Netherlands KPN 2023-05-10 UMTS [146][147][148] Local shutdown commenced on 31 Mar 2022.
Vodafone 2020-02-04 UMTS [149]
New Zealand 2degrees 2025 Q4 (est.) UMTS [150]
One 2025 Q1 UMTS [151][152] Local shutdown will commence by 31 Mar 2025.
Spark 2025-12-31 (est.) UMTS [153][154] Local shutdown will commence "towards the end of 2025".
Norway No Service Telia 2021-11-11 UMTS [155]
Telenor 2021-01-31 UMTS [156]
Oman Omantel 2024 Q3 (est.) UMTS [157][158]
Pakistan No Service Jazz 2024-11-18 UMTS [159][160]
Philippines Smart(PLDT) TBD UMTS [161]
Globe TBD UMTS [162] Shutdown commenced in Oct 2020.
Poland T-Mobile 2023-04 (est.) UMTS [163][164][165] Shutdown commenced in Apr 2023.
Orange 2025-12-31 (est.) UMTS [51][166][167] Local shutdown commenced on 26 Sep 2023.
Portugal MEO 2024-01-31 UMTS [168] Local shutdown commenced on 4 Sep 2023.
Vodafone 2024-07 (est.) UMTS [169]
NOS 2024-05 (est.) UMTS [170] Shutdown commenced in May 2024.
Romania Digi 2023-08-29 UMTS [171]
Orange 2025-12-31 (est.) UMTS [51]
Telekom 2023-03-31 UMTS [172]
Russia Beeline 2025 (est.) UMTS [173] Shutdown commenced in Moscow in Feb 2023.
MTS 2025 (est.) UMTS [174]
Saudi Arabia stc 2022-12-31 UMTS [175]
Singapore M1 2024-08-01 UMTS [176][177]
Singtel 2024-11-01 UMTS [176][177]
StarHub 2024-11-01 UMTS [176][177]
Slovakia O2 TBD UMTS [178] Local shutdown commences in Jan 2024.
Orange 2024-02-22 UMTS [51][179][180]
Telekom 2023-11-23 UMTS [181][182] Local shutdown commenced on 3 Oct 2023.
Slovenia Telekom Slovenije 2022-09-30 UMTS [183]
A1 Slovenija 2023-06-30 UMTS [184]
South Africa 2025-03 (est.) [185][186] Per government statement
South Korea KT 2012-03-19 CDMA2000 [187][188][189] CDMA2000 was also referred to as "2G" in South Korea, besidescdmaOne(IS-95).[190]
CDMA2000 1X, 1xEV-DO Rel. 0
KT also operates an UMTS "3G" network.
LG U+ 2021-06-30 CDMA2000 [191][192][187][193] CDMA2000 1X, 1xEV-DO Rev. A, EV-DO Rev. B
SK Telecom 2020-07-27 CDMA2000 [194][189][187][195] CDMA2000 was also referred to as "2G" in South Korea, besidescdmaOne(IS-95).[190]
CDMA2000 1X, 1xEV-DO Rel. 0
SKT also operates an UMTS "3G" network.
Spain Movistar 2025 (est.) UMTS
Orange 2025-12-31 (est.) UMTS [51]
Vodafone España 2024-10-29 (est.) UMTS [196][197]
Sri Lanka Airtel 2022-06-12 UMTS [198]
Dialog Axiata TBD UMTS [199]
Sweden Telenor 2025-12 (est.) UMTS [200]
Telia 2025 (est.) UMTS [201]
Three 2025-12-01 (est.) UMTS [202][203] Local shutdown for 2100 MHz commenced in late 2021.
Switzerland Sunrise 2025-06 (est.) UMTS [204]
Swisscom 2025-12-01 (est.) UMTS [205]
Taiwan No Service Asia Pacific Telecom 2017-12-31 CDMA2000 [206][207] CDMA2000 1X, 1xEV-DO Rev. A
Chunghwa Telecom 2018-12-31 (Data)
2024-06-30 (Voice) 		UMTS [208][209][210]
Far EasTone 2018-12-31 (Data)
2024-06-30 (Voice) 		UMTS [208][209][210]
Taiwan Mobile 2018-12-31 (Data)
2024-06-30 (Voice) 		UMTS [208][209][210]
Taiwan Star 2018-12-31 (Data)
2024-06-30 (Voice) 		UMTS [208][209][210]
United Kingdom EE 2024-02-25 UMTS [211][212][213][214]
Three 2024-12-31 (est.) UMTS [215]
O2 2025-12-31 (est.) UMTS [216]
Vodafone 2024-02-28 UMTS [217][218][219][220] Local shutdown commenced in Jun 2023.
United States
Puerto Rico
US Virgin Islands 		No Service Appalachian Wireless 2023-01-03 CDMA2000 [221][222][223] CDMA2000 1X, 1xEV-DO Rev. A
AT&T 2022-02-22 UMTS [224][225]
Cellcom 2023-03-31 CDMA2000 [226]
Cellular One of North East Arizona 2023-05-04 UMTS [227]
Commnet Wireless(Choice) 2022-12-31 CDMA2000 [228]
Liberty 2022-02-22 UMTS [229]
Silver Star 2022-12-30 CDMA2000 [230][231] CDMA2000 1X & 1xEV-DO Rev. A
Strata Networks 2022-12-31 CDMA2000 [232]
T-Mobile 2022-07-01 UMTS [233][234][235][236][237] 3G UMTS retired on 1 Jul 2022.
T-Mobile(Sprint) 2022-05-31 CDMA2000 [238][233][234][235]
[239][240] 		CDMA2000 1X, 1X Adv. (Rev.E), 1xEV-DO Rel. 0, 1xEV-DO Rev. A
Shutdown commenced on 31 Mar 2022.
UScellular 2024-01-14 CDMA2000 [241][242][243] CDMA2000 1X
1xEV-DO (Rel. 0 & Rev. A) shutdown commenced in 2021.
Verizon 2022-12-31 CDMA2000 [244][245][246] CDMA2000 1X, 1xEV-DO Rel. 0, 1xEV-DO Rev. A

See also

edit

References

edit
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